1. George Godwin, An Appeal to the Public, on the Subject of Railways (London: Weale, 1837), 33. Michael Freeman, "Transport," in Atlas of Industrializing Britain , 1780-1914, ed. John Langton and R. J. Morris (London: Methuen, 1986), 88, 90, shows that between 1870 and 1900 "the size of the national space" had shrunk by between a quarter and a third.

2. Eric Jones, "The Environment and the Economy," in The New Cambridge Modern History , 13 (companion vol.), ed. Peter Burke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 35-39; Richard Tucker and John Richards, "The Global Economy and Forest Clearances in the Nineteenth Century," in Environmental History , ed. Kendall Bailes (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985), 579-82; see also Ronald Robinson, "Introduction: Railway Imperialism," in Railway Imperialism , ed. Clarence Davis and Kenneth Wilburn (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 1-3.

3. David K. C. Jones, "Human Occupance and the Physical Environment," in The Changing Geography of the United Kingdom , ed. R. J. Johnson and J. C. Doornkamp (London: Methuen, 1982), 329; R. P. C. Morgan, "Soil Erosion in Britain," in Green Britain or Industrial Wasteland? ed. Edward Goldsmith and Nicholas Hildyard (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986).

4. Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield, Land Degradation and Society (Lon-

don: Methuen, 1987), 101; Richard Haeuber, "Indian Forestry Policy in Two Eras: Continuity or Change?" Environmental History Review 17 (1993): 49-76.

5. The theme of Ramachandra Guha's The Unquiet Woods (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990), 28-60, 194-95; see also essays by J. F. Richards and Michelle McAlpine, by Michael Adas, and by Richard Tucker in Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth-Century World Economy , ed. Richard Tucker and John Richards (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press Policy Studies, 1983).

6. Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, This Fissured Land (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), 141-45; see also Richard Tucker, "The Depletion of India's Forests under British Imperialism," in The Ends of the Earth , ed. Donald Worster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

7. Sarah Jewitt, "Europe's 'Others'? Forestry Policy and Practices in Colonial and Postcolonial India," Society and Space 13 (1995): 67-90.

8. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 1995), 11-12, 380-473; Grove, "Colonial Conservation, Ecological Hegemony and Popular Resistance: Towards a Global Synthesis," in Imperialism and the Natural World , ed. John M. MacKenzie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), 15-38.

9. Raymond Bryant, "From Laissez-Faire to Scientific Forestry," Forest and Conservation History 33 (1994): 163, agrees that Brandis's "Minute on Forest Policy of 1855," ushered in the "dawn of scientific forestry" in British India; see also Richard Tucker, ''The Forests of the Western Himalayas: The Legacy of British Colonial Administration," Journal of Forest History 26 (July 1982): 112-23.

10. William Schlich, "Forestry in the Colonies and in India," Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute 21 (1889-90): 196-203; Richard Tucker, "Forest Management and Imperial Politics: Thana District, Bombay, 1823-1887," The Indian Economic and Social History Review 16 (1979): 273-300.

11. H. J. Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London: Routledge, 1989).

12. John Ranlett, "'Checking Nature's Desecration': Late Victorian Environmental Organization," Victorian Studies 26 (1983): 198, says the founding of the CPS in 1865 was "a turning point in the public perception of society's relationship to nature."

13. P. D. Lowe, "Values and Institutions in the History of British Nature Conservation," in Conservation in Perspective , ed. A. Warren and F. B. Goldsmith (London: Wiley, 1983), 330-40.

14. George John Shaw-Lefevre (Lord Eversley), English Commons and Forests: The Battle During the Last Thirty Years for Public Rights over the Commons and Forests of England and Wales (London: Cassell, 1894), 23-25.

15. John Cantlie, Degeneration among Londoners (London: n.p., 1885), 24

16. Gill Chitty, "'A Great Entail'," in Ruskin and Environment , ed. Michael Wheeler (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 119.

17. George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864), ed. David Lowenthal (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), 36.

18. Ibid., 13, 15-17.

19. Ibid., 108.

20. Marsh, Man and Nature , 52. Robert L. Thayer Jr., "Pragmatism in Paradise: Technology and the American Landscape," Landscape 30 (1990): 10, uses the phrase "an interconnected functional web of relationships."

21. Ibid., 38.

22. Ibid., 39-40.

23. Ibid., 36.

24. R. Kates, B. Turner, and W. Clark, "The Great Transformation," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action , ed. B. L. Turner (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 3, exaggerate when they claim that Man and Nature "was received enthusiastically by academic and lay audiences in North America and Europe."

25. Graeme Wynn, "Pioneers, Politicians and the Conservation of Forests in Early New Zealand," Journal of Historical Geography 5 (1979): 171-88; Wynn, "Conservation and Society in Late Nineteenth-Century New Zealand," The New Zealand Journal of History 11 (1977): 124-36; Marsh, Man and Nature , xxii.

26. J. M. Powell, Environmental Management in Australia, 1788-1914 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1976), 59-66, 74-76.

27. Marsh, Man and Nature , xxii.

28. Richard Lambert (with Paul Pross), Renewing Nature's Wealth (Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, 1967), 158.

29. James Russell Lowell, "Marsh's 'Man and Nature'," North American Review 99 (1864): 20.

30. Grove, Green , 471, n. 287.

31. Marsh, Man and Nature , xxii, n. 31.

32. Ibid., xxi.

33. Athenaeum no. 1919 (6 August 1864): 176-77; Sir Henry Holland, "Review of 'Man and Nature' by Marsh," Edinburgh Review 120 (1864): 464-500.

34. David Lowenthal, George Perkins Marsh, Versatile Vermonter (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958), 237-38.

35. Ibid., 93; Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1931), 72, stated, "Marsh was one of that group of capacious, perceptive minds who were the miracle of American scholarship before the Civil War."

36. The same tone is evident in an article, "The Natural History of Man," that he wrote much earlier for the Quarterly Review 86 (1849-50): 1-40, where he sets out to demonstrate that "the various races of mankind" all "derived from one single pair.''

37. Holland, "Review of 'Man and Nature,'" 478.

38. Marsh, Man and Nature , 279.

39. Ibid., 47, n. 46.

40. Holland, "Review of 'Man and Nature,'" 500.

41. Athenaeum no. 1919: 176.

42. William James, in an essay written in 1895, "Is Life Worth Living?" in Essays on Faith and Morals , R. B. Perry's selection(New York: Longmans, Green,

1947), 11, commented on the "awful power that neither loves nor hates, but rolls all things together meaninglessly to a common doom."

43. According to Donald Worster, "The Vulnerable Earth: Toward a Planetary History," in Ends of the Earth , ed. Worster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 7-8, Marsh's work marks the point when the tide began to turn against optimism. What Marsh saw, says Worster, "was not a nobler design emerging out of chaos but a violent ravaging of natural harmonies."

44. William Wordsworth, "Sonnet on the Projected Kendal and Windermere Railway," in The Prose Works of William Wordsworth , ed. W. J. B. Owen and J. W. Smyser, vol. 3 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), 339.

45. S. P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), 123-27; see also D avid Lowenthal, "Conserving Nature and Antiquity," in Man, Nature and Technology , ed. Erik Baark and Uno Svedin (London: Macmillan, 1988), 129-30.

46. Ibid., 141; René Dubos, The Wooing of the Earth (New York: Scribner's, 1980), 73-74.

47. Kates, Turner, and Clark, "Great Transformation," 3-5.

48. For the effect of this discussion on the period, see Clarence Glacken, "The Ideas of the Habitable World," in Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth , ed. William Thomas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), 80; David K. C. Jones, "Man Moulds the Landscape," Geographical Magazine 45 (1973): 575; Eric Brown, "Man Shapes the Earth," Geographical Journal 136 (1970): 74-75.

49. Holland, "Review of 'Man and Nature,'" 466. The first volume of Henry Thomas Buckle's History of Civilization in England appeared in 1857 and the second in 1861, a year before Buckle's death.

50. Holland, "Review of 'Man and Nature,'" 445-48. The reference is to John Evelyn (1620-1706) whose Sylva, or a discourse of forest trees , published exactly zoo years before Man and Nature , also made an argument for the crucial importance of forests and reforestation.

51. Ibid., 486.

52. Ibid., 488.

53. George Perkins Marsh, The Earth as Modified by Human Action (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, 1874).

54. R. L. Sherlock, Man as a Geological Agent (London: Witherby, 1922): an abridged version, entitled Man's Influence on the Earth , was published in London by the Home University Library in 1931.

55. Sherlock, Man as Geological Agent , p. 86; see also J. N. Jennings, "Man as a Geological Agent," Australian Journal of Science 28 (1966): 150.

56. BPP , 3d Report (on Afforestation) of the RC on Coast Erosion, the Reclamation of Tidal Lands, and Afforestation, vol. 14 (1911): xiv.

57. Mumford, Brown Decades , 75.

58. Marsh, Man and Nature , 53.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid., 12-15; see also, David Lowenthal, "George Perkins Marsh on the Nature and Purpose of Geography," Geographical Journal 126 (1960): 413-17.

61. Kenneth R. Olwig, "Historical Geography and the Society/Nature 'Prob-

lematic': the Perspective of J. F. Schouw, G. P. Marsh, and E. Reclus," Journal of Historical Geography 6 (1980): 36-37; Marsh, Man and Nature , 13-15.

62. Olwig, "Historical Geography," 37. The quotation is from Marsh's "The Study of Nature," The Christian Examiner 68 (1860): 36.

63. John Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1974), 24, thinks that Marsh's enduring contribution was the insight that interventions never accomplish only what they intend.

64. Marsh, Man and Nature , 29. According to David Lowenthal, "Awareness of Human Impacts: Changing Attitudes and Emphases," in The Earth , ed. Turner, 129, Man and Nature "unleashed no bitter debate" partly because its revolutionary ecological insights rested on a number of premises that most people found comforting. Daniel Botkin, Discordant Harmonies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), discusses Marsh's mechanical view of natural processes and his theory of equilibrium in light of modern ecological approaches: see especially, pp. 8-9, 13, 32-49, 107-8, 188-92; see also Norman Christensen, "Landscape History and Ecological Change," Journal of Forest History , 33 (April 1989): 116-25. Victor Ferkiss, Nature, Technology, and Society (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 85, maintains that for all of his concern for the environment, Marsh was a Baconian in that he rejoiced at the possibility of emancipation from nature's power.

65. Worster, ed., Ends of the Earth , 302.

66. Robert Ritchie, The Farm Engineer (Glasgow: Blackie, 1849), 70-79.