1. ABO, "Quien vencera siempre es el progreso," La Constitución, June 4, 1881, 4. "To be or no to be" appeared in English.

2. See "México, España y Estados Unidos," La Reserva (Hermosillo), February 3, 1892, 1.

3. ABO, "La prensa en Sonora," La Constitución, August 15, 1881, 3.

4. See La Estrella del Occidente, March 29, 1872, 1.

5. Exposición de la Secretaría de Hacienda, 117.

6. AGN, SCOP, Ferrocarril, no. 6/771, 1865. Also AHCES, tomo 25 exp. 760, March 4, 1861, contract between Angel Trías and state government.

7. Pletcher, "American Capital," 59-69.

8. AGN, SCOP, Ferrocarril, no. 6/771 1865, contract for rail line by General Angel Trías. Also see Almada, Diccionario de historia, 240.

9. See Suplemento to Estrella de Occidente, December 13, 1872, 5.

10. Ibid. Willard continued lobbying on behalf of the Sonoran state government. In 1876 Willard was once again promoting a railroad in California and on the U.S. East Coast. See Estrella de Occidente, August 1, 1876, 3. The publication described Willard as Sonora's most active promoter in the United States.

11. AHGES, Carpeton 10 June 1, 1872, contract for railroad between Guaymas and Arizona, James Eldredge to governor.

12. ABO, Editorial ''Sonora demanda el derecho," La Estrella de Occidente, May 31, 1872, 3.

13. AGN, SCOP, no. 6/97-1 June 1875, contract with David Boyle Blair.

14. AGN, SCOP, no. 6/99-1 1876, Guillermo Andrade y Compañía, México, project to build railroad between Guaymas and San Francisco, passing through Yuma, Arizona. Andrade had ties to Wells Fargo.

15. Sebastían Lerdo de Tejada, cited in Pletcher, "Railroads in Sonora," 15.

16. See Alexander Willard, Consul of the United States, in Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1880), 434. Report year 1879.

17. See reprint of speech by Bias Balcarcel, Estrella de Occidente, February 27, 1875.

18. ABO, La Estrella de Occidente, April 12, 1872, 3-4.

19. ABO, "Profecía del diputado Lemus," La Estrella de Occidente, December 10, 1869, 4.

20. ABO, La Estrella de Occidente, March 29, 1872.

21. ABO, La Estrella de Occidente, May 31, 1872, 3; and April 12, 1872, 3-4.

22. AHS, Newspaper collection, "Suplemento," El Fronterizo, February 29, 1880.

23. See the Arizona Daily Citizen, June 6, 1877, 3. Report on trip by Quiroga and A. Almada.

24. AHS, "La Sonora," El Fronterizo, February 8, 1880. The rebuttal was written by F. T. Davila, who later authored Sonora histórico y descriptivo .

25. AHS, El Fronterizo, February 15, 1880, 1

26. AHS, El Fronterizo, March 14, 1880, 1.

27. Pletcher, "American Capital," 66.

28. Ibid., 64.

29. Pradeau Collection, Arizona State University, series 4, box 3, folder 4.

30. Exposición de la Secretaría de Hacienda, 57. Also, AGN, SCOP, no. 6/82-1 [October 12, 1877] and 6/90-1, revised October 21, 1881, contract between Mexican government and David Ferguson, Sebastian Camacho, and Robert R. Symons. These men were principals in the actual construction of the Sonoran railroad, which was completed October 25, 1882, at a cost of $5,032,128 and extended 422 kilometers from Guaymas to Nogales, Arizona.

31. ABO, "Quien vencera siempre es el progreso," La Constitución , June 4, 1881, 4.

32. ABO, "El ferrocarril de Sonora y el peligro de anexión," La Estrella de Occidente, December 13, 1872, special issue, 5.

33. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1877), 757. Report Year 1876. The consul noted a general decline of population both foreign and native.

34. ABO, "Gacetilla, E1 Ferrocarril," La Constitución, April 29, 1880, 3-4.

35. AGN, SCOP, 6/41-1 March 10, 1882, Sebastian Camacho to SCOP. First annual report of Sonoran Railroad.

36. SAMC, reel 44, "Exitación en Guaymas," October 27 1880, José M. Fernández.

37. Pletcher, "American Capital," 68. Also see, Iberri, El viejo Guaymas, 8. One such person, named Chale, worked as guard for the railroad. He eventually married a local Mexican woman. On Sunday he would dress as a charro and parade on horseback down the streets of Guaymas.

38. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1881 ), 59, A. Willard. Report year July 1880.

39. AGN, SCOP, 6/70-1, February 1, 1883, report of Leopoldo Zamora to SCOP. The number of Americans included the two hundred blacks brought by the railroad

40. Ibid.

41. AGN, SCOP, 6/70-1, February 13, 1883, report of Mexican government engineer Leopoldo Zamora to SCOP. Also AGN, SCOP, 6/60-4 October 23, 1883, Sebastian Camacho to SCOP. "Clasificación local de Fletes, Tarifas, Sonoran Railway Company." All railroad circulars for merchandize and passengers rates appeared in Spanish and English.

42. Ibid.

43. "Far Reaching Designs of Boston Capitalist," New York Times, February 27, 1880.

44. Ibid.

45. "Prueba del ferrocarril," La Constitución, November 18, 1880, I.

46. SAMC, reel 44, October 27 1880; "Exitación en Guaymas," José M. Fernández.

47. El Monitor del Comercio, cited in the New York Times, September 24, 1880, 4.

48. Ibid.

49. La Constitución, February 17, 1881, 3.

50. SAMC, reel 44, December 14, 1880, governor to Secretaría de Fomento.

51. La Constitución, February 17, 1881, 3.

52. SAMC, reel 44, telegram from D. B. Robinson to Carlos Ortiz, October 1, 1881.

53. SAMC, reel 44, July 13, 1882, letter to Secretaría de Fomento.

54. SAMC, reel 6, May 18, 1881, José Maytorena to secretary of state.

55. See New York Times, September 24, 1880, 4. Also Thomas Philip Terry, Terry's Guide to Mexico (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1933), 92.

56. New York Times, September 24, 1880, 4.

57. SAMC, reel 44, "Exitación en Guaymas," October 27, 1880, José M. Fernández.

58. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1884), 230. Report year ending December 1883.

59. AHS, papers of Rena Matthews, ms. 125, folder 5, description of Empalme, 1920.

60. Also see AHS, papers of Rena Matthews ms. 125, folder 6, 1920.

61. Cy Warman, cited in Pletcher, "American Capital," 68.

62. SAMC, reel 6, December 28, 1880, Luis Torres to Juan Torres and Capitan Liborio Miranda Policia de Campo del Ferrocarril.

63. ABO, La Constitución, November 2, 1881, 2.

64. AHGES, carpeton 1049, November 6, 1881, Nepomuseno Quijada to governor.

65. ABO, "Gacetilla, El Ferrocarril," La Constitución, April 29, 1880, 3-4.

66. La Constitución, September, 30, 1880, 2.

67. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1884), 230. Report year ending December 1883.

68. ABO, "Edicto, Juzgado del Distrito de Sonora," La Constitución, September 9, 1880, 4.

69. "Denuncias," La Constitución, July 21, 1880, 3. Andres Camou placed land under Victoria, Esperanza, and Carlos Camou. In addition, Francisco, José J., Luis T., and Juan P. M. Camou acquired land.

70. La Constitución, January 29, 1881, 4.

71. "Nacori Chico," La Constitución, June 1, 1881, 4.

72. SAMC, reel 44, August 13, 1881, Joaquin Monroy, prefect of Magdalena to governor.

73. AGN, SCOP, Ferrocarril, no. 6/73-1, October 25, 1885.

74. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1891 ), 151. Report year 1890.

75. Díaz Duffo, cited in Pletcher, "American Capital," 54.

76. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1885), 56. Report year 1884.

77. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1886), 663. Report Year 1885. And Dispatches from United States Consuls in Mexico (1887), vol. 23, microcopy 274, July-September 1887. Report year 1886.

78. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1886), 663. Report Year 1885.

79. AGN, SCOP, 6/60-4, January 13, 1882, Sebastian Camacho to Ministro de Fomento.

80. AGN, SCOP, 6/90-1, September 14, 1880, contract between Mexican government and David Ferguson and Robert Symon. Although the contract was subsequently revised, the rate structure remained the same.

81. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1884), 229. Report year ending December 1883.

82. AGN, SCOP, 6/60-4 July 20, 1883, Felizardo Torres and Ramón Corral to Ministro de Fomento.

83. See report of Consul Willard, Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1884), 227. Also Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1888), 274.

84. AGN, SCOP, 6/42-1, December 31, 1885, annual report of Sonora Railroad.

85. AGN, SCOP, 6/42-1, 1882-1911, annual reports of Sonora Railroad.

86. AGN, SCOP, 6/42-1, February 17, 1883, Leopoldo Zamora, government engineer, to SCOP. In February 1883, for example, from Hermosillo the company sold 219 tickets for Guaymas, 89 for Torres, the junction of the Minas Prietas road, 67 for Pesqueira, 64 for Magdalena, 73 for Nogales, and 69 for the rest of the stations.

87. See Ruiz, The People of Sonora, 51-62.

88. See Salazar, Mexican Railroads, 22.

89. Dispatches of United States Consuls in Mexico, no. 63, vol. 19, April-

Sept. 1886, report from Consul Willard, Guaymas. Also "Mexican Oranges," San Francisco Chronicle, June 6, 1891.

90. AGN, SCOP, 6/42-1, March 11, 1896, J. A. Naugle to SCOP, report.

91. AHMRUS, Cartas Camou, February 22, 1889, José Camou to Juan Camou in Guaymas.

92. AHMRUS, Cartas Camou, May 7, 1889, José Camou to Juan Camou. The entire family planned a weekend at the beaches of Guaymas.

93. AGN, SCOP, 6/70-1, January 27, 1883, Leopoldo Zamora to SCOP.

94. AHMRUS, May 6, 1889, José Camou to Juan Camou in Guaymas. Special train from Guaymas for concert in Hermosillo.

95. "Excursion," El Monitor, February 5, 1893.

96. AGN, SCOP, 6/60-4, April 13, 1883, Leopoldo Zamora to SCOP.

97. Greenville Holms, "Sonora," Chamber's Journal (September 14, 1901) 198 (4): 658.

98. "Interrupción." La Constitución, July 13, 1894, 1. "Los Ferrocarriles del Estado de Sonora," El Porvenir, March 23, 1902.

99. Annual Report of Commercial Relations (1886), 668. Report year 1885.

100. "A Mexican Night: The Toast and Responses," (New York: Democratic Club, 1892) 49.

101. "Notable Nuptials in Sonora: A Wedding in Mexico," New York Times, March 9, 1881, 2.

102. La Voz del Estado, June 1904, excursions to San Francisco ($69.50), Los Angeles ($50), St. Louis Exposition ($98.40); El Heraldo de Cananea, February 1, 1903, excursions to Santa Monica, Long Beach, and Santa Catalina.

103. See ABO, La Constitución, October 7, 1880, 2-4.