1. "The Time To Act Is Now," in Carroll V. Newsom, ed., A Television Policy for Education (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1952), cited in Blakely, To Serve the Public Interest , p. 90.

2. By the end of 1953, the staff of the Joint Committee on Educational Television included Ralph Steetle, executive director; David Stewart, his assistant; Cyril Braum, engineering adviser; Walter Emery, full-time general consultant; and Seymour Krieger, legal consultant.

3. Powell, Channels of Learning , p. 67.

4. Ibid., p. 79.

5. Ibid., p. 73.

6. Ibid., pp. 85-86. Powell quotes from an internal FAE memorandum from G. H. Griffiths to Fletcher dated June 6, 1952, and speculates that Fletcher underlined the portion on not retarding local initiative.

7. Lewis Hill's study of "Voluntary Listener-Sponsorship" was published in 1958 by the Fund for Adult Education. The reasoning behind the Fund for Adult Education's requirement that recipients devote a reasonable amount of airtime to liberal adult education can be found in Powell, Channels of Learning , pp. 85-95.

8. Powell, Channels of Learning , p. 89.

9. Jack Gould, "It's More Blessed to Give than to Control," New York Times , May 12, 1970.

10. John Schwarzwalder's positions on public TV are contained in his thin book ETV in Controversy , in which he interviews twelve of the medium's leaders.

11. As aide-de-camp to Captain Hancock, Sener assisted his boss in his many interests outside television. As a consequence, he was often not where his public-television colleagues expected him to be. In one well-known incident, he failed to appear for a scheduled meeting in his Los Angeles office with a Ford Foundation executive who had flown across the continent to discuss a potential grant with him. The call went out to find him. He was sitting in New York—in the office of the Ford official waiting for him in Los Angeles.

12. Brief histories of other early stations can be found in Powell, Channels of Learning , pp. 121-63.