1. 1. See the summary of R. Wright's review of S. Arjomand's The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), in New York Times, 10 Dec. 1989. For R. Wright's own books, see her Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985); and In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989). These two books are remarkable in that they do not use a single Persian-language source. The equivalent would be an Iranian journalist writing two books on Reagan's America without using a single English-language source.

2. 2. S. Arjomand, "A Victory for the Pragmatists," in Islamic Fundamentalism and the Gulf Crisis, ed. J. Piscatori (Chicago: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991), pp. 52-69.

3. 3. For discussions of Latin American populism, see M. Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982); C. Veliz, Obstacles to Change in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1965); G. Germani, Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1978); G. Ionescu and E. Gellner, eds., Populism (London: Weinfeld and Nicolson, 1969); N. Mouzelis, "Ideology and Class Politics," New Left Review 112 (Nov.-Dec. 1978): 41-61; idem, "On the Concept of Populism," Politics and Society 14, no. 3 (1985): 329-48.

4. 4. The few Western books that have looked at Khomeini's

works have tended to sanitize them, presumably to make them more palatable for Western tastes. E.g., see H. Algar, Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981); F. Rajaee, Islamic Values and World View: Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics (New York: University Press of America, 1983).

5. 5. Khomeini's birth certificate — issued years later — gives his birth date as 1900. But, according to Ayatollah Pasandideh, Khomeini's elder brother, the correct date is 1902. See Ayatollah Pasandideh, "The Life of the Leader of the Revolution," Iran Times, 17 Mar.-19 May 1989.

6. 6. Ibid.

7. 7. H. Ruhani, Nahzat-e Imam Khomeini (Imam Khomeini's movement) (Tehran: Imam's Way Press, 1984), vol. 1, pp. 20-22.

8. 8. Y. Dawlatabadi, Hayat-e Yahya (Life of Yahya) (Tehran: Ibn Sina Press, 1949), vol. 3, pp. 287-89.

9. 9. For an attempt to date these early manuscripts, see M. Vajdani, ed., Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah az Zindegani-e Hazrat Imam Khomeini (Special reminiscencies from the life of His Excellency Imam Khomeini) (Tehran: Payam-e Azadi Press, 1982), vol. 1, pp. 139-49; M. Fahimi, "The Bibliography of His Excellency Imam Khomeini," Kayhan-e Farhangi 6, no. 3 (June 1989): 12-17; and anonymous, "Imam Khomeini's Publications," Kayhan-e Hava'i, 5 June 1991.

10. 10. A. Ali-Babai, "Open Letter to Khomeini," Iranshahr, 15 June-16 July 1982.

11. 11. Pasandideh, "The Life," Iran Times, 21 Apr. 1989.

12. 12. Vajdani, Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah, vol. 3, p. 19.

13. 13. "Interview with Dr. Bahonar," Jomhuri-ye Islami, 19 Dec. 1979.

14. 14. Vajdani, Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah, vol. 2, p. 47.

15. 15. M. Busheri, "From Secrets Unveiled to Thousand Year Secrets," Cheshmandaz, no. 6 (Summer 1989): 14-26.

16. 16. Vajdani, Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah, vol. 1, p. 144.

17. 17. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 25.

18. 18. For the proclamations against the White Revolution, see A. Davani, Nahzat-e Ruhaniyun-e Iran (The movement of the Iranian clergy) (Qom: Imam Reza Foundation, 1981), vol. 3.

19. 19. For Khomeini's decree against the referendum, see Ruhani, Nahzat-e Imam Khomeini, vol. 1, pp. 230-31.

20. 20. Vajdani, Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah, vol. 4, pp. 86-87.

21. 21. Front for the Liberation of the Iranian People (JAMA), Khomeini va Jonbesh (Khomeini and the movement) (N.p.: Moharram Press, 1973), pp. 1-118.

22. 22. Vajdani, Sarguzashtha-ye Vezhah, vol. 6, p. 110.

23. 23. Khomeini used translators when communicating with Arabs. See ibid., p. 133.

24. 24. For the pronouncements before 1979, see Front for the Liberation of the Iranian People (JAMA), Majmu ^c eh az Maktubat, Sukhanrani-ha, Payham-ha, va Raftari-ha-ye Imam Khomeini (Collection from Imam Khomeini's teachings, speeches, messages, and activities) (Tehran: Chapkhesh Press, n.d.); and the newspapers Khabarnameh, 1972-78; Payam-e Mojahed, 1972-78; and Bakhtar-e Emruz, 1972-78. For the press interviews, see Tehran University Publication Center, Mosahebeh-ha-ye Imam Khomeini dar Najaf, Paris, va Qom (Imam Khomeini's interviews in Najaf, Paris, and Qom) (Tehran: Tehran University Press, 1981).

25. 25. For the post-1978 pronouncements, see the newspapers Kayhan, Kayhan-e Hava'i, Ettela ^c at, Jomhuri-ye Islami, Iran Times, and Tehran Times.