1. See Roger Howell, Sir Philip Sidney: The Shepherd Knight (London: Hutchinson, 1968), chs. 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, et passim; James M. Osborn, Young Philip Sidney, 1572-1577 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1972); Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press,

1965), pp. 116 and 241, and also pp. 66-74, 236-47; Martin Bergbush, "Rebellion in the New Arcadia, " Philological Quarterly 53 (1974): 29-41; David Norbrook, Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance (London: Routledge, 1984), ch. 4 and chs. 3-6.

2. Patrick Collinson, The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (London: Cape, 1967); Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (London: Secker & Warburg, 1964; Panther, 1969), ch. 1; Peter Lake, Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982).

3. The Thirty-nine Articles are printed at the end of the Church of England Book of Common Prayer . See Charles H. and Katherine George, The Protestant Mind of the English Reformation (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1961); J. F. New, Anglican and Puritan (London: Black, 1964); Andrew D. Weiner, Sir Philip Sidney and the Poetics of Protestantism (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1978), pp. 8-18.

4. Certain Sermons or Homilies (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1899), pp. 26-27 (cited hereafter as Homilies ).

5. Theodore Spencer, Shakespeare and the Nature of Man, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1958), p. 157.

6. However, from about 1970 literary studies began to engage with early modern protestantism. See Roland Mushat Frye, Shakespeare and Christian Doctrine (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1963); William R. Elton, "King Lear" and the Gods (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1968); William G. Halewood, The Poetry of Grace (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970); Dominic Baker-Smith, "Religion and John Webster," in Brian Morris, ed., John Webster (London: Benn, 1970); H. A. Kelly, Divine Providence in the England of Shakespeare's Histories (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1970); Ivor Morris, Shakespeare's God (London: Allen & Unwin, 1972); Paul R. Sellin,"The Hidden God," in R. S. Kinsman, ed., The Darker Vision of the Renaissance (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1974); Robert G. Hunter, Shakespeare and the Mystery of the Gods (Athens, Ga.: Univ. of Georgia Press, 1976); Stevie Davies, Renaissance Views of Man (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1978); Weiner, Sir Philip Sidney and the Poetics of Protestantism ; Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religius Lyric (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1979); Margot Heinemann, Puritanism and Theatre (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980); Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1980); A. D. Nuttall, Overheard by God (London: Methuen, 1980); John Carey, John Donne: Life, Mind and Art (London: Faber, 1981); John N. King, English Reformation Literature (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1982); Jonathan Dollimore, Radical Tragedy (1984), 2d ed. (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989); Anthea Hume, Edmund Spenser: Protestant Poet (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984); Norbrook, Poetry and Politics; Gene Edward Veith, Jr., Reformation Spirituality. The Religion of George Herbert (London and Toronto: Associated Univ. Presses, 1985); Ernest B. Gilman, Iconoclasm and Poetry in the English Reformation (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1986); David Morse, England's Time of Crisis: From Shakespeare to Milton (London: Macmillan, 1989).

7. Hugh Kearney, Scholars and Gentlemen: Universities and Society in Pre-industrial Britain, 1500-1700 (London: Faber, 1970), pp. 22-35; see also Ronald A. Rebholz, The Life of Fulke Greville (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 11-12.

8. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities (London: Duckworth, 1986), pp. xii-xiv, also pp. 22-26 and ch. 7.

9. Jonathan Goldberg, Writing Matter: From the Hands of the English Renaissance (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1990), p. 3, quoting Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques , trans. John and Doreen Weightman (New York: Atheneum, 1974), p. 300. See also Goldberg, pp. 2-7 and 41-55; and Brian V. Street, Literacy in Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984).

10. Goldberg, Writing Matter, p. 41, quoting Keith Thomas, "The Meaning of Literacy in Early Modern England," in Gerd Baumann, ed., The Written Word: Literacy in Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 117.

11. Louis L. Martz, The Poetry of Meditation, rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1962), pp. 15-20, also 43-56. Cf. Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, pp. 264-75, and chs. 5, 8.

12. Like Lewalski ( Protestant Poetics, pp. 264-65), I follow the ordering of the Holy Sonnets in the 1635 manuscript, made conventional by Grierson; quoting from the modernized text edited by A. J. Smith: John Donne, The Complete English Poems (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971), pp. 309-17. See further Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, pp. 13-27 and ch. 8; Adrian James Pinnington, "Reformation Themes and Tensions in John Donne's 'Divine Poems' "(diss., University of Sussex, 1983); Thomas Docherty, John Donne, Undone (London: Methuen, 1986).

13. Sermon Preached at Whitehall, April 19, 1618: George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson, The Sermons of John Donne (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1953-62), 1:293. Donne makes other emphases at other points; my argument does not require that he be consistent: see Halewood, Poetry of Grace, pp. 58-65; John Carey, John Donne, pp. 241-45. Carey sees Donne's struggle with orthodoxy as a specially personal alarm consequent upon Donne's change from Catholicism. But most sixteenth-century protestants had been born into Catholic families. I disagree here also with the reading of Veith, Reformation Spirituality, ch. 5.

14. Herbert's poems are quoted from The English Poems of George Herbert, ed. C. A. Patrides (London: Dent, 1974); see also the poem "Grace." And see Halewood, Poetry of Grace, ch. 4; Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, pp. 285-87 and ch. 9; Veith, Reformation Spirituality .

15. See ch. 10 and Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, ch. 4.

16. David Williams, A History of Modern Wales, 2d ed. (London: John Murray, 1977), pp. 150, 155-56, 246, 260-64; Chronicle (Newspaper for the Tanat and Cain Valleys), no. 119, July 1990, p. 2.

17. Howell, Sir Philip Sidney, pp. 128-29; Rebholz, Life of Fulke Greville, p. 10; Exploring Shropshire (Church Stretton: Scenesetters, 1990), p. 1.

18. Michael D. Bristol, Shakespeare's America, America's Shakespeare (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 154 (quoting Theodore Spencer, Shakespeare and the Nature of Man, p. 1), and see ch. 6.

19. Louis Montrose, "Professing the Renaissance," in H. Aram Veeser, ed., The New Historicism (London: Routledge, 1989), p. 24.

20. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 5th ed. (New York: Norton, 1986), 1:1033-44.

21. Claire Cross, Church and People, 1450-1660 (Glasgow: Fontana, 1976), p. 153; see H. C. Porter, Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1958), p. 264.

22. Sinfield, "Against Appropriation," Essays in Criticism 31(1981): 181-95.

23. "Four Ways with a Reactionary Text," LTP: The Journal of Literature Teaching Politics 2 (1983): 81-95; for an elaboration of the argument of this paper, see pp. 21-22 above. This issue of the journal has long been out of print; the last issue was no. 6, published at Bristol in 1987.

24. Jonathan Culler, Framing the Sign (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), pp. 71, 78. Culler considers William Empson's work in this light.

25. John Calvin, Calvin's Institutes [trans. Henry Beveridge] (Florida: MacDonald Publishing, n.d.), 3.8.10, 3.7.10; cited hereafter in the text as Institutes .

26. E. Gordon Rupp and Philip S. Watson, eds., Luther and Erasmus (London: SCM, 1969), p. 228.

27. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, pt. 1, quest. 23, art. 1.

28. Ian Breward, ed., The Work of William Perkins (Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay Press, 1970), pp. 142, 144. On widespread indifference to Christianity, see Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (Harmondsworth: Peregrine, 1978), pp. 183-88, 198-206; Keith Wrightson, English Society, 1580-1680 (London: Hutchinson, 1982), pp. 199-214. On survivals of Catholicism, see J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984), chs. 7, 8.

29. Thomas Nashe, The Unfortunate Traveller and Other Works, ed. J. B. Steane (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972), p. 68. See G. T. Buckley, Atheism in the English Renaissance (New York: Russell, 1965); Herschel Baker, The Wars of Truth (London: Staples, 1952); Hiram Haydn, The Counter-Renaissance (New York: Scribner's, 1950); Elton, "King Lear" and the Gods; Dollimore, Radical Tragedy, chs. 1, 5.

30. Conrad Russell, The Crisis of Parliaments (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971), p. 200; Michel de Montaigne, Essays, trans. John Florio (London: Dent, 1965), 2:126-27.

31. See C. M. Dent, Protestant Reformers in Elizabethan Oxford (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1983), Pp. 93-102; Joan Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1967), pp. 331-32.

32. Edmund Grindal, Remains (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1843), p. 339.

33. E.g., in 1563 we find the puritan Grindal suppressing the Dutch sponsor of the Family of Love, Justus Velsius, who held that Christ is "God in man" and that "all Christians are gods" (Grindal, Remains, pp. 439-40).

34. John Ayre, ed., The Works of John Whitgift (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1853), 3:612; see Powel Mills Dawley, John Whitgift and the

Reformation (London: Black, 1955), pp. 214-21. Even Lancelot Andrewes retained the substantial force of Reformation doctrine on human capacity and the priority of grace: see New, Anglican and Puritan, pp. 12-13. Andrewes was confident that most people will be damned: "The greatest part of the world by far are entered upon and held by the unholy spirit"( Works [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1841], 6:191). See George and George, Protestant Mind, pp. 53-70; Lake, Moderate Puritans, ch. 9.

35. Dent, Protestant Reformers, pp. 220-31, 238-39; Kearney, Scholars and Gentlemen, pp. 44-45.

36. See Nicholas Tyacke, "Puritanism, Arminianism, and Counter-Revolution," in Conrad Russell, ed., The Origins of the English Civil War (London: Macmillan, 1973); A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (London: Batsford, 1964), pp. 313-21; Russell, Crisis of Parliaments, pp. 209-17, 237-40, 313-17; Nicholas Tyacke, Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590-1640 (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1987); Peter Lake, "Anti-Popery: The Structure of a Prejudice," in Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, eds., Conflict in Early Stuart England (London: Longman, 1989). On the Calvinism of James and his maintaining of this theology, see Cross, Church and People, pp. 162-74.

37. Homilies, p. 60. Greenblatt remarks that Catholics had been affirming the idea of the inner life of individuals, but the Reformation pushed Catholic apologists into asserting external authority ( Renaissance Self-Fashioning, p. 99).

38. Rupp and Watson, eds., Luther and Erasmus, p. 137.

39. Richard Sibbes, The Soul's Conflict, 1635 (London: Religious Tract Society, 1837) p. 323; so, too, Work of William Perkins, ed. Breward, pp. 155-58. See Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1975), pp. 152-55.

40. Andrewes, Works, 2:72; M. M. Knappen, ed., Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1966), p. 55.

41. George Herbert, Works in Prose and Verse (London: Frederick Warne, n.d.), p. 317.

42. Joseph Hall, Works, ed. Josiah Pratt (London: 1808), 1:344.

43. Rupp and Watson, eds., Luther and Erasmus, p. 88.

44. Ibid., p. 138.

45. Ibid., pp. 327-28. Calvin uses the image ( Institutes 2.4.1), deriving it from Augustine.

46. Hugh Latimer, Selected Sermons, ed. A. R. Buckland (London: Religious Tract Society, 1904), p. 9.

47. An Instruction touching Religious Worship (1601), in Work of William Perkins, ed. Breward, p. 313.

48. William Tyndale, in Writings of Tindal, Frith and Barnes (London: Religious Tract Society, n.d.), p. 18; emphasis added. See Thomas F. Merrill, ed., William Perkins (Nieuwkoop: B. de Graaf, 1966), pp. 169-72.

49. Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, pp. 307-8. See also Hill, World Turned Upside Down, pp. 170-82. And cf. Knappen, ed., Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries, pp. 14-16; Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Holbrook Jackson (London: Dent, 1932), 3:392-432.

50. Carey, John Donne, p. 57.

51. Knappen, ed., Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries, p. 62.

52. Ibid., pp. 119, 106. Daniel Dyke is typical: "The deceitfulness of our hearts must cause us daily to keep an audit in our own conscience, ever and anon calling them to their accounts" ( The Mystery of Selfe-Deceiving [London: William Stansby, 1633], p. 367).

53. Halewood, Poetry of Grace, p. 80.

54. "Dialogue of the State of a Christian Man" (1588), in Work of William Perkins, ed. Breward, p. 368.

55. See Nuttall, Overheard by God, pp. 32-82.

56. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: Volume 1, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1980), pp. 61-62.

57. Merrill, ed., William Perkins, p. 9.

58. Tyndale, Writings, pp. 67-68. Greenblatt remarks: "To be left alone, unregarded and self-governing, is far worse than to be punished" ( Renaissance Self-Fashioning, p. 125).

59. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), p. 167.

60. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning, p. 9.

61. Karl Marx, Early Writings, ed. and trans. T. B. Bottomore (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 53. Marx adds that this did "pose the problem correctly": in terms of the struggle with one's " own internal priest ."

62. E. G. Rupp and Benjamin Drewery, eds., Martin Luther (London: Arnold, 1970), p. 60.

63. Tyndale, Writings, pp. 159, 275, 50, 303.

64. Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 3:332; Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, p. 169.

65. The Psalmes of David and others. With M. John Calvins Commentaries, trans. Arthur Golding (London: Tho. East and H. Middleton, 1571), vol. 1, "To the Reader"; Richard Sibbes takes the same approach in the opening section of The Soul's Conflict (1635). See Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning, pp. 115-26; Lewalski, Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric, pp. 131-34, 136-38.

66. Calvin, Psalmes of David, Preface.

67. Martin Luther, "Preface to the Psalms," trans. Bertram Lee Woolf, in Martin Luther, Selections from his Writings, ed. John Dillinger (New York: Doubleday, 1961), p. 41; Althusser says ideology is internalized in a process of double mirroring ( Lenin and Philosophy, p. 168).

68. Patrick McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (London: Blandford Press, 1967), pp. 311-12, 349.

69. Francis Bacon, Essays, intr. Oliphant Smeaton (London: Dent, 1906), p. 11.

70. Simon, Education and Society, p. 177.

71. McGrath, Papists and Puritans, pp. 116-21, 300-313; Cross, Church and People, pp. 143-46. On control of preaching, see Hill, Society and Puritanism, pp. 33-44. For instances of theater censorship, see E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923), vol. 1, ch. 10; also Heinemann, Puritanism and Theatre .

72. Patrick Collinson, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982), p. 150 and ch. 4; also Russell, Crisis of Parliaments, pp. 202-5, 210, 240, and Kearney, Scholars and Gentlemen, pp. 34-36.

73. John Morgan, Godly Learning: Puritan Attitudes towards Reason, Learning, and Education, 1560-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986), p. 86, and see p. 97.

74. Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 155; see Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, pp. 30-47.

75. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (London: Weidenfeld, 1977).

76. Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, ed. A. R. Humphreys (London: Methuen, 1967), 3.2.4-11.

77. Hall, Works, 1:xxvi. See Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, ch. 4.

78. Carey, John Donne, p. 123.

79. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 194, and see p. 180.

80. Tyndale, Writings, pp. 61-62.

81. Ibid., p. 61. In Perkins's account of the body politic, "there be several members which are men walking in several callings and offices, the execution whereof must tend to the happy and good estate of the rest, yea, of all men everywhere, as much as possible is" ( Of the Vocations or Callings of Men, in Work of William Perkins, ed. Breward, p. 449).

82. Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 153; Patrick Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England (London: Macmillan, 1988), p. 148, also pp. 143-52 and chs. 1-2.

83. Hill, Society and Puritanism, p. 131, and ch. 4. Wrightson says Reformation doctrine was most influential among "a minority of the gentry, the yeomen and craftsmen of the villages, and the merchants, tradesmen and artisans of the towns" ( English Society, pp. 213-14).

84. The Prose Works of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Albert Feuillerat (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1963), 3:125. See Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, pp. 66-74, 116, 236-47; New, Anglican and Puritan, pp. 87-91; Claire Cross, The Puritan Earl (London: Macmillan, 1966), p. 4; Rebholz, Life of Fulke Greville, pp. 11-12.

85. See Knappen, ed., Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries, pp. 29, 31-32; Eleanor Rosenberg, Leicester, Patron of Letters (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1955), ch. 6; Rosemary O'Day, The English Clergy: The Emergence and Consolidation of a Profession, 1558-1642 (Leicester: Leicester Univ. Press, 1979), ch. 7; Cross, Church and People, p. 153, and ch. 7.

86. Latimer, Selected Sermons, ed. Buckland, pp. 90, 80.

87. O'Day, English Clergy, p. 27; O'Day shows in her chs. 4, 5, and 10 the extent to which this was changed. See also Simon, Education and Society, pp. 397-403; Dent, Protestant Reformers, chs. 7, 9; Hill, Society and Puritanism, chs. 2, 3; Collinson, Birthpangs of Protestant England, pp. 40-46; Morgan, Godly Learning .

88. John Brinsley the Younger, The Preachers Charge and the People's Duty (1631), pp. 4, 7, quoted in Morgan, Godly Learning, p. 81; see also Scarisbrick, Reformation and the English People, pp. 165-70.

89. O'Day, English Clergy, pp. 1-2, 126, 159-60, 189, 234, and chs. 10, 12, 16; see Morgan, Godly Learning, pp. 79-89.

90. See Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, pp. 271-73; Wrightson, English Society, p. 209; Goldberg, Writing Matter, pp. 41-49.

91. Hill, Society and Puritanism, p. 98 and ch. 3, passim. See also Collinson, Birthpangs of Protestant England, pp. 56-58, 149-52; O'Day, English Clergy, ch. 14.

92. Hill, Society and Puritanism, pp. 135-40; Russell, Crisis of Parliaments, pp. 201, 204, 222-29, 237-40; Felicity Heal, Of Prelates and Princes (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1980).

93. Collinson, Religion of Protestants, p. 182.

94. William Haller, The Rise of Puritanism (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1938), p. 168. See Hill, Society and Puritanism, p. 241; Robert Weimann, "Discourse, Ideology and the Crisis of Authority in Post-Reformation England," REAL: The Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature 5 (1987): 109-40.

95. Dollimore, Radical Tragedy, p. 14.

96. See Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning, pp. 57, 143, 151, 154, 161, 220. However, cf. p. 152, where "the conflicting cultural codes that fashion male identity in Tudor court lyrics" are invoked (though hardly specified).

97. Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, pp. 1-21, 95-98, 114-30, 310-20; Savonarola may be the exception (p. 9).

98. Hill, Society and Puritanism, pp. 476-77. At some points there was a specific organization—during the Marian persecution, and in the "classical movement" of the 1580s (see Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement ); at other times it was a looser association. See Natalie Zemon Davis, "The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-Century Lyon," Past and Present 90 (1981): 40-70, pp. 64-70; Simon Shepherd, Marlowe and the Politics of Elizabethan Theatre (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986), p. 141.

99. Russell, Crisis of Parliaments, pp. 195-96. And see Wrightson, English Society, ch. 6 et passim; Hill, World Turned Upside Down, chs. 2, 3; Lucy de Bruyn, Mob-Rule and Riots (London: Regency Press, 1981); William Hunt, The Puritan Moment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983); Morse, England's Time of Crisis .

100. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 179.

101. The Journals of Søren Kierkegaard, ed. and trans. Alexander Dru (London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1938), p. 1.

102. Wrightson, English Society, p. 217; see Hill, Society and Puritanism, pp. 242, 480, and World Turned Upside Down .

103. Gerrard Winstanley, Works, ed. G. H. Sabine (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965), p. 493; ensuing quotations are from this edition. Hill compares Winstanley and Hobbes: World Turned Upside Down, appendix 1; and see ch. 7.

104. Richard Verrall in New Nation, no. 1 (1980), quoted by Martin Barker, The New Racism (London: Junction Books, 1981), p. 100.

105. Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, People of the Lake (London: Collins, 1979), p. 125; also p. 213. And see Robert David Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986), p. 217; Lionel Tiger, Men in Groups (London: Nelson, 1969), pp. 162-64; Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind (London: Joseph, 1981), pp. 223-37; Sinfield, Literature, Politics and Culture, pp. 139-50.

106. Hill, World Turned Upside Down, chs. 2, 5, 6; Sabine, introduction to Winstanley, Works, pp. 21-35. See Janet E. Halley, "Heresy, Orthodoxy, and the Politics of Religious Discourse: The Case of the English Family of Love," in Stephen Greenblatt, ed., Representing the English Renaissance (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1988).

107. Winstanley, Works, p. 523. On anticlericalism among sectarians, see O'Day, English Clergy, pp. 190-91 and ch. 15.

108. Carey, John Donne, pp. 239-40; Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning, pp. 105-14.

109. Hill, Society and Puritanism, p. 480; Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, p. 42.

110. Walzer, Revolution of the Saints, p. 2, and pp. 310-15, 319-20.

111. Hill, World Turned Upside Down, p. 15. See also Malcolm Evans, Signifying Nothing: Truth's True Contents in Shakespeare's Text, 2d ed. (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), pp. 254-64.