1. Neither Parliament nor KANU has ever taken this decision formally, although some politicians have pushed for a constitutional amendment. Instead, the supremacy of the party emerged through a series of decisions in which KANU disciplined MPs for criticisms they had raised on the floor of Parliament--statements technically protected from prosecution by the Powers and Privileges Act. For one account, see Weekly Review , November 7, 1986, pp. 4-6.

2. Kiraitu Murungi, "The Role of the International Commission of Jurists (Kenya Section) in Promoting the Rule of Law and Protecting the Enjoyment of Human Rights," Nairobi Law Monthly 12-13 (December 1988-January 1989): 51.

3. Weekly Review , July 22, 1983, p. 4.

4. David Leonard, African Successes: Four Public Managers of Kenyan Rural Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 258.

5. Chong Lim Kim et al., eds., The Legislative Connection: The Politics of Representation in Kenya, Korea, and Turkey (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1984), p. 137.

6. These changes have received relatively little attention and analysis. They were introduced in the Kenya Gazette , Supplement No. 92, December 24, 1986. The Daily Nation reported the changes in its December 27, 1986 edition. The Weekly Review carried a brief analysis in its January 9, 1987 edition.

7. Daily Nation , January 2, 1987.

8. Africa Confidential, October 26, 1990.

9. This information was widely reported in the press. The most comprehensive summary through 1987 appears in a luridly titled, but nevertheless fairly accurate, publication of the United Movement for Democracy in Kenya, Moi's Reign of Terror: A Decade of Nyayo Crimes against the People of Kenya (London: Umoja Secretariat, 1989).

10. Nairobi Law Monthly 20 (December 1989-January 1990): 27.

11. The Weekly Review , September 18, 1987, pp. 4-14, gives an extended continue

discussion of the terms of reference for this committee and the cases pending when the committee was disbanded in September 1987.

12. Daniel arap Moi as quoted in Weekly Review , May 11, 1989.

13. Weekly Review , September 30, 1988.

14. Africa Confidential , January 26, 1990, p. 4.

15. For a detailed analysis of the Zairian case, see Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1985), pp. 193-201.

16. Weekly Review , April 22, 1988, pp. 4-5.

17. Weekly Review , May 3, 1987, p. 7.

18. Africa Events , August-September 1990, p. 25.

19. Biographical information comes from Weekly Review , December 16, 1988.

20. In fact, the United States had clearly indicated its support of public defender groups and advocates of expanded civil liberties for several years prior to this encounter, earning the Kenyan president's wrath. The suspicion of foreign involvement predated the specific event, and the ambassador's words merely drew public attention to a potential linkage between economic assistance and political liberalization.

21. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, fourth quarter, 1990, p. 7.

22. Nairobi Law Monthly 25 (September 1990): 3.

23. Kenneth Matiba and Charles Rubia, "Statement on Multi-Partyism," Nairobi Law Monthly 23 (April-May 1990): 36.

24. Ibid., p. 37.

23. Kenneth Matiba and Charles Rubia, "Statement on Multi-Partyism," Nairobi Law Monthly 23 (April-May 1990): 36.

24. Ibid., p. 37.

25. Africa Events , August-September 1990, p. 22.

26. Weekly Review , July 13, 1990, p. 4.

27. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, fourth quarter, 1990, p. 9.

28. Ibid., p. 6.

27. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, fourth quarter, 1990, p. 9.

28. Ibid., p. 6.

29. Africa Confidential , January 7, 1987.

30. "The Draft Minimum Programme of Mwakenya," as reproduced in Umoja, Struggle for Democracy in Kenya: Special Report on the 1988 General Elections in Kenya (London: Umoja Secretariat, 1988), p. 96.

31. Africa Confidential , January 7, 1987.

32. Colin Legum and Marian E. Doro, eds., Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, 1986-1987 (New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1989), p. B332.

33. Weekly Review, December 12, 1986, p. 3.

34. Africa Confidential, October 26, 1990.

35. Charles Hornsby, "Kenya's National Assembly," Journal of Modern African Studies 27, 2 (1989): 290-91.

36. See the debate over the figures and their significance in the Review of African Political Economy 17 (January-April 1980): 83-105.

37. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, third quarter, 1989, p. 17.

38. New African , September 1990, p. 18. break

39. See the discussion in the Weekly Review , June 5, 1987. It was the case that farmers holding less than fifty acres had no vote at the association's annual meeting, despite the fact that they held 59 percent of the equity. Most of the directors of the KPCU were smallholders, however.

40. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, first quarter, 1988, p. 10.

41. Weekly Review , January 20, 1989, p. 24.

42. Weekly Review , April 7, 1989, p. 24.

43. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, first quarter, 1988, p. 12.

44. Weekly Review , January 20, 1989, p. 42.

45. Matiba and Rubia, "Statement on Multi-Partyism," p. 37.

46. Murungi, "Role of the International Commission of Jurists," p. 50.

47. Ibid.

46. Murungi, "Role of the International Commission of Jurists," p. 50.

47. Ibid.

48. See, e.g., J. R. Otieno, "Has the System of a One-Party State Outlived Its Usefulness in Africa?" Nairobi Law Monthly 17 (July-August, 1989): 7.

49. Murungi, "Role of the International Commission of Jurists," p. 50.

50. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Kenya, fourth quarter, 1990, p. 8.

51. Nairobi Law Monthly 21 (February 1990), pp. 7-8.

52. Ibid., p. 13.

51. Nairobi Law Monthly 21 (February 1990), pp. 7-8.

52. Ibid., p. 13.

53. New African , May 1991, p. 17.

54. Weekly Review , August 29, 1986, p. 5.

55. Weekly Review, April 24, 1987.

56. Weekly Review , January 12, 1990, p. 4.

57. See Jennifer Widner, "Interest-Formation in the Informal Sector: Cultural Despair or a Politics of Multiple Allegiances?" Comparative Political Studies 24, 1 (1991): 31-55.

58. See, e.g., the unpublished work of Kinuthia Macharia, Department of Sociology, Harvard University.

59. From interviews conducted in the United States with Kenyan MPs. On the floor of Parliament, Waruru Kanja spoke openly about an assassination in the style of the assassination of J. M. Kariuki.

60. For one account, see Weekly Review , June 8, 1990, pp. 4-8. This account is based on the Weekly Review and on interviews with observers, conducted in the United States.

61. Jane Perlez, "A Shantytown of 30,000 Bulldozed in Nairobi," New York Times , December 2, 1990.