1. Letter from Rolland to Louise Cruppi, 15 February 1922, ARR; also QAC , xl.

2. Letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 1 November 1922, ARR.

3. Letter from Rolland to Sofia Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 27 July 1922, RR-SBGG (1960) , 287; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 8 February 1923, ARR.

4. Letter from Rolland to Guerrieri-Gonzaga, 31 December 1922, RR-SBGG (1960) , 290-291; letter from Rolland to Cruppi, 13 September 1923, ARR.

5. Rolland, Journal intime , December 1924-December 1925, ARR; letter from Rolland to Umberto Zanotti-Bianco, 31 August 1925, ARR.

6. Letters from Rolland to René Arcos, 31 August 1925; to Léon Bazalgette, 7 September 1925; to Jean-Richard Bloch, 5 September 1925 and 15 October 1925, ARR.

7. Romain Rolland, "Contre la guerre et ses agents provocateurs," QAC , 66-67; first delivered as an address to the French League of the Rights of Man, Drôme and Ardèche sections, 19 April 1926.

8. Romain Rolland, "Vita sine libertate, nihil," QAC , 67; this was first a letter written to Henry Torrès, 23 April 1926.

9. Romain Rolland, "Lettre à Filippo Turati" (1 May 1927), QAC , 67-68; Romain Rolland, "La Veuve de Matteotti séquestrée," Le Populaire , 3 October 1927, 3. For a description of the weekly La Libertà and for information on the activities of Turati and Claudio Treves, see Charles Delzell, Mussolini's Enemies: The Italian Antifascist Resistance (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 58.

10. Henri Giordan, ed., Romain Rolland et le mouvement florentin de "la Voce" (Paris, 1966). Giovanni Amendola's tribute to Romain Rolland appeared in Liber Amicorum Romain Rolland (Zurich, 1926), 393-394.

11. Letter from Rolland to Giorgio Amendola, 22 May 1926, in Giordan, Romain Rolland et la mouvement florentin de "la Voce," 355-356; also see QAC , xl; published in Italian in Giorgio Amendola, Communismo antifascismo resistenza (Rome, 1967), 411-412.

12. Romain Rolland, L'Inde. Journal, 1915-1943 (Paris, 1951), 109-119, 126-127, 134.

13. Letter from Rolland to Gaetano Salvemini, 5 July 1926, RT-RR , 147.

14. Letter from Rolland to Rabindranath Tagore, 11 November 1926; RT-RR , 78; also see the conversation between Rolland and Tagore, 25 June 1926, ibid., 187-191.

13. Letter from Rolland to Gaetano Salvemini, 5 July 1926, RT-RR , 147.

14. Letter from Rolland to Rabindranath Tagore, 11 November 1926; RT-RR , 78; also see the conversation between Rolland and Tagore, 25 June 1926, ibid., 187-191.

15. Letter from Rolland to Kalidas Nag, 6-7 July 1926, RT-RR , 149-151.

16. Letter from Rolland to Salvemini, 5 July 1926, RT-RR , 147; also see Rolland, L'Inde , 138-146, 157, 159-166, 179, 182-192. For Tagore's final statement on Italian fascism, see "Tagore en Italie," Europe , 15 August 1926, and L'Humanité , 16 August 1926. See Romain Rolland, "Lettre à The Indian Daily Mail," L'Inde , 184-185, for a protest against the spread of pro-Italian-fascist propaganda in India.

17. Letter from Rolland to Madame Thérèse Dispan de Floran, 31 January 1927, ARR.

18. Letter from Rolland to Salvemini, 28 May 1927, BV , 248-251; also see QAC , lxxiv.

19. Romain Rolland and Henri Barbusse, "Aux esprits libres, contre le fascisme," Bulletin du Comité de défense des victimes du fascisme et de la terreur blanche (February 1927), QAC , xlii; in a letter to Barbusse dated 28 January 1928, Romain Rolland condemned this bulletin for its communist invective and propaganda, ARR.

20. Letter from Rolland to Heinz Haeberlin, 3 March 1927, in Pierre Abraham, Romain Rolland (Neuchâtel, 1969), 135.

21. Letters from Rolland to Henri Barbusse, 30 November 1926, 10 February 1927, ARR.

22. Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 28 January 1928, ARR.

23. Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 28 October 1928, ARR.

24. Romain Rolland, "M. Romain Rolland prend position," Clarté , no. 5 (15 January 1927): 158; Marcel Fournier had challenged Romain Rolland in Clarté , no. 4 (15 December 1926): 124.

25. Letter from Rolland to André Berthet, 30 October 1928, ARR.

26. Romain Rolland, "Avertissement à l'Amérique" (10 September 1926), QAC , 72-73. Romain Rolland also protested the abuse of justice in the Sacco and Vanzetti case; see "Lettre à un ami Américain sur le meutre judiciaire de Sacco et Vanzetti," ibid., 74-78; first published in Europe , 15 October 1927, and The Nation , 28 September 1927.

27. Romain Rolland, "Au Flambeau d'Egypte," 14 October 1929, BV , 284-286; letter from Rolland to Charles Lecôeur, 28 June 1930, ibid., 305-307.

25. Letter from Rolland to André Berthet, 30 October 1928, ARR.

26. Romain Rolland, "Avertissement à l'Amérique" (10 September 1926), QAC , 72-73. Romain Rolland also protested the abuse of justice in the Sacco and Vanzetti case; see "Lettre à un ami Américain sur le meutre judiciaire de Sacco et Vanzetti," ibid., 74-78; first published in Europe , 15 October 1927, and The Nation , 28 September 1927.

27. Romain Rolland, "Au Flambeau d'Egypte," 14 October 1929, BV , 284-286; letter from Rolland to Charles Lecôeur, 28 June 1930, ibid., 305-307.

25. Letter from Rolland to André Berthet, 30 October 1928, ARR.

26. Romain Rolland, "Avertissement à l'Amérique" (10 September 1926), QAC , 72-73. Romain Rolland also protested the abuse of justice in the Sacco and Vanzetti case; see "Lettre à un ami Américain sur le meutre judiciaire de Sacco et Vanzetti," ibid., 74-78; first published in Europe , 15 October 1927, and The Nation , 28 September 1927.

27. Romain Rolland, "Au Flambeau d'Egypte," 14 October 1929, BV , 284-286; letter from Rolland to Charles Lecôeur, 28 June 1930, ibid., 305-307.

28. Romain Rolland, "Sur pan-Europa" (28 January 1930), QAC , 97-98; this first appeared in L'Effort (Lyons) as an address to secular educators for a conference organized by the League of the Rights of Man.

29. Romain Rolland, "Le Gouvernement reste muet sur les massacres du 1 ^er mai. Une Protestation de Romain Rolland contre le repatriement forcé de Tao à Saigon," L'Humanité , 12 May 1931, 1.

30. Rolland, journal extract, 16 March 1931, ARR.

31. Romain Rolland, "Un Meeting grandiose et vibrant pour la libération de Tao en faveur de l'indépendance de l'Indochine," L'Humanité , 20 May 1931, 1; this reappeared as "Politique coloniale," in L'Oeuvre sociale (Besançon), no. 463 (18 July 1931): 1.

32. Romain Rolland, "Romain Rolland appelle à la lutte révolutionaire," L'Humanité , 4 November 1931, 3; also see his review of Pin Yin's Une Jeune Chinoise à l'armée révolutionnaire , in L'Intransigeant , 18 July 1931. For a discussion of Romain Rolland's impact on contemporary Chinese intellectuals, see T. B. Kin-Yn-Yn, "La Renaissance Chinoise et l'influence de Romain Rolland," Europe , 15 September 1927, 101-108.

33. Romain Rolland, "The Action of the League Against Imperialism," Anti-Imperialist Review , 1, no. 3 (January-February 1932): 209; also signed by Barbusse and Gorky.

34. Romain Rolland, "Pour les condamnés de Meerut," QAC , 189-197; first published in L'Humanité , 18 March 1933; Europe , 15 April 1933; The World Tomorrow , 14 September 1933; reprinted in L'Inde , 573-577.

35. Rolland, "Pour les condamnés de Meerut," 192.

36. Romain Rolland, "Pour les condamnés de Saigon en Indochine," QAC , 197-198; this first appeared in Monde , no. 273 (26 August 1933): 13. Romain Rolland became one of the honorary presidents (along with Barbusse, Paul Langevin, and Victor Margueritte) of the Committee for Amnesty and Defense of Indochinese and Colonized Peoples; see Rolland, "Message de Romain Rolland," in Félicien Challaye, Souvenirs sur la colonisation (Paris, 1935), xiii, 138.

37. Key literature on the Amsterdam-Pleyel movement includes E. H. Carr, The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930-1935 (New York, 1982), 385-399; Babette Gross, Willi Münzenberg (New York, 1974), 223-246; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg: Propagandist For and Against the Comintern," International Review of Social History 11 (1965): 188-210; Helmut Gruber, "Willi Münzenberg's German Communist Propaganda Empire, 1921-1933," Journal of Modern History 38, no. 3 (September 1966): 278-297; Daniel H. Brower, The New Jacobins: The French Communist Party and the Popular Front (Ithaca, N.Y., 1968), 17-18, 39-41, 54-55, 102, 105, 142-143; Georges Lefranc, Histoire du front populaire (Paris, 1965), 36-47; Jacques Fauvet, Histoire du Parti communiste français (Paris, 1964) 1:116-118; Maurice Thorez, Fils du peuple (Paris, 1960), 79-80; Nicole Racine, ''L'Association des Ecrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires (A.E.A.R.)," Mouvement social , no. 54 (January-March 1966): 29-47; André Legendre, "Bibliographie," Cahiers de l'Institut Maurice Thorez , no. 1 (April 1966): 165-181; Claude Willard, "Les Intellectuels français et le front populaire,'' Cahiers de l'Institut Maurice Thorez , no. 3-4 (October 1966-March 1967): 115-124.

38. Nathanael Greene, Crisis and Decline: The French Socialist Party in the Popular Front Era (Ithaca, N.Y., 1969); Peter J. Larmour, The French Radical Party in the 1930s (Stanford, Calif., 1964); Stanley Hoffmann, "Paradoxes of the French Political Community," in In Search of France , ed. Stanley Hoffmann et al. (New York, 1965), 23-24, 33. See the entries by Sandi E. Cooper, David James Fisher, James Friguglietti, and David Schalk in Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Leaders , ed. Harold Josephson (Westport, Conn., 1985).

39. Maurice Thorez, "Pourquoi les communistes iront à Genève," L'Humanité , 28 June 1932, 1; earlier Marcel Cachin had exhorted the congress to be "practical and realistic." See " L'Humanité sera au congrès mondial contre la guerre," L'Humanité , 17 June 1932, 1.

40. Carr, Twilight of the Comintern , 396-427; Ronald Tiersky, French Communism, 1920-1972 (New York, 1974), 54-95; George Lichtheim, Marxism in Modern France (New York, 1966), 34-68.

41. Letter from Rolland to Barbusse, 10 September 1932, ARR. Guessler Normand, "Henri Barbusse and his Monde (1928-1935)," Journal of Contemporary History , Spring 1976, 173-197. Also see the joint appeal signed by Rolland and Barbusse, "Appel de Romain Rolland et Henri Barbusse,"

leaflet issued by Comité contre la guerre impérialiste, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Imprimés no. 2638.

42. Romain Rolland, "La Patrie est en danger!" PRP , 27, 28; first published in L'Humanité , 1 May 1932, and in Pravda .

43. Romain Rolland, "Contre la guerre. Rassemblement!" (1 June 1932), PRP , 29.

44. Romain Rolland, "Appel à la Ligue des Combattants de la Paix" (10 June 1932), PRP , 34.

45. Ibid., 36.

44. Romain Rolland, "Appel à la Ligue des Combattants de la Paix" (10 June 1932), PRP , 34.

45. Ibid., 36.

46. Romain Rolland, "Lettre à Victor Méric," 12 July 1932, PRP , 40.

47. Romain Rolland, "Lettre à Albert de Jong" (31 July 1932), PRP , 42; first published in Europe , no. 118 (15 October 1932): 302-304. De Jong was general secretary of the International Antimilitarist Bureau in Amsterdam.

48. Friedrich Adler, "Lettre de Fritz Adler à Henri Barbusse," Monde , no. 217 (20 July 1932), 13; E.-Paul Graber, "Les Idéalistes entre les mains des manoeuveristes," La Sentinelle , no. 168 (22 July 1932), 1.

49. Friedrich Adler, "Un Congrès contre la guerre. Lettre du secrétaire de I.O.S. à Romain Rolland," La Sentinelle , no. 164 (18 July 1932): 1; Friedrich Adler, "Le Congrès mondial contre la guerre n'est qu'une manoeuvre communiste dirigée contre les partis socialistes," Populaire de Paris , 20 July 1932, 3.

50. Letters from Rolland to Friedrich Adler, 7 July 1932, 16 July 1932, ARR; Rolland, "La Réponse de Romain Rolland," Monde , no. 217 (20 July 1932): 13; Barbusse, "Réponse de Henri Barbusse," Monde , no. 217 (20 July 1932): 13-14; Rolland, "La Réponse de Romain Rolland au chief socialiste Graber," L'Humanité , 4 August 1932, 1; Rolland, ''Lettre de Romain Rolland à Paul Graber," Europe , 15 September 1932, 151-152. Maurice Thorez used the Amsterdam Congress to attack French Socialist leader Léon Blum and to accuse the Socialists of being agents of imperialism; see Maurice Thorez, ''Avec les ouvriers socialistes contre les saboteurs du Congrès," L'Humanité , 21 July 1932, 1.

51. Congrès mondial contre la guerre impérialiste, "Bulletin du Congrès," typescript, 1-8, International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam.

52. Romain Rolland, "Déclaration lue à la première séance du congrès mondial de tous les partis contre la guerre," PRP , 45, 46; first published in Europe , 15 September 1932, 148-151; also in Monde , no. 222 (3 September 1932); in Wladimir Martel, Vers la guerre ou la révolution (Alençon, 1933), 18-21; in The World Congress Against War , ed. American Committee for Struggle Against War (New York, 1933), 11-15; also see Romain Rolland, "La Guerre est entre les mains du peuple ouvrier," L'Humanité , 28 August 1932, 1-2.

53. Rolland, "Déclaration lue . . . du congrès mondial," 46.

54. Ibid., 47-48.

55. Ibid., 49.

53. Rolland, "Déclaration lue . . . du congrès mondial," 46.

54. Ibid., 47-48.

55. Ibid., 49.

53. Rolland, "Déclaration lue . . . du congrès mondial," 46.

54. Ibid., 47-48.

55. Ibid., 49.

56. "Manifesto of the World Congress Against War at Amsterdam, August 27-29, 1932," in The World Congress Against War , 16-24; first published as "Le Manifeste du congrès d'Amsterdam," Monde , no. 223 (September 1932): 4-5; also published in Martel, Vers la guerre ou la révolution

63-69. Martel's book, with introduction by Barbusse, summarized the Amsterdam Congress from the French communist perspective. For the Soviet viewpoint, see the anonymous pamphlet Voix de l'URSS à Amsterdam [1932].

57. "Manifesto of the World Congress at Amsterdam," 20, 24.

58. Letters from Madeleine Rolland to Rolland, 28 and 29 August 1932, ARR. For a right-wing perspective on the Amsterdam Congress see Le Figaro, 12 September 1932; for the communist perspective, see Gabriel Peri and J. Berlioz, "Acclamé par le congrès mondial, Marcel Cachin expose les méthodes léninistes de lutte contre la guerre," L'Humanité, 29 August 1932, 1; for the French pacifist perspective, see Victor Margueritte, "Quelques Observations sur le congrès d'Amsterdam," Evolution, no. 81 (October 1932): 614-621; Victor Méric, ''Nos Moyens de lutte,'' Patrie humaine, no. 66 (29 April 1933): 1; for the socialist position, see Adolf Strumthal, "La Manifestation communiste d'Amsterdam," Populaire de Paris, 4 September 1932, 3; for the Trotskyist, see Léon Trotsky, "Lettre sur le congrès contre la guerre," Lutte de classe, no. 39 (15 June 1932): 2-3; Pierre Naville, "Camarades du parti, repoussez le manifeste de confusion adopté par le congrès d'Amsterdam," La Verité, 5 September 1932, 1. For the Surrealist view, see André Breton, "La Mobilisation contre la guerre n'est pas la paix" (1933), in Maurice Nadeau, Histoire du surrealisme (Paris, 1964), 371-376; and for the Soviet viewpoint, see Maxim Gorky, "To the Delegates of the Antiwar Congress (A Speech That Was Not Delivered)," in Maxim Gorky, Articles and Pamphlets (Moscow, 1951), 342-354.

59. Romain Rolland, "Le Congrès mondial d'Amsterdam contre la guerre," PRP, 50; this was first published in Europe, 15 October 1932, 249-255. Also see Annette Vidal, Henri Barbusse. Soldat de la paix (Paris, 1953), 266 n. 1.

60. Rolland, "Le Congrès mondial," PRP, 53, 55-56.

61. Ibid., 56-58.

62. Ibid., 58-59.

60. Rolland, "Le Congrès mondial," PRP, 53, 55-56.

61. Ibid., 56-58.

62. Ibid., 58-59.

60. Rolland, "Le Congrès mondial," PRP, 53, 55-56.

61. Ibid., 56-58.

62. Ibid., 58-59.

63. Romain Rolland, "Lettre à Henri Barbusse" (20 December 1932), PRP, 61-64.

64. Bureau international du comité mondial de lutte contre la guerre, "Declaration sur la participation des groupements d'action individuelle au mouvement d'Amsterdam," in PRP, 64, signed by Henri Barbusse, Marcel Cachin, Willi Münzenberg, J. Chvernik, and H. Stassova.

65. Rolland, "Le Congrès mondial," PRP, 60; Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 391-392.

66. Carr, Twilight of the Comintern, 392-394; for primary documents on the Amsterdam-Pleyel movement, see Tracts politiques d'organisations et partis pacifistes divers circa 1930-1939, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, Lb57 16552; anonymous editorial, "Après le congrès d'Amsterdam," Europe, 15 September 1932, 1122-1129; Jacques Duclos, "Le Congrès européen antifasciste," Europe, 15 June 1933, 803-808; anonymous editorial, "Après le congrès mondial des jeunes," Europe, 1 October 1933, 1303-1306; Henri Barbusse, "Une Etape du front unique," Monde, no. 264 (24 June 1933): 15-16; Tracts du comité mondial de lutte contre la guerre impérialiste (1933), Archives Nationale, Paris, F ¹⁷ 13148.

67. Letters from Rolland to Louis Gibarti, 16 September 1933, 17 September 1933; from Rolland to Willi Münzenberg, 26 December 1933; from Münzenberg to Rolland, December 1933; ARR.

68. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée (Paris, 1967), 1143-1144, 1248, 1259, 1358; these volumes of the novel cycle were first published as L'Annonciatrice. La Mort d'un monde. L'Enfantement, 2 vols. (Paris, 1933).

69. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1152, 1284.

70. Ibid., 1280-1281, 1302, 1305.

71. Ibid., 1009, 1219, 1284, 1300, 1303, 1305.

72. Ibid., 1147-1151.

69. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1152, 1284.

70. Ibid., 1280-1281, 1302, 1305.

71. Ibid., 1009, 1219, 1284, 1300, 1303, 1305.

72. Ibid., 1147-1151.

69. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1152, 1284.

70. Ibid., 1280-1281, 1302, 1305.

71. Ibid., 1009, 1219, 1284, 1300, 1303, 1305.

72. Ibid., 1147-1151.

69. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1152, 1284.

70. Ibid., 1280-1281, 1302, 1305.

71. Ibid., 1009, 1219, 1284, 1300, 1303, 1305.

72. Ibid., 1147-1151.

73. In a letter to Lucien Roth dated 1 December 1933, Romain Rolland revealed that the liberal antifascist Gaetano Salvemini was the prototype for the character Count Bruno Chiarenza (ARR).

74. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1217-1221, 1288.

75. Ibid., 1260-1264.

76. Ibid., 1309-1310, 1343.

77. Ibid., 1358-1361; also see Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933): 41-44.

74. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1217-1221, 1288.

75. Ibid., 1260-1264.

76. Ibid., 1309-1310, 1343.

77. Ibid., 1358-1361; also see Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933): 41-44.

74. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1217-1221, 1288.

75. Ibid., 1260-1264.

76. Ibid., 1309-1310, 1343.

77. Ibid., 1358-1361; also see Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933): 41-44.

74. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1217-1221, 1288.

75. Ibid., 1260-1264.

76. Ibid., 1309-1310, 1343.

77. Ibid., 1358-1361; also see Romain Rolland, "Le Combat," Commune, no. 1(July 1933): 41-44.

78. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1426-1430, 1448-1453; also see his "Introduction à L'Icare de Lauro de Bosis," Europe, May—August 1933, 5-15.

79. Rolland, Introduction (1 January 1934), L'Ame enchantée, xv-xix.

80. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1357-1358, also quoted in QAC, lii-lxii. The German Fascists prevented L'Annonciatrice from being translated into German; see ibid., lxxix. For three favorable reviews, see Magdeleine Paz, "L'Annonciatrice par Romain Rolland," Monde, no. 249 (11 March 1933): 10; "Romain Rolland— L'Annonciatrice, " Commune, no. 7-8 (March-April 1934): 819-820; and Christian Sénéchal, Europe, no. 35 (15 March 1934): 137-142.

79. Rolland, Introduction (1 January 1934), L'Ame enchantée, xv-xix.

80. Rolland, L'Ame enchantée, 1357-1358, also quoted in QAC, lii-lxii. The German Fascists prevented L'Annonciatrice from being translated into German; see ibid., lxxix. For three favorable reviews, see Magdeleine Paz, "L'Annonciatrice par Romain Rolland," Monde, no. 249 (11 March 1933): 10; "Romain Rolland— L'Annonciatrice, " Commune, no. 7-8 (March-April 1934): 819-820; and Christian Sénéchal, Europe, no. 35 (15 March 1934): 137-142.