1. Murray, Red Scare , is the definitive source for the early 1920s.

2. Wohl, "American 'Geopolitical Masterhand.'"

3. Levering, American Opinion , chap. 3. But see Sirgiovanni, "Undercurrent of Suspicion," for evidence that many Americans did not relax their hostility toward Russia during the war.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

4. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 76.

5. Ibid., 78-82.

6. Jefferson, "Rhetorical Restrictions," chaps. 3-4.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

7. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 79-80.

8. Ibid., 79.

9. "Two Thousand Reds Hold U.S. Jobs, Priest Asserts," Washington Post ,

March 11, 1946; "Rep Rees to Ask Congressional Probe of Communists in U.S. Agencies Here," Washington Post , March 12, 1946.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

10. Irons, "Cold War Crusade," 80.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 81-82, 82-83.

13. O'Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans , chaps. 3-4.

14. Lattimore's ONA articles all appeared in the York (Pennsylvania) Gazette and Daily . No other paper carried them all. All citations to these ONA articles are to that paper; dates are those of publication. The Justice Department report is analyzed in chapter 26.

15. For a lurid account of the Gouzenko case and the Soviet espionage apparatus of which he was a part, see Pincher, Too Secret, Too Long .

16. Ray Richards, "Prof. Owen Lattimore's Job under Probe by House sub-Committee," Baltimore News-Post , June 7, 1946.

17. FBI/OL, 173, 2418. The Chicago Journal of Commerce piece was traced back by the FBI to Today's World Publishing Company in St. Louis. Today's World had a brief existence from June 1946 to March 1947; it was founded by Virgil A. and Charles F. Kelly and supported by the Knights of Columbus. The FBI was not certain of this connection, however; Serial 2418 notes that the connection was only the "opinion" of Virgil Kelly.

18. Goodman, The Committee , 184.

19. Caute, Great Fear , 26.

20. Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense , 50-51.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.

21. Goodman, The Committee , 185.

22. Ibid., 186-87.