6 Safely into Port
1. Paolo Tiepolo to the Doge and Senate of Venice, from Toledo, 16 February 1560, Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in other Libraries of Northern Italy (cited henceforth as CalStP-V ), ed. by Rawdon Brown and G. Cavendish Bentinck (London, 1873-1890), vol. VII, doc. 129, pp. 150-151. See also the similar report in same to same, 7 April 1560, ibid., doc. 148, pp. 186-187.
2. "Memoir drafted by the Bishop of Limoges and sent to the Cardinal of Lorraine," from Toledo, 26 September 1560, in Louis Paris, ed., Négociations, lettres et pièces diverses relatives au regne de François II, tirées du portefeuille de Sébastien de l'Aubespine, évêque de Limoges (Paris, 1841), p. 560.
3. Ibid., pp. 559-560.
4. Ibid.; De l'Aubespine and d'Ozances to Charles IX, from Madrid, 1 October 1561, in Louis-Prosper Gachard, ed., La Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris (Brussels, 1877), vol. II, p. 120.
5. De l'Aubespine to Charles IX, from Madrid, 12 August 1561, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, pp. 116-117.
6. See De l'Aubespine to Catherine de' Medici, 13 February, 16 February, 25 February, 25 March, and 15 April 1562, ibid., pp. 132-140. The permanent appointment went to Juan Manrique de Lara, in August 1562 (William Maltby, Alba: A Biography of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Third Duke of Alba, 1507-1582 [Berkeley, 1983], p. 124).
7. Saint-Sulpice to Catherine de' Medici, from Madrid, 27 August 1563, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 153.
8. Juan Vargas to Granvelle, from Madrid, 4 August 1564, in Charles Weiss, ed., Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle , vol. VIII (Paris, 1850), p. 206.
9. Maltby, Alba , pp. 123-124; Paul David Lagomarsino, "Court Factions and the Formulation of Spanish Policy Towards the Netherlands (1559-1567)," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 1973, pp. 70-74; for Eboli's activities in the eastern kingdoms in 1563-1564, see the dispatches of Saint-Sulpice from Monzón and Barcelona, between September 1563 and February 1564 in Edmond Cabié, ed., Ambassade en Espagne de Jean Ebrard, Seigneur de Saint-Sulpice, de 1562 a 1565 et mission de ce diplomate dans le même pays en 1566 (Paris, 1903).
10. Saint-Sulpice to Catherine de' Medici and King Charles IX, 27 August 1563, in Cabié, Ambassade en Espagne , p. 152. See also Saint-Sulpice to Catherine de' Medici, from Barbastro, 11 October 1563, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 157, where Ruy Gómez is mentioned as "ung des plus privez des affaires du roy catholique."
11. Granvelle to Gonzalo Pérez, from Baudoncourt, 12 October 1564, in Weiss, Cardinal de Granvelle , vol. VIII, pp. 412-413.
12. Baldesar Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier (Garden City, 1959), p. 115.
13. Ibid., p. 36.
14. Federico Badoero, "Relazione delle persone, governo e stati di Carlo V e di Filippo II" (1557), in Eugenio Albèri, ed., Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto , ser. I, vol. III (Florence, 1853), p. 241.
15. Badoero and Antonio Tiepolo, quoted in Gregorio Marañón, Antonio Pérez (Madrid, 1951), vol. I, pp. 29-30.
16. The best-known portrait is by an anonymous painter, its current location unknown. This image, likely depicting Ruy Gómez in his late thirties or early forties, is reproduced facing the title page above. Full-length depictions of Eboli may be seen in a painting cycle commemorating Pastrana's religious foundations, reproduced in Marañón, Antonio Pérez , vol. I, between pp. 176 and 177.
17. Castiglione, Courtier , p. 29.
18. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
19. See "Torneo celebrado en Valladolid con ocasión de la boda del Príncipe Don Felipe con la Infanta Doña María de Portugal," in Amalio Huarte, ed., Relaciones de los reinados de Carlos V y Felipe II (Madrid, 1941), pp. 87-88; Luis de Salazar y Castro, Historia genealógica de la Casa de Silva (Madrid, 1685), vol. II, pp. 460-462; Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella, El felicissimo viaje del muy alto y muy poderoso principe don Phelippe (1552) (Madrid, 1930), vol. I, pp. 82-88, 142, 189-204, 306-311, and vol. II, pp. 13-15; The Diary of Henry Machyn , ed. by John Gough Nichols (London, 1848), p. 76; Gustav Ungerer, A Spaniard in Elizabethan England: The Correspondence of Antonio Pérez's Exile (London, 1974-1976), vol. I, p. 33; Don Pedro de Córdoba to Ferdinand, King of the Romans, 10 December 1554, Calendar of Letters, Despatches and State Papers relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain, Preserved in the Archives at Vienna, Simancas, Besancon, Brussels, Madrid and Lille (cited henceforth as CalStP-S ), ed. by Royall Tyler, vol. XIII, Philip and Mary, July 1554-November 1558 (London, 1954), doc. 127, p. 119; Paolo Tiepolo to the Doge and Senate of Venice, from Toledo, 11 September 1560, CalStP-V , vol. VII, doc. 198, pp. 257-258.
20. Badoero, "Relazione," p. 241.
21. Melchor de Herrera to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Medina del Campo, 20 February 1563, Archivo General de Simancas (AGS), Consejo y Juntas de Hacienda (CJH), legajo 50, no. 155; Pedro de Vivero to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Medina del Campo, 20 February 1563, ibid., no. 173; quotation from Ruy Gómez de Silva to Pedro de Vivero, from Madrid, 24 February 1563, ibid., borrador filed with no. 173.
22. Castiglione, Courtier , p. 38.
23. Information on Ruy Gómez's stable comes from Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid (AHN), Sección Osuna, leg. 1838, no. 25. This is an account of an auction conducted on 3 September 1573, after Eboli's death, by his stable master Millan de Barrionuebo Sota. The horse "Rribera" [ sic ] brought the substantial sum of 82 ducats, considerably more than any of the other animals sold. The leather-covered carriage is described as "El coche grande biejo"; presumably the heirs retained others of more recent manufacture. For news of his horses in 1557, see Juan de Escobedo to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Valladolid, 16 October 1557, AGS CJH, leg. 32, no. 121.
24. Many passages in The Book of the Courtier touch on these themes; see in particular pp. 70 (source of the quoted passage) and 135.
25. See Antonio Ossorio, Vida y hazañas de Don Fernando Alvarez de Toledo , Duque de Alba (Madrid, 1945), p. 311: "Juntos [Felipe II y Ruy Gómez de Silva] recibieron la misma educación." Cabrera de Córdoba wrote, more ambiguously, that Ruy Gómez "crióse con el Principe" (Luis Cabrera de Córdoba, Historia de Felipe II, rey de España [Madrid, 1876-1877], vol. I, libro IV, capítulo XIX, p. 216).
26. For a brief assessment of Siliceo's strengths and weaknesses as a tutor, see A. W. Lovett, Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 117-118.
27. Badoero, "Relazione," p. 241.
28. Ibid. His facility in Italian is suggested by the considerable correspondence addressed to him in that language; see, for instance, Negro de Negro to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Turin, 6 August 1570, AGS, Secretaría de Estado (Estado), leg. 1229, no. 39, and Filippo d'Este to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Turin, 7 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 46.
29. See Chapter 3.
30. Saint-Sulpice to Catherine de' Medici, from Barbastro, 11 October 1563, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 158; Ruy Gómez de Silva to Eraso(?), from Hampton Court, 15 April 1555, CalStP-S , vol. XIII, doc. 175, p. 163. As it turned out, he was not offered the position; other men were named to the commission while Ruy Gómez deliberated.
31. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Eraso(?), from Hampton Court, 15 April 1555, CalStP-S , vol. XIII, doc. 175, p. 163; there are similar instances of self-deprecation in Ruy Gómez de Silva to Eraso, from Hampton Court, 20 June 1555, ibid., doc. 215, p. 224, and in same to same, from Madrid, 25 November 1552, AGS Estado, leg. 89, no. 123; see Castiglione, Courtier , pp. 71, 135-141 for a discussion of courtly modesty.
32. Castiglione, Courtier , pp. 97-98 (quotation at p. 97).
33. Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. II, lib. X, cap. I, p. 141.
34. Antonio Pérez, Aphorismos de las cartas españolas y latinas de Ant. Perez (Paris, 1598[?]), fol. 30.
35. Dr. Juan Milio to Juan de Albornoz, from Madrid, 14 August 1573, in Duquesa de Berwick y de Alba, ed., Documentos escogidos del archivo de la Casa de Alba (Madrid, 1891), p. 460.
36. The quotation is from Atey's preface to his unpublished 1595 translation of the Relaciones of Antonio Pérez, reproduced in Ungerer, A Spaniard in Elizabethan England , vol. II, doc. no. 502, p. 259. Atey's description of the dramatis personae of Pérez's account bears repetition simply for its felicity: "And the Actors are no lesse than the kinge of Spayne that now is Philippe the seconde of Castile, Don John de Austria, brother to him and sonne of an Emperor; a princesse of Ebolye, widowe of Ruygomez de Sylva, prince of Ebolye, Duke of Francavilla, the most inwarde favourite that ever was with kinge; Diego de Chaves, the ks Confessor, a notable hypochryticall fryar;" etc.
37. Badoero, "Relazione," pp. 241-242. See also the comments and analysis of William H. Prescott, History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain (1858) (Philadelphia, 1904), vol. IV, pp. 352-353.
38. Lansac de Saint-Gelais to the Cardinal of Lorraine, June 1559, in Paris, Négociations . . . de Sébastien de l'Aubespine , p. 177.
39. Antonio Pérez, ''A un gran Privado," Cartas de Antonio Perez (Paris, [1598?]), fol. 73 obv. An excellent modern edition of these writings has recently appeared: Antonio Pérez, Relaciones y cartas , ed. by Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra, 2 vols. (Madrid, 1986).
40. Jorge Manrique to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Turin, 8 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg, 1229, no. 52.
41. Marañón, Antonio Pérez , vol. I, pp. 39, 47. Marañón's vision of Philip is well summarized and seconded by Peter Pierson, Philip II of Spain (London, 1975), pp. 40-41.
42. Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. II, lib. X, cap. I, pp. 140-141.
43. Sigismondo Cavalli, "Relazione," in Eugenio Albèri, ed., Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto , ser. I, vol. V (Florence, 1861), pp. 180-181.
44. Giovanni della Casa, Galateo (1558) (Boston, 1914), pp. 14-15.
45. Marañón, Antonio Pérez , vol. I, p. 39.
46. Ibid., pp. 47-49; Pierson, Philip II of Spain , pp. 40, 43ff.
47. M. d'Ozances to Charles IX, from Madrid, 19 December 1561, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 126.
48. Philip's predilection for Portuguese advisors was noted soon after the king's death by Agustín Manuel de Vasconcelos in El libro de la Sucession de Felipe II en la Corona de Portugal , quoted by Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, p. 518.
49. Castiglione, Courtier , p. 112.
50. Ibid., p. 289.
51. Sydney Anglo, "The Courtier: The Renaissance and Changing Ideals," in The Courts of Europe: Politics, Patronage and Royalty, 1400-1800 , ed. by A. G. Dickens (1977) (New York, 1984), p. 51.
52. Archbishop Rossano to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 7 January 1567, in Louis-Prosper Gachard, ed., Les Bibliothèques de Madrid et de l'Escurial (Brussels, 1875), p. 96.
53. Gutierre López de Padilla to Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1557 (no date specified), AGS CJH, leg. 32, no. 122.
54. Antonio Pérez certainly had opportunity as a young man to study at the feet of Eboli, the "courtier-Aristotle." Ruy Gómez de Silva was instrumental in bringing Antonio, the illegitimate son of the secretary Gonzalo Pérez, to Philip's attention and in securing him a position as secretary for Italian affairs in the mid-1560s. Their relationship may indeed have been more binding than that of patron and client. Marañón, who studied the extant evidence exhaustively, refused to rule out the possibility, much bruited at Philip's court, that Antonio Pérez was actually Ruy Gómez's bastard (Marañón, Antonio Pérez , vol. I, pp. 27-30). He cites evidence indicating that Eboli's children by Doña Ana regarded Antonio as their father's son and finds otherwise inexplicable Pérez's nickname at the court of "El Portugués" (ibid., pp. 28-29). Moreover, Pérez's letter to Philip II of 29 July 1573 expresses filial devotion to the just-deceased Ruy Gómez (quoted in ibid., p. 29). Cf. Gaspar Muro, Vida de la Princesa de Eboli (Mexico City, 1883), app. 161, pp. 22-23, n. 1: Muro dismisses the notion of Ruy Gómez's paternity as "completely inadmissible." Whatever the truth of this speculation, it is clear that Antonio Pérez, along with Juan de Escobedo (whose murder was eventually to disgrace Antonio), spent considerable time as young men in Eboli's household and were both boosted into secretarial careers in the 1560s by Ruy Gómez de Silva. Escobedo served first the house of Mélito and then Ruy Gómez as a personal secretary from the late 1550s until the mid-1560s, and it is possible that Antonio performed some analogous role. In addition to Marañón, see James A. Froude, "Antonio Pérez: An Unsolved Historical Riddle," in The Spanish Story of the Armada and Other Essays (London, 1904), p. 127. On Escobedo, see Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. II, lib. XII, cap. III, p. 449; and Geoffrey Parker, Philip II (Boston, 1978), p. 131. For Escobedo's service, see, for example, Juan de Escobedo to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Valladolid, 26 September 1557, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España (cited henceforth as CODOIN) (Madrid, 1842-1895), vol. XCVII, pp. 292-295; and Luis de Requesens to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Rome, 6 April 1564, in Pio IV y Felipe Segundo , ed. by "F. del V." and ''S. K.'' (Madrid, 1891), pp. 287-288. Considerable correspondence between Ruy Gómez and Escobedo is preserved in AGS CJH and has been utilized in this work; see the inventory published by Margarita Cuartas Rivero, "Correspondencia del Príncipe de Eboli (1554-1569)," Cuadernos de investigación histórica 2 (1978), pp. 201-214.
55. Pérez, "A un amigo," Cartas , fol. 143 rev.; "A un gran privado," ibid., fol. 73 obv.
56. Pérez, "A un amigo," ibid., fol. 143 rev.
57. Pérez, "A un gran privado," ibid., fol. 72 rev.
58. Ibid., fol. 73.
59. Ibid., fols. 73-74.
60. Pérez, Aphorismos , fol. 14 obv.
61. Lagomarsino, "Court Factions," pp. 102-103, 121; Saint-Sulpice, in Cabié, Ambassade en Espagne , p. 357.
62. Saint-Sulpice to Charles IX, from Madrid, 16 March 1565, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 183. Curiously, the historian Amezúa y Mayo resorted to a similar ethnic slight in explaining Philip's choice of Alba for the Bayonne mission; in his view, "Eboli was too Portuguese--suave, tractable and acquiescent in the extreme," and thus could not handle the wily Catherine de' Medici as well as Alba, who, possessed of "a firm, energetic, resolute will, was more dominant when the occasion demanded, like a good Castilian" (Agustín G. de Amezúa y Mayo, Isabel de Valois, Reina de España (1546-1568) , 3 vols. [Madrid, 1949], vol. II, p. 200).
63. See Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Ithaca, 1977), pp. 66-67.
64. Granvelle to Viglius, from Besançon, 26 December 1564, in Weiss, Cardinal de Granvelle , vol. VIII, p. 570.
65. The most thorough account of Eraso's fall is in Lagomarsino, "Court Factions," pp. 136-147, 161. See also Francisco de Eraso to Don García de Toledo, from Madrid, 12 May 1566, CODOIN, vol. XXX, pp. 239-241; Don García de Toledo to Francisco de Eraso, from Messina, 28 June 1566, CODOIN, vol. XXX, pp. 311-313; Parker, Philip II , p. 29.
66. On Espinosa's meteoric rise and career, see Prescott, Philip the Second , vol. IV, pp. 356-357; Louis-Prosper Gachard, Don Carlos et Philippe II (Paris, 1867), pp. 211-212; A. W. Lovett, "A Cardinal's Papers: the Rise of Mateo Vázquez de Leca," English Historical Review 88:347 (1973), p. 243, n. 2; Parker, Philip II , pp. 29-30, 104. Chinchón is quoted in Parker, Philip II , p. 30.
67. Luciano Serrano, ed., Correspondencia diplómatica entre España y la Santa Sede durante el pontificado de S. Pio V (Madrid, 1914), vol. II, p. lxxxiv.
68. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Bosque de Segovia, 17 July 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 74, no. 3; same to same, 2 August 1566, ibid., no. 5.
69. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Pellejeros, 22 August 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 74, no. 9.
70. For Egmont's ties to Ruy Gómez de Silva, see Lagomarsino, "Court Factions," pp. 95-102; the letter sent by Montigny and Berghes is reproduced in Adela Repetto Alvarez, "Acerca de un posible Segundo Gobierno de Margarita de Parma y el Cardenal de Granvela en los Estados de Flandes" Hispania 32:121 (1972), doc. 75, p. 474. Further evidence of the sympathy between the Netherlandish lords and Ruy Gómez is plentiful; for examples, see Philip II to Margaret of Parma, from Madrid, 3 April 1565, précis in Louis-Prosper Gachard, ed., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, 1558-1577 , vol. I (Brussels, 1848), p. 348, and Berghes and Montigny to Margaret of Parma, from Segovia, 31 August 1566, in H. A. Enno van Gelder, ed., Correspondance française de Marguerite d'Autriche, duchesse de Parme, avec Philippe II (Utrecht, 1941), vol. II, p. 363.
71. No minutes of this meeting have survived; the most contemporary accounts are those of Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. I, lib. VII, cap. VII, pp. 490-497, and of Ossorio, Vida y hazañas , pp. 336-343. Many historians have analyzed the options presented and the decision to send Alba, but none have provided an account as thorough as that of Lagomarsino, "Court Factions," pp. 254-264. Despite his opposition to this course, Ruy Gómez seems to have believed as late as August 1566 that Philip would go in person to the Low Countries (see Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Pellejeros, 11 August 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 74, no. 7).
72. Morillon to Granvelle, from Ruckelingen, 19 November 1566, in Edmond Poullet, ed., Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle, 1565-1586 , vol. II (Brussels, 1880), p. 115.
73. Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, from Madrid, 9 December 1566, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 226.
74. Ossorio, Vida y hazañas , p. 341.
75. Morillon to Granvelle, from Brussels, 17 November 1566, in Poullet, Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle , vol. II, p. 107.
76. Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, c.4 January 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 226.
77. Bave to Granvelle, from Brussels, 14 September 1564, in Weiss, Cardinal de Granvelle , vol. VIII, p. 323; Saint-Sulpice to Charles IX or his ministers, from Madrid, 7 October 1564, in Cabié, Ambassade en Espagne , p. 305; Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, p. 488. Ruy Gómez assumed this post on 11 August 1564 (L.-P. Gachard, Don Carlos y Felipe II (San Lorenzo de el Escorial, 1984), p. 128.
78. Saint-Sulpice, as reported in Muro, Vida de la Princesa de Eboli , ch. II, p. 138, n. 6.
79. Saint-Sulpice to Catherine de' Medici, from Madrid, 7 October 1564, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 177.
80. Gachard, Don Carlos y Felipe II , p. 128; Lagomarsino, "Court Factions," pp. 103-104.
81. Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. I, lib. VI, cap. XXVIII, p. 458; Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, p. 489.
82. Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, c. 4 January 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, pp. 226-227.
83. Fourquevaulx to Catherine de' Medici, 24 August 1567, ibid., pp. 246-247; for the enemies list, Castagna to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 30 March 1568, in Serrano, Correspondencia diplómatica , vol. II, p. 335.
84. See his comments to this effect reported by Fourquevaulx, "Avis secret au roy," 30 June 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque National à Paris , vol. II, p. 243.
85. Fourquevaulx to Catherine de' Medici, 24 August 1567, ibid., pp. 246-247.
86. Quoted in Fourquevaulx to Catherine de' Medici, from Madrid, 29 November 1569, ibid., p. 294.
87. Gachard, Don Carlos et Philippe II , pp. 149-150.
88. Giovanni Soranzo, "Relazione," in Eugenio Albèri, ed., Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto , ser. I, vol. V (Florence, 1861), p. 89.
89. Cavalli, "Relazione," p. 181.
90. Fourquevaulx to Catherine de' Medici, 21 August 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 246; Same to same, 12 September 1567, ibid., p. 247; Rossano to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 4 February 1568, in Gachard, Bibliothèques de Madrid et de l'Escurial , p. 108; Amezúa y Mayo, Isabel de Valois , vol. II, p. 417. For the house in Santa María, and the transaction that brought it to Ruy Gómez de Silva, see the latter's will (AHN Osuna, leg. 2024, no. 13 1 ), and Marañón, Antonio Pérez , vol. I, p. 54.
91. Philip II to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from the Escorial, 16 May 1567, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II , vol. I, pp. 535-536.
92. Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, from Madrid, 21 May 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 238; Antonio Pérez to Philip II, from Madrid, 17 May 1567, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II , vol. I, pp. 536-537; Ruy Gómez de Silva to the Duchess of Parma, from Madrid, 21 May 1567, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II , vol. I, p. 537; Antonio Pérez to Philip II, from Madrid, 21 May 1567, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II , vol. I, PP. 537-538; Duchess of Parma to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Antwerp, 1 June 1567, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II, vol. I, pp. 543-544; Gabriel de Çayas to Duke of Alburquerque, from Madrid, 23 May 1567, AGS Estado, leg. 1222, no. 123.
93. Morillon to Granvelle, from St.-Amand, 10 July 1567, in Poullet, Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle, vol. II, p. 522.
94. Ruy Gómez de Silva to the Duchess of Parma, from Madrid, 6 October 1567, Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II, vol. I, p. 583.
95. Rossano to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 17 April 1568, in Gachard, Bibliothèques de Madrid et de l'Escurial, pp. 109-110; Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II, vol. I, p. lx; Serrano, Correspondencia diplomática, vol. II, pp. lxxiv-lxxv.
96. Serrano, Correspondencia diplómatica, vol. II, p. lxxvii.
97. See Castagna [the nuncio, Archbishop Rossano] to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 22 March 1567, ibid., p. 86; Fourquevaulx, despatch of 24 March 1567, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris, vol. II, p. 234.
98. Rossano to Cardinal Alessandrino, from Madrid, 1 May 1568, in Gachard, Bibliothèques de Madrid et de l'Escurial, p. 111; same to same, 11 July 1568, ibid., pp. 112-113; for the nephew's advancement, Gabriel de Çayas to Duke of Alburquerque, from Madrid, 11 January 1567(?), AGS Estado, leg. 1222, no. 115.
99. Fourquevaulx to Catherine de' Medici, from Madrid, 6 August 1569, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris, vol. II, p. 290; same to same, 4 September 1570, ibid., p. 313. See also Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, from Madrid, 29 November 1569, ibid., p. 293. For more in the same vein, see Note 66.
100. Fourquevaulx to Charles IX, from Madrid, 7 September 1571, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris, vol. II, p. 346.
101. Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva, vol. II, pp. 528-539; Muro, Vida de la Princesa de Eboli, ch. II, pp. 122-123, n. 9.
102. The estimate, almost certainly too high, is from Soranzo, "Relazione," p. 89.
103. The accounts of the estate of Mélito for the period of Ruy Gómez's management are summarized in "Relacion del dinero que se ha cobrado del estado de Melito y la Mendolia desde principio del año 1557 que esta a cargo del s r Mardones en adelante/. y razon de como se ha gastado," AHN Osuna, leg. 2078, no. 2. The receiver Mardones concluded that, after necessary expenses, "7760 ducats remain as the true [annual] value [of the estate], and in order for it to reach even this sum it is necessary that wheat be valued at eight reales , and in the year that it is not, this value will drop in proportion as the wheat falls. Also it must be borne in mind that year in and year out a servicio extraordinario of nearly 1000 ducats will be paid [further diminishing the yield of the estate]." The quotations concerning the condition of Mileto, the count's properties, and the lack of justice are from the report of Father Joan Hieronimo Domenes, AGS, Visitas de Italia, leg. 348, no. 14. More information on conditions on the estate along with initiatives to improve them may be found in AHN Osuna, leg. 2077, no. 25.
104. For the origins and dimensions of the family dispute, see CODOIN, vol. XCVII, pp. 285-356. The situation is summarized in Erika Spivakovsky, "La Princesa de Eboli," Chronica Nova 9 (1974), pp. 5-48. Some insights into the subsequent unfolding of the conflict are available from various letters of Juan de Escobedo to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Valladolid, 26 September 1557, AGS CJH, leg. 32, no. 120, 16 October 1557, AGS CJH, leg. 32, no. 121 (the source for the quotation regarding the duchess's grumbling), and 5 November 1557, AGS CJH, leg. 32, no. 124; from AHN Osuna, leg. 2038, no. 7; from a letter of Don Luis de Requesens, in José M. March, "Una novia díscola comparada por Requesens a la Princesa de Eboli," Razón y Fe 145:650 (March 1952), pp. 289-290; from Marañón, Antonio Pérez, vol. I, pp. 171-176. See AGS Estado, leg. 515, no. 106, for Philip's summons to Francavila, 1557. For Francavila's support of Alba, see Alfonso Danvila y Burguero, Don Cristóbal de Moura, primer Marqués de Castel-Rodrigo (1538-1613) (Madrid, 1900), p. 197. Ruy Gómez's comments regarding his familial burden are in Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Aranjuez, 6 June 1563, AGS CJH, leg. 50, no. 272.
105. The claim against Doña Ana's inheritance was pressed by her first cousin Don Iñigo de Mendoza, subsequently marquis of Almenara. For the legal arguments and their basis, see AHN Osuna, leg. 2080, nos. 9 2 and 9 3 . See also Marañón, Antonio Pérez, vol. I, p. 139. For some more general remarks on litigation over female inheritance, see J. P. Cooper, "Patterns of inheritance and settlement by great landowners from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries," in Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200-1800, ed. by Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk and E. P. Thompson (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 251-252.
106. Castiglione, Courtier, p. 285.
107. Pérez, Aphorismos, fol. 10 rev.
108. Ibid., fol. 25 obv.
109. Pérez, Cartas, fols. 143-144.
110. Antonio de Guevara, Libro primero de las epístolas familiares (Madrid, 1950), vol. I, no. 32 (7 January 1535).
111. Diego de Hermosilla, Diálogo de los pajes (Madrid, 1901), p. 4.
112. Guevara, Epístolas familiares, vol. I, no. 32.
113. Pérez, Cartas, fol. 145 obv.
114. Chantonnay to Granvelle, from Vienna, 12 May 1565, in Weiss, Cardinal de Granvelle, vol. IX (Paris, 1852), p. 186.
115. Same to same, 2 June 1565, ibid., pp. 187-188.
116. See Ulloa, La hacienda real, pp. 163-169. For more information on the alienation of Crown and military-order lands in the sixteenth century, see Helen Nader, Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516-1700 (Baltimore, 1990), esp. ch. 4; Joan Reglà Campistol, "La época de los tres primeros Austrias," in Historia social y económica de España y América , ed. by Jaime Vicens Vives (Barcelona, 1972), vol. III, p. 55; Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (New York, 1976), vol. II, p. 711.
117. AHN Osuna, leg. 2015, nos. 1, 2 1 .
118. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Estremera, March 1561, AGS CJH, leg. 42, no. 161; Ruiz de Velasco to Juan de Escobedo, March 1561, ibid.
119. AHN Osuna, leg. 2224, no. 2 1-17 ; AHN Osuna, leg. 2031, nos. 2-3; Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Madrid, 8 October 1562, AGS CJH, leg. 46, no. 85; Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva, vol. II, pp. 495-497; and Mariano Pérez y Cuenca, Historia de Pastrana y sucinta noticia de los pueblos de su partido (Madrid, 1858), pp. 30-32. There is a vast amount of documentation for Ruy Gómez's purchases of property and jurisdictions in the 1560s. A full inventory of the estate appears in the mayorazgo of Pastrana (many copies exist; I have worked from AHN Osuna, leg. 2326, no. 9 1 ).
120. The contract of sale is in AHN Osuna, leg. 2502, no. 1. For information on Francisco de Mendoza's prior purchase of these properties upon their "dismemberment" from the Order of Santiago in 1559, see Ulloa, La hacienda real, p. 168. On Mendoza himself, see Diego Gutiérrez Coronel, Historia genealógica de la casa de Mendoza (1772) (Madrid, 1946), p. 338; Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II, vol. I, lib. VI, cap. XV, p. 395, and vol. III, lib. IV, cap. III, pp. 354-356.
121. AHN Osuna, leg. 2015, no. 8 4 ; AHN, Sección Consejos Suprimidos 36, 253, P. 13; AHN Osuna, leg. 2708, "Alcav s Cajon 13"; AHN Osuna, leg. 2032, no. 5 1-2 ; AHN Osuna, leg. 2326, no. 9 1 ; Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva, vol. II, pp. 490-491.
122. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Aranjuez, 6 June 1563, AGS CJH, leg. 50, no. 272.
123. Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva, vol. II, pp. 509-511; AHN Consejos, leg. 36,253, P. 13; Silverio de Santa Teresa, Obras de Santa Teresa de Jesús, vol. VI (Burgos, 1919), pp. 136-137; Marañón, Antonio Pérez, vol. I, pp. 172-173; Gerald Brenan, San Juan de la Cruz (Barcelona, 1974), pp. 26-29.
124. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Pellejeros, 12 July 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 74, no. 1; same to same, 2 August 1566, ibid., no. 5; same to same, from Pellejeros, 11 August 1566, ibid., no. 7; same to same, from Pellejeros, 22 August 1566, ibid., no. 9; same to same, from Albalate, 22 November 1566, ibid., no. 14.
125. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, 1568 (no day or month specified), AGS CJH, leg. 90, no. 28.
126. Purchase prices and Grimaldo's involvement in the Estremera-Valdaracete transaction are from contracts cited above. Debts to Herrera and the Fuggers are listed and itemized in AHN Consejos 36,253, P. 13. Part of Herrera's involvement appears to have been in refinancing Eboli's debt to the Fuggers on more favorable terms with other financiers; see Melchor de Herrera to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Seville, 29 November 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 82, no. 314. For the sale of Eboli and Grimaldo's ducal title, see AHN Osuna, leg. 2708, "Razon de los papeles . . . tocantes a quentas con Nicolao de Grimaldo," AHN, Sección Ordenes Militares, Pruebas de Caballeros de Alcántara, expediente 660, and Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva, vol. II, pp. 481-482. For the related sale of Rapolla, see Lope de Mardones to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Naples, 7 January 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 82, no. 307; Duke of Francavila to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Barcelona, 7 March 1568, AGS CJH, leg. 90, no. 8; Ruy Gómez de Silva to Duke of Francavila(?), 1568(?), AGS CJH, leg. 90, no. 29. Grimaldo had been involved as a receiver and guarantor in an earlier effort to sell Eboli and related properties to Tomás de Marín, and it is possible that his eventual acquisition of these estates resulted from foreclosing on Marín or his heirs; this confusing transaction can be followed, up to a point, in letters of 1562-1563 from Ruy Gómez to Escobedo in Naples, AGS CJH, leg. 46, nos. 86-90, and leg. 50, no. 269.
127. "Razon de los papeles . . . ," AHN Osuna, leg. 2708.
128. Saint-Sulpice to Charles IX and Catherine de' Medici, 21 November 1564, in Cabié, Ambassade en Espagne, p. 317; De l'Aubespine to Saint-Sulpice, from Montpellier, 26 December 1564, ibid., p. 327; Saint-Sulpice to Vicomte d'Orthe, 6 February 1565, ibid., p. 346. For earlier instances of Grimaldo's interest in obtaining licencias de saca to remove bullion from Spain, see "El assiento que se tomo en España con nicolo de grimaldo de un millon de escudos," AGS Estado, leg. 129, no. 233, and Braudel, The Mediterranean, vol. I, p. 481.
129. For the important roles played by Herrera and Grimaldo in the crown finances, and for allegations of corruption against them, see Ulloa, La hacienda real, passim; A. W. Lovett, Philip II and Mateo Vázquez de Leca: The Government of Spain (1572-1592) (Geneva, 1977), pp. 60-61, 101; Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II, vol. III, lib. IV, cap. XIII, p. 447; David Ebron to Philip II, from Costantina, 9 December 1597, in Berwick y de Alba, Documentos escogidos . . . de la casa de Alba, p. 233; Marañón, Antonio Pérez, vol. I, pp. 82-83; Henri Lapeyre, Simon Ruiz et les 'asientos' de Philippe II (Paris, 1953), p. 43.
130. Cavalli, "Relazione," p. 181.
131. Saint-Sulpice to Charles IX, from Madrid, 16 March 1565, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris, vol. II, p. 182. The sale had been concluded on 10 March 1565 (AHN Osuna, leg. 2502, no. 1).
132. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Madrid, 14 April 1562, AGS CJH, leg. 46, no. 94.
133. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Barcelona, 6 March 1564, AGS CJH, leg. 50, no. 260.
134. AGS Escribanía Mayor de Rentas, Quitaciones de Corte, leg. 39, fol. 687.
135. AGS Contaduría de Mercedes, leg. 486, no. 8.
136. See, for instance, ibid., nos. 9-10.
137. Donato, "Relación," in Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II, vol. IV, p. 418.
138. Milio to Juan de Albornoz, from Madrid, 14 August 1573, in Berwick y de Alba, Documentos escogidos . . . de la Casa de Alba, p. 459.
139. AGS Contaduría de Mercedes, leg. 363, no. 24.
140. Antonio Tiepolo, "Relazione di Antonio Tiepolo tornato ambasciatore straordinario dalle corti di Spagna e di Portogallo nel 1572," in Eugenio Albèri, ed., Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato durante il secolo decimosesto , ser. I, vol. V (Florence, 1861), p. 220.
141. For use of this "title," see for example AHN Osuna, leg. 1731, no. 16 8 , AGS Contaduría de Mercedes, leg. 486, no. 8, and AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 79; see also Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, pp. 492-493. Doubtless more accurate is the title granted Ruy Gómez in a royal carta de venta of 1567: "señor de las villas de estremera y baldarazete" (AHN Osuna, leg. 2015, no. 8 4 ).
142. The marriage capitulations of 3 June 1566 and the duke's subsequent ratification may be found in AHN Osuna, leg. 2029, no. 22 and leg. 2030, no. 2. The betrothal by proxies is recorded in AHN Osuna, leg. 2030, no. 1. For the payment of the dowry, see AHN Osuna, leg. 2030, nos. 10-11, and for the expenses--6,000 ducats--incurred by the bride's family in connection with the 1574 wedding, AHN Consejos, leg. 36,253, P. 13. A fine modern account of this marriage is provided in Peter Pierson, Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia (New Haven, 1989), pp. 13-18. See also Muro, Vida de la Princesa de Eboli , ch. II, pp. 116-117, n. 19; David Howarth, The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story (Harmondsworth, 1982), pp. 21-22.
143. For Medina Sidonia motives, see Pierson, Commander of the Armada , pp. 13-17.
144. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Pellejeros, 24 September 1566, AGS CJH, leg. 50, no. 259.
145. For the basic outlines, see Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, pp. 696-697. According to a summary in the second contract (Colmenar de Oreja, 27 December 1571, AHN Osuna, leg. 2029, no. 17), the first contract had been signed at Madrid on 9 February 1567. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Duke of Alburquerque, from Madrid, October(?) 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1227, no. 196, reports the first match, involving Don Rodrigo. By cédula (Aranjuez, 29 April 1572, AHN Osuna, leg. 1859, no. 2), Philip II granted Eboli and Doña Ana leave to form the mayorazgo for Don Ruy Gómez that was stipulated in the 1571 contract. (Incidentally, Don Ruy Gómez was the couple's third surviving son when he was engaged to Doña Luisa de Cárdenas, his next older brother, Don Pedro González de Mendoza, having died in December 1571.) For the demise of Cárdenas, see Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. II, lib. IX, cap. XXV, p. 114. For the problematic match between Don Diego and Doña Luisa, see AHN Osuna, leg. 1838, no. 14; AHN Consejos, leg. 4409 (año 1584), no. 84; AHN Consejos, leg. 36,253 for records of some of the subsequent litigation. See also Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II , vol. III, lib. V, cap. VII, p. 504.
146. Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, pp. 529-539. For Savoy's offer and Eboli's response, see Jorge Manrique to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Turin, 8 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 50, and Ruy Gómez de Silva to Duke of Savoy, from Madrid, 4 October 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1227, no. 124. In AHN Osuna, leg. 2024, no. 15 (17 December 1571), the Franciscan house "outside the walls" of Pastrana certifies the interment of Don Pedro González. See also Manuel Santaolalla Llanas, Pastrana: Apuntes de su historia, arte y tradiciones (Pastrana, 1979), p. 12.
147. AHN Osuna, leg. 2326, no. 9 1 . The juros included in the entail amount to a nominal yearly income of 22,099 ducats, plus a considerable quantity of grain.
148. AHN Osuna, leg. 1731, no. 15 12 ; Gutiérrez Coronel, Casa de Mendoza , p. 569, erroneously places this event on 20 December 1571.
149. A Castilian ducal title carried with it an automatic grandeeship. See Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, La sociedad española en el siglo XVII , vol. I (Madrid, 1964), pp. 214-215.
150. Salazar y Castro, Casa de Silva , vol. II, p. 499.
151. Cardinal F. Pacheco de Toledo to Juan de Albornoz, from Rome, 13 January 1571 (1572 N.S.), in Berwick y de Alba, Documentos escogidos . . . de la casa de Alba , pp. 454-455.
152. See, among others, St.-Gouard to Charles IX, from Madrid, 31 May 1572, in Gachard, Bibliothèque Nationale à Paris , vol. II, p. 370, for early signs of Espinosa's loss of favor. In Philip II of Spain (New York, 1969), p. 193, Martin A. S. Hume presents the traditional version of Espinosa's fall from grace and subsequent death, but Luciano Serrano, while not disputing the king's growing coolness, attributes the cardinal's death to ill health and overwork ( Correspondencia diplomática , vol. II, p. lxxxiii).
153. Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Notas para una periodización del reinado de Felipe II (Valladolid, 1984), pp. 42-43, quotations from p. 43.
154. Zayas to Albornoz, from Madrid, 5 July 1571, in Gachard, Correspondance de Philippe II , vol. II, p. 179. Ruy Gómez had accompanied the king to Andalusia in 1570 and spoke in oblique opposition to Espinosa in the conciliar meetings held at Córdoba. See "Lo q parescio en c o destado con el Car al sobrelos neg os q ha traydo don Jorge Manrrique, en cordova a xvi de abril 1570," AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 26.
155. Leonardo Donà and Lorenzo Priuli to the Senate, from Madrid, 5 December 1572, in Mario Brunetti and Eligio Vitale, eds., La Corrispondenza da Madrid dell'ambasciatore Leonardo Donà (1570-1573) (Venice, 1963), vol. II, pp. 608-609.
156. See Note 36.
157. For reports of Ruy Gómez's repeated sojourns in Pastrana, see Ruy Gómez de Silva to Jorge Manrique, from Pastrana, 4 January 1571, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 125; Leonardo Donà to the Senate, from Madrid, 2 April 1571, in Brunetti and Vitale, La Corrispondenza , vol. I, p. 254; same to same, 22 May 1571, in Brunetti and Vitale, La Corrispondenza , vol. I, p. 282; Donà and Lorenzo Priuli to the Senate, from Madrid, 18 March 1573, in Brunetti and Vitale, La Corrispondenza , vol. II, p. 666; same to same, 1 May 1573, in Brunetti and Vitale, La Corrispondenza , vol. II, p. 699.
158. For some notion of his visits to Albalate and Estremera in 1567-1568, see AGS CJH, leg. 82, nos. 341-343, and AGS CJH, leg. 90, nos. 25-27. Ruy Gómez de Silva to Juan de Escobedo, from Albalate, 2 September 1568, AGS CJH, leg. 90, no. 27, reports preparations for a brief visit to Madrid.
159. Melchor de Herrera to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Medina del Campo, 4 October 1568, AGS CJH, leg. 90, no. 13; Jorge Manrique to Ruy Gómez de Silva, from Milan, 12 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 55; same to same, from Milan, 17 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 58; same to same, from Turin, 25 August 1570, AGS Estado, leg. 1229, no. 68.
160. Juan de Mariana, Historia general de España (Valencia, 1794), vol. II, p. 709.
Source for epigraph: Antonio Pérez, Aphorismos de las cartas españolas y latinas de Ant. Perez (Paris, [1598?]), fol. 8 rev.