Chapter 6 Embracing Psychotherapy The Emmanuel Movement and the American Medical Profession
1. James Jackson Putnam Papers (hereafter referred to as JJPP), Countway Library, James Jackson Putnam to Richard C. Cabot, 5 November 1906.
2. "Emmanuel Movement Deplored by Eminent Physicians of Boston," Boston Sunday Herald, 27 December 1908.
3. Allen Bruce Fleming, "Psychology, Medicine, and Religion: A Form of Early Twentieth-Century American Psychotherapy (1905-09)" (Ph.D. dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology, 1989), 29.
4. Several historians have written on the Emmanuel movement. Most focus primarily on the movement's religious and cultural impact. Described in a variety of fashions, this church-sponsored venture is rarely credited for its most enduring contribution. The Emmanuel movement was not merely "a variety of American religious experience," "a transition from the supernaturalism of the mind cure cults to scientific psychotherapy," "a defensive measure against the curists," or "a precursor to Freud." It was instead the primary agent responsible for the efflorescence of psychotherapy in the United States during the first decade of the twentieth century. See Raymond J. Cunningham, ''Ministry of Healing: The Origins of the Psychosomatic Role of the American Churches" (Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1965); Fleming, Psychology, Medicine, and Religion; idem, "The Emmanuel Movement: A Variety of American Religious Experience," American Quarterly 14 (1964): 48-63; Brian Dean Smith, "The Moral Treatment of Psychological Disorder: A Historical and Conceptual Study of Selected Twentieth-Century Pastoral Psychologists" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1989); Robert Charles Powell, "Healing and Wholeness: Helen Flanders Dunbar (1902-59) and an Extra-Medical Origin of the American Psychosomatic Movement, 1906-36" (Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1974); idem, "The 'Subliminal' versus the 'Subconscious' in the American Acceptance of Psychoanalysis, 1906-1910," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 15 (1979): 155-165; G. Allison Stokes, "The Rise of the Religion and Health Movement in American Protestantism, 1906-1945" (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1981); and Fuller, Americans and the Unconscious, 103. Notable exceptions to this line of analysis can be found in the work of John Gardner Greene and Katherine McCarthy. See Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement, 1906-1929," New England Quarterly 7 (1934): 532. More recently, McCarthy has suggested, "From today's perspective it appears that the medical profession won the territorial struggle essentially by co-opting the ideas that the Emmanuel clergy had demonstrated to have such popular appeal." "Psychotherapy and Religion: The Emmanuel Movement," Journal of Religion and Health 23 (1984): 102. See also Sanford Gifford, "Medical Psychotherapy and the Emmanuel Movement," in Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy and the New England Medical Scene, 1894-1944, ed. George Gifford (New York: Science History Publications, 1978), 106-118; John C. Burnham, "Psychology and Counseling: Convergence into a Profession," in The Professions in American History, ed. and introd. Nathan O. Hatch (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), 181-198. For an example of a historian who appreciates the movement's impact on American medicine but lacks the requisite medical-historical background to frame his analysis effectively, see Stow Persons, American Minds: A History of Ideas (Huntington: Robert E. Krieger, 1958), 444-445. See also Hale, Freud and the Americans, 248; and Hoopes, Consciousness in New England, 261.
5. Fred Matthews, "The Americanization of Sigmund Freud: Adaptations of Psychoanalysis before 1917," Journal of American Studies 1 (1967): 45.
6. H. Addington Bruce, "Books and Men: Some Books on Mental Healing," Forum 43 (1910): 316-323.
7. Ray Stannard Baker, New Ideas in Healing (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1909), 51.
8. For some examples of medical opposition to the Emmanuel movement, see Clarence B. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 36 (1909): 11-24; Allan McLane Hamilton, "The Religio-Medical Movements," North American Review 189 (February 1909): 223-232; W. Bunce, ''The Emmanuel and Allied Movement," Cleveland Medical Journal 8 (1909): 254-263; Tom A. Williams, "Requisites for the Treatment of the Psycho-Neuroses: Psycho-Pathological Ignorance, and the Misuse of Psychotherapy by the Novice," Old Dominion Journal of Medicine and Surgery 8 (1909): 363-368; John J. Moren, "The Question of Therapeutics," Louisville Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery 16 (August 1909): 65-69; C. C. Beling, "Psychotherapy," Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey 5 (May 1909): 617-619; and John K. Mitchell, "The Emmanuel Movement: Its Pretensions, Its Practice, Its Dangers," American Journal of the Medical Sciences (December 1909): 781-793. For examples of clerical opposition to the movement, see Harry Kimball, "A Little Excursion into Psychotherapy," Congregationalist and Christian World (January 30, 1909); George L. Parker, The Other Side of Psychotherapy (Boston: Salem D. Towne, 1908); James Monroe Buckley, "Dangers of the Emmanuel Movement: Reasons Why It Should Not Be Generally Adopted," Century 77 (February 1909): 631-635; Charles Reynolds Brown, Faith and Health (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1910); and George A. Gordon, "The Practice of Medicine by the Unfit," Congregationalist and Christian World (February 13, 1909): 211-212.
9. See Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 1905-1909, 714. The next volume of the guide, which covers the years 1910-1914, lists only five articles under the heading Emmanuel Movement, four on Freud, and eleven on psychoanalysis. Volume 4, which covers the years from 1915 to 1918, lists eight articles on Freud and thirty-one on psychoanalysis. Volume 4 has no listing for the Emmanuel movement.
10. "Health and Happiness," Good Housekeeping 44 (1907): 405; quoted in Cunningham, Ministry of Healing, 147.
11. For an autobiographical sketch of Elwood Worcester, see Life's Adventure: The Story of a Varied Career (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932); see also Powell, Healing and Wholeness, and Cunningham, Ministry of Healing, 116-123.
12. My discussion of McComb derives from Cunningham, Ministry of Healing, 130; and William Macomber, The History of the Emmanuel Movement from the Standpoint of a Patient (Boston: Emmanuel Church, 1908).
13. Worcester, Life's Adventure, 162-166.
14. Powell, Healing and Wholeness, 167.
15. Worcester's claim regarding S. Weir Mitchell's influence served an important political function and thus helped to legitimate the movement in the eyes of many skeptical physicians. It is important to note, however, that Mitchell himself never came out in support of the movement. Indeed, by 1908 he had become an outspoken critic. See S. Weir Mitchell, "The Treatment by Rest, Seclusion, Etc., in Relation to Psychotherapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 50 (1908): 2033-2037.
16. As quoted in Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement, 1906-1929," 496.
17. My discussion of Pratt follows largely from Powell, Healing and Wholeness , 171-173.
18. Powell, Healing and Wholeness , 172-173.
19. Powell, Healing and Wholeness , quoting Worcester, Life's Adventure , 1932A.
20. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 283.
21. Elwood Worcester, "The Emmanuel Movement," Century 78 (1909): 423.
22. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 278.
23. Ibid., 276.
22. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 278.
23. Ibid., 276.
24. Worcester "The Emmanuel Movement," 421-429.
25. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 506.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 507.
25. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 506.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 507.
25. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 506.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 507.
28. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 287. Emphasis added.
29. See Rollin Lynde Hart, "'Christian Science' Without Mystery: Mental Healing on a Sound Basis as Practiced by the Emmanuel Episcopal Church, of Boston," World's Work 15 (December 1907): 9649.
30. Richard C. Cabot, "New Phases in the Relation of the Church to Health," Outlook (February 29, 1908): 504-508.
31. JJPP, James Jackson Putnam to Richard C. Cabot, 5 November 1906.
32. "Evening at the Emmanuel Church," Good Housekeeping 46 (February 1908): 200; Hart, "'Christian Science' Without Mystery," 9649. Richard C. Cabot suggested the response of women was attributable to the fact that ''most psychoneurotics are women ... [and] [m]ost women care deeply for religion." Cabot, "The Literature of Psychotherapy," in Psychotherapy: A Course Reading in Sound Psychology, Sound Medicine, and Sound Religion 3, 24.
33. "Evening at the Emmanuel Church," 201.
34. Lyman P. Powell, "Psychotherapy at Northampton: An Account of Personal Experience," Psychotherapy , 66.
35. As quoted in Homer Gage, "The Emmanuel Movement from a Medical View Point," Popular Science Monthly 75 (October 1909): 363.
36. Elwood Worcester, Samuel McComb, and Isador H. Coriat, Religion and Medicine: The Moral Control of Nervous Disorders (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1908), 67.
37. "Emmanuel Clinics," Good Housekeeping 47 (October 1908): 361-363.
38. See Cunningham, Ministry of Healing .
39. Samuel Fallows and Helen M. Fallows, Science of Health from the Viewpoint of the Newest Christian Thought (Chicago: Our Daily Company, 1903); Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 5.
40. Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 151.
41. The Emmanuel Movement: A Brief History of the New Cult, with Sermons from Prominent Ministers and Opinions of Laymen (Brooklyn: Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1908).
42. Samuel Fallows, Health and Happiness; or Religious Therapeutics (Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1908).
43. Robert MacDonald, Mind, Religion, and Health: With an Appreciation of the Emmanuel Movement (New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1908).
44. The Emmanuel Movement: A Brief History , 26.
45. In December 1906, a Boston Journal headline proclaimed, "At Auto-Suggestion Meeting Dr. Worcester Claims To Have Brought Dead Woman to Life Again." Reporting on the same alleged incident, the Detroit News declared, "That he himself had restored the dead to life—that he by prayer and faith had chased the grim destroyer from the bedside of a parishioner, some minutes after the soul had fled, was the statement by which Dr. Ellwood [ sic ] Worcester, whose auto-suggestion class at the fashionable Emanuel [ sic ] Church on Newbury Street is attracting much attention in society circles, electrified his hearers at the meeting last night. Detroit Journal , 16 December 1906, quoted in Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement." Worcester responded to these charges almost immediately. The respectable Boston Transcript reported that the woman had not died; she had merely lost consciousness, which she regained on hearing the rector's voice. "Dr. Worcester states emphatically that he did not ascribe her change to the power of prayer at all." Boston Transcript , 13 December 1906, quoted in Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement.''
46. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 287.
47. Powell, Healing and Wholeness , 183.
48. Samuel McComb, "The Moral Treatment of Nervous Diseases," Good Housekeeping 44 (March 1907): 269 (italics added).
49. Ibid., 269-271.
48. Samuel McComb, "The Moral Treatment of Nervous Diseases," Good Housekeeping 44 (March 1907): 269 (italics added).
49. Ibid., 269-271.
50. "This Department and the Emmanuel Church Movement," Good Housekeeping 44 (April 1907): 405.
51. "Results at Emmanuel," Good Housekeeping 45 (November 1907): 504, 507, 508.
52. The Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 1905-1909 , lists only two articles on the movement for the year 1907.
53. Hart, "'Christian Science' Without Mystery," 9648, 9652.
54. Cabot, "New Phases," 504-508.
55. Ibid., 506.
54. Cabot, "New Phases," 504-508.
55. Ibid., 506.
56. Samuel McComb, "Christianity and Health: An Experiment in Practical Religion," Century 75 (March 1908): 795.
57. Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 154.
58. For an excellent summary of the traveling experiences of Worcester and McComb, see Cunningham, "A Parish Church Only in Name," chapter 5 in Ministry of Healing , 150-189.
59. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 293.
60. Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 154.
61. "Report of the Committee Appointed to Consider and Report on the Subject of Ministries of Healing: (a) The Unction of the Sick; (b) Faith Healing and 'Christian Science,'" in Six Lam Beth Conferences , edited by Davidson, 390-393.
62. New York Times , 22 November 1908.
63. Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 162.
64. Samuel McComb, The Healing Ministry of the Church (Boston: Emmanuel Church, 1908); Macomber, History of the Emmanuel Movement ; William James, "Energies of Man" (from American Magazine October 1907) (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1908); J. Warren Achorn, Some Physical Disorders Having Mental Origin (Boston: Emmanuel Church, 1908); Isador H. Coriat, Some Familiar Forms of Nervousness (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1908); James G. Mumford, Some End-Results of Surgery (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1908); and Cabot, Psychotherapy in Its Relation to Religion .
65. Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office , 2d ser., 14 (1909): 42.
66. "The Greatest Modern Discovery," Current Literature 45 (September 1908): 304-307.
67. New York Times , 18 July 1908.
68. H. Addington Bruce, "Review of Religion and Medicine," Outlook (November 1908): 72.
69. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 518.
70. Worcester, McComb, and Coriat, Religion and Medicine , 13.
71. Ibid., 52.
72. Ibid., 7.
70. Worcester, McComb, and Coriat, Religion and Medicine , 13.
71. Ibid., 52.
72. Ibid., 7.
70. Worcester, McComb, and Coriat, Religion and Medicine , 13.
71. Ibid., 52.
72. Ibid., 7.
73. Charles L. Dana, "Psychotherapy," Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 35 (1908): 389.
74. Ibid., 389.
73. Charles L. Dana, "Psychotherapy," Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 35 (1908): 389.
74. Ibid., 389.
75. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," 11-24.
76. Ibid., 11.
77. Ibid., 13.
78. Ibid., 14.
79. Ibid., 18.
75. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," 11-24.
76. Ibid., 11.
77. Ibid., 13.
78. Ibid., 14.
79. Ibid., 18.
75. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," 11-24.
76. Ibid., 11.
77. Ibid., 13.
78. Ibid., 14.
79. Ibid., 18.
75. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," 11-24.
76. Ibid., 11.
77. Ibid., 13.
78. Ibid., 14.
79. Ibid., 18.
75. Farrar, "Psychotherapy and the Church," 11-24.
76. Ibid., 11.
77. Ibid., 13.
78. Ibid., 14.
79. Ibid., 18.
80. Charles K. Mills, M.D., "Psychotherapy: Its Scope and Limitations," Monthly Cyclopedia and Medical Bulletin 1 (1908): 329.
81. Ibid., 340 (italics added).
80. Charles K. Mills, M.D., "Psychotherapy: Its Scope and Limitations," Monthly Cyclopedia and Medical Bulletin 1 (1908): 329.
81. Ibid., 340 (italics added).
82. Mitchell, "The Treatment by Rest, Seclusion, Etc.," 2033-2037.
83. Ibid., 2035.
82. Mitchell, "The Treatment by Rest, Seclusion, Etc.," 2033-2037.
83. Ibid., 2035.
84. Discussion following S. Weir Mitchell's paper, "Rest Treatment in Relation to Psychotherapy," Transactions of the American Neurological Association 37 (1909): 215-218.
85. Ibid., 218, 219.
86. Ibid., 217.
84. Discussion following S. Weir Mitchell's paper, "Rest Treatment in Relation to Psychotherapy," Transactions of the American Neurological Association 37 (1909): 215-218.
85. Ibid., 218, 219.
86. Ibid., 217.
84. Discussion following S. Weir Mitchell's paper, "Rest Treatment in Relation to Psychotherapy," Transactions of the American Neurological Association 37 (1909): 215-218.
85. Ibid., 218, 219.
86. Ibid., 217.
87. JJPP, James Jackson Putnam to Elwood Worcester, 12 September 1908.
88. Ibid. (italics added).
87. JJPP, James Jackson Putnam to Elwood Worcester, 12 September 1908.
88. Ibid. (italics added).
89. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 295.
90. Cunningham, Ministry of Healing , 163; see Elwood Worcester, "The Results of the Emmanuel Movement," Ladies Home Journal 25 (November 1908): 7-8; 26 (December 1908): 9-10; (January 1909): 17-18; (February 1909): 15-16; idem, "The Emmanuel Church Tuberculosis Class," (March 1909): 17-18. Despite the editors' claim that Worcester would not respond to any mail, Worcester received close to five thousand letters, most of which he
answered. "These articles, more than anything else," Worcester recounted, "brought our work before the whole country." Life's Adventure , 296.
91. Psychotherapy: A Course Reading in Sound Psychology, Sound Medicine, and Sound Religion 1 (New York: Centre, 1908).
92. In a letter to Putnam dated 19 August 1908, William James spoke highly of the venture: "Your program for Parker takes my breath away. It is truly grand to see you in extreme old age renewing your mighty youth and planning yourself for flights to which those of the newest airships are as sparrows fluttering in the gutter! Go in, dear Jim! It is magnificent. It won't be easy work, but it has got to be done by someone. The program you sketch is, I think, the form which the more spiritualistic philosophy of the future is bound more and more to assume, thou I fancy it will always be dogged more or less by a more materialistic or mechanistic-deterministic enemy." William James to James Jackson Putnam, 19 August 1908 in James Jackson Putnam and Psychoanalysis: Letters between Putnam and Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, William James, Sandor Ferenczi, and Morton Prince, 1877-1917 , ed. Nathan G. Hale, Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 74.
93. From "Announcement of the Course," Psychotherapy—A Course of Readings in Sound Psychology, Sound Medicine, and Sound Religion , ed. William B. Parker (New York: Centre, 1908) appearing in Outlook .
94. Over twenty men and women published articles in Psychotherapy . James Jackson Putnam, Richard C. Cabot, and John Warren Achorn all contributed to the general section. The physiological section contained articles by Frederick Peterson, E.E. Southard, Beatrice Hinckle, Frederick T. Simpson, John E. Donley, M.A. Bliss, Frank K. Hallock, and Isador Coriat. The psychological section included pieces by Josiah Royce, R.S. Woodworth, James R. Angell, Joseph Jastrow, J.M. Bramwell, Charles Lloyd Tuckey, and Paul Dubois. Parker had also intended to include an article by Sigmund Freud in this section but was forced instead to rely on one furnished by Ernest Jones. The historical section was composed of Reverend Loring W. Batten, Reverend Joseph Cullen Ayer, Reverend Curtis Manning Geer, Max Eastman, and I. W. Bevan, the associate editor of the Churchman . Finally, the Religious section contained articles by Samuel Fallows, Lyman Powell, Albert Shields, and Dickinson S. Miller. For an excellent analysis of Psychotherapy , see Fleming, Psychology, Medicine, and Religion .
95. JJPP, W.B. Parker to James Jackson Putnam, 15 August 1908.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
95. JJPP, W.B. Parker to James Jackson Putnam, 15 August 1908.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
95. JJPP, W.B. Parker to James Jackson Putnam, 15 August 1908.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
95. JJPP, W.B. Parker to James Jackson Putnam, 15 August 1908.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ibid.
99. Loring W. Batten, The Relief of Pain by Mental Suggestion: A Study of the Moral and Religious Forces of Healing (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1917), preface.
100. "Emmanuel Clinics," Good Housekeeping 47 (October 1908): 361.
101. Ibid.
100. "Emmanuel Clinics," Good Housekeeping 47 (October 1908): 361.
101. Ibid.
102. Joseph Collins, "Some Fundamental Principles in the Treatment of Functional Nervous Disease, with Especial Reference to Psychotherapy," American Journal of Medical Science 135 (February 1908): 169.
103. Ibid., 170.
102. Joseph Collins, "Some Fundamental Principles in the Treatment of Functional Nervous Disease, with Especial Reference to Psychotherapy," American Journal of Medical Science 135 (February 1908): 169.
103. Ibid., 170.
104. New York Times , 10 November 1908.
105. New York Times , 8 November 1908.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., 13 November 1908.
108. Ibid., 24 November 1908.
109. Ibid., 26 November 1908.
105. New York Times , 8 November 1908.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., 13 November 1908.
108. Ibid., 24 November 1908.
109. Ibid., 26 November 1908.
105. New York Times , 8 November 1908.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., 13 November 1908.
108. Ibid., 24 November 1908.
109. Ibid., 26 November 1908.
105. New York Times , 8 November 1908.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., 13 November 1908.
108. Ibid., 24 November 1908.
109. Ibid., 26 November 1908.
105. New York Times , 8 November 1908.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid., 13 November 1908.
108. Ibid., 24 November 1908.
109. Ibid., 26 November 1908.
110. "Clerical Healing," Medical Record 74 (1908): 840.
111. Ibid.
110. "Clerical Healing," Medical Record 74 (1908): 840.
111. Ibid.
112. "Medical Practice and Medical Record," New York Medical Journal 84 (November 14, 1908). As quoted in Cunningham, Ministry of Healing .
113. Boston Herald , 21 November 1908.
114. Ibid.
113. Boston Herald , 21 November 1908.
114. Ibid.
115. Boston Herald , 22 November 1908.
116. Ibid.
115. Boston Herald , 22 November 1908.
116. Ibid.
117. "The Emmanuel Movement of Mental Healing," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 159 (26 November 1908): 730-732.
118. Ibid., 731.
117. "The Emmanuel Movement of Mental Healing," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 159 (26 November 1908): 730-732.
118. Ibid., 731.
119. New Jersey Herald , 30 November 1908.
120. "The Emmanuel Movement: A Rejoinder," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 159 (December 31, 1908): 9.
121. Ibid., 10.
120. "The Emmanuel Movement: A Rejoinder," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 159 (December 31, 1908): 9.
121. Ibid., 10.
122. Robert T. Edes, "The Present Relations of Psychotherapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 52 (9 January 1909): 96.
123. See "An Advisory Board for the Emmanuel Movement," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 160 (January 21, 1909): 90-91; "The Emmanuel Movement: An Explanation," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 160 (28 January 1909): 123.
124. Hamilton, "The Religio-Medical Movements," 225.
125. "Religion and Medicine: The Emmanuel Movement," Old Dominion Journal of Medicine and Surgery 8 (February 1909): 122, 123.
126. Psychotherapeutics: A Symposium (Boston: R. G. Badger, 1910).
127. For a brief discussion of the New Haven conference, see Hale, Freud and the Americans .
128. Psychotherapeutics: A Symposium , 9.
129. Ibid., 118.
128. Psychotherapeutics: A Symposium , 9.
129. Ibid., 118.
130. Boston Transcript , 11 September 1909.
131. Mitchell, "The Emmanuel Movement," 781.
132. "Dangers of the New Therapeutic Movement," Current Literature 44 (April 1908): 634-635.
133. Chauncey Hawkins, "Psychotherapy and the Church: Some Guiding Principles," Congregationalist and Christian World (October 10, 1908).
134. Parker, The Other Side of Psychotherapy , 23, 24.
135. Buckley, "Dangers of the Emmanuel Movement," 635.
136. Gordon, "The Practice of Medicine by the Unfit," 211-212.
137. "The Practice of Psychotherapy: Some Counter Considerations," Congregationalist and Christian World (6 March 1909): 308.
138. Ibid., 308.
137. "The Practice of Psychotherapy: Some Counter Considerations," Congregationalist and Christian World (6 March 1909): 308.
138. Ibid., 308.
139. Brown, Faith and Health , 167.
140. Lightner Witmer, "Review and Criticism: Mental Healing and the Emmanuel Movement," Psychological Clinic 2 (15 December 1908, 15 January 1909, 15 February 1909): 212-224, 239-250, 282-300.
141. Ibid., 249-250.
140. Lightner Witmer, "Review and Criticism: Mental Healing and the Emmanuel Movement," Psychological Clinic 2 (15 December 1908, 15 January 1909, 15 February 1909): 212-224, 239-250, 282-300.
141. Ibid., 249-250.
142. Henry Rutgers Marshall, "Psychotherapy and Religion," Hibbert Journal 7 (January 1909): 300. For a reply to Marshall's critique, see Samuel McComb, "The Christian Religion as a Healing Power," Hibbert Journal 7 (October 1909): 10-27.
143. Hugo Münsterberg, Psychotherapy (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1909), 346. For an excellent biography of Münsterberg, see Matthew Hale, Human Science and Social Order: Hugo Münsterberg and the Origins of Applied Psychology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980).
144. Münsterberg, Psychotherapy , 10.
145. James Jackson Putnam, "The Service to Nervous Invalids of the Physician and of the Minister," Harvard Theological Review 2 (April 1909): 239.
146. Elwood Worcester and Samuel McComb, Christian Religion as a Healing Power: A Defense and Exposition of the Emmanuel Movement (New York: Moffat, Yard, 1909). An abridged version of this work appeared in Century magazine. See Worcester, "The Emmanuel Movement," 421-429.
147. Worcester, "The Emmanuel Movement," 421.
148. McComb and Worcester, Christian Religion as a Healing Power , 96-97.
149. Worcester, "The Emmanuel Movement," 422.
150. McComb and Worcester, Christian Religion as a Healing Power , 54-56.
151. Brown, Faith and Health , 157-158.
152. Worcester, Life's Adventure , 289.
153. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 525.
154. See Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature , 1910-1914. The article of note is by Ralph Wallace Reed, M.D. (visiting neurologist to the Bethesda Hospital and the Ohio Hospital for Women and Children), Cincinnati, Ohio, in a letter to Everybody's 22 (May 1910): 713-714.
155. Greene, "The Emmanuel Movement," 525. Although they ceased to publicize their work, Worcester and McComb did not abandon their venture altogether. No longer in the public spotlight, the program assumed a far more modest scope. Worcester and McComb continued to write on topics germane to psychotherapy, but they ceased to present their views in the popular press. In 1917, McComb published The New Life: The Secret of Happiness and Power (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1917). Three years later, Worcester published The Subconscious Mind: Its Nature and Value for the Cure of Nervous Disorders by Means of Suggestion and Auto-Suggestion (London: K.P. Trench, Trubner, 1920). In 1931, Worcester and McComb coauthored Body, Mind and Spirit (Boston: Marshall Jones, 1931).
156. John C. Fisher, "The Emmanuel Work from the Physician's View-Point," Review of Reviews 39 (May 1909): 586.
157. Homer Gage, "The Emmanuel Movement from a Medical View-Point," Popular Science Monthly 75 (October 1909): 369.
158. H. Addington Bruce, review of The Christian Religion as a Healing Power .