1. "American Psychological Association Membership Totals, 1892-Present" (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Membership Department, 1992).

2. "American Psychiatric Association Membership Figures, 1873-Present" (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

3. Most of the statistics in this paragraph are drawn from National Science Foundation, Profiles—Psychology: Human Resources and Funding (NSF 88-325, Washington, D.C., 1988), 3,70 (table 4), and 127-128 (table 24). Comparative historical statistics presented by James Capshew, "Constructing Subjects, Reconstructing Psychology" (paper delivered at the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of Cheiron, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, 22 June 1991).

4. Daniel Goleman, "New Paths to Mental Health Put Strains on Some Healers," New York Times, 17 May 1990, A1, B12.

5. In spite of its increasingly clinical orientation, psychology has recently been classified as one of the "behavioral sciences." The "behavioral" orientation of a new type of social expert was, in large measure, the product of large-scale philanthropy and foundations' support for research that government policy-makers could use to ameliorate the ever-worsening social problems of modern industrial capitalist society. This quest for practical modes of social engineering began in earnest after World War I. The golden years of "behavioral science," however, were to come in the 1950s, when the generosity of the Ford Foundation made ''behavioral science" into shorthand for a subset of the more general category "social sciences." The "behavioral sciences" were defined so as to include psychology, anthropology, sociology, and those aspects of economics and political science devoted to the analysis of individual and group behavior rather than institutions.

6. C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), 160.

6. C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), 160.

7. Ibid., xx.

8. B. F. Skinner, audio interview by Dennis Trumble, 23 April 1985, B. F. Skinner Papers, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

9. Edwin G. Boring to Ruth S. Tolman, 3 January 1946, Correspondence, 1919-1956, box 54, folder 1318, EB Papers.

10. Letter from Clarence Cheyney to Douglas Thom, 28 November 1947, quoted in Gerald N. Grob, From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 34.

11. Noam Chomsky, "The Responsibility of Intellectuals," in American

Power and the New Mandarins (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 325, 358-359.

12. For an extensive discussion of recent historiographical trends, see my "Psychology. as Politics: How Psychological Experts Transformed Public Life in the United States, 1940-1970" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1993), chap. 2.

13. For sophisticated treatments of these issues as they relate to historians' use of "experience," psychology's epistemological foundations, and radical undercurrents in the history of philosophy itself, see Joan Scott, "The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry 17 (Summer 1991):773-797; Jill Morawski, "Toward the Unimagined: Feminism and Epistemology in Psychology," in Making a Difference: Psychology and the Construction of Gender, ed. Rachel T. Hare-Mustin and Jeanne Marecek (Yale University Press, 1990), 150-183; James T. Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), chaps. 2 and 3.