1. Sempronio [Andrés Aveleno Artís], "La reforma," in Aquella entremaliada Barcelona , 44-51, 49, 50.

2. Sempronio, "Santa Madrona de les drassanes," in ibid., 170-178. Francisco Madrid first gave the name Barrio Chino to the district, which runs roughly from the Rambla to the Parallel, in his collection Sangre en Atarazanas .

3. R. Draper Miralles, Guía de la prostitución femenina en Barcelona (Barcelona: Editorial Martínez Roca, 1982), 19-21.

4. Meaker, Revolutionary Left , 159.

5. Albert Balcells, El sindicalisme a Barcelona (1916-1923) (Barcelona: Editorial Nova Terra, 1966), 67-119; Brenan, Spanish Labyrinth , 70-75; and Bueso, Recuerdos de un cenetista , 109-114.

6. Correspondencia de España , March 18, 1919, 4; Meaker, Revolutionary Left , 159-160.

7. Salut, Vivers de revolucionaris , 130-131.

8. Balcells, Sindicalisme , 76-78; Correspondencia de España , March 22, 1919, 5-6; Meaker, Revolutionary Left , 161-165.

9. Balcells, Sindicalisme , 74; Enric Ucelay Da Cal, La Catalunya populista. Imatge, cultura i política en Petapa republicana (1931-1939) (Barcelona: Edicions de la Magrana, 1982), 70, stresses that the conflict was about the degree to which the state could intervene in disputes between workers and employers and whether the government could effectively force employers to recognize the union and its strike committee's right to negotiate for it.

10. Meaker, Revolutionary Left , 165-167. Despite this statement, Meaker blames revolutionaries in the CNT for the resumption of the strike, claiming that they were not content with the settlement and therefore decided to resume the work stoppage. Balcells and Brenan, however, disagree with Meaker about the CNT and what its goals were in early 1919. According to them, the CNT was remarkably disciplined and peaceful. See Balcells, Sindicalisme , 88-89; and Brenan, Spanish Labyrinth , 71.

11. Correspondencia de España , March 13, 1919, 4; ibid., March 17, 1919, 5.

12. Ibid., March 25, 1919, 6.

13. Historian Colin M. Winston has done much to dispel the belief that the Free Unions were merely the tools of employers. Many workers, including former CNT members, were genuinely opposed to the revolutionary tack of the CNT and wanted to defend their economic rights. Nevertheless, as Winston admits, the leadership of the Free Unions was always in the hands of right-wing critics of capitalism, if not directly in the employ of conservatives of the Regionalist League. See Winston, "Apuntes para la historia de los sindicatos libres de Barcelona (1919-1923)," Revista estudios de historia social 2-3 (1981): 119-139; his arguments are more fully developed in Workers and the Right in Spain, 1900-1936 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).

14. "La cuestion social," Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), September 13, 1920, 6247; Sempronio, "Intermedí de la bomba del Pompeia," in Barcelona era una festa (Barcelona: Editorial Selecta, 1989), 103.

15. Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), September 16, 1920, 6256-6257.

16. Ibid. (afternoon edition), September 16, 1920, 6273.

17. "Entierro de las primeras victimas de la bomba," Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), September 17, 1920, 6282.

18. "La cuestion social," Diario de Barcelona , no. 262 (morning edition), September 19, 1920, 6336.

19. Ibid., September 20, 1920, 6356.

20. Ibid. (afternoon edition), September 16, 1920, 6273.

21. Ibid. (morning edition), September 21, 1920, 6364.

22. Meaker, Revolutionary Left , 334-35; "Atentado contra D. Francisco Layret," Día gráfico , December 1, 1920, 3.

23. "La ciudad del crimen," Día gráfico , December 1, 1920, 3.

24. "Enterrament d'en Layret," Veu de Catalunya (morning edition), December 3, 1920, 7.

25. There is no definitive biography of Salvador Seguí, but useful sources can be found in Huertas Clavería, Salvador Seguí . See also Salvador Seguí, Escrits , ed. Isidre Molas (Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1975).

26. "El atentado contra Ángel Pestaña," Diluvio , August 26-29, 1922.

27. Details about Seguí's last days and the response to his death can be found in "Últimos noticias—Atentado—Un muerto y dos heridos," Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), March 11, 1923, 1198; "Sigue la tragedia: Salvador Seguí cae muerto a balazos en la calle de la Cadena," Diluvio , March 11, 1923, 25-26; "El sábado fué a balazos," Sol (Madrid), March 12, 1923, 1; and "La muerte del 'Noy del sucre'," ibid., March 15, 1923, 3.

28. "La cuestion social: Paro general de 24 horas," Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), March 14, 1923, 1125-1126; Manent i Pesas, Records d'un sindicalista , 100-101.

29. Quoted in "Sigue la tragedia: El cadaver de Salvador Seguí es conducido inesperadamente, en un burgon, al cemeterio . . . ," Diluvio (morning edition), March 13, 1923, 15.

30. "Sigue la tragedia," Diluvio (morning edition), March 13, 1923, 14.

31. Ibid., 14-15; "Las luchas obreras," Sol , March 13, 1923, 1.

32. "La cuestion social," Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), March 14, 1923, 1226; Manent i Pesas, Records d'un sindicalista , 101-102.

33. "Sigue la tragedia," Diluvio (morning edition), March 14, 1923, 12.

34. Manent i Pesas, Records d'un sindicalista , 103-104; "Entierro de Francisco Comas (a) Peronas," Diluvio (morning edition), March 20, 1923, 11; "Los atentados obreros: Un documento de la Confederación Nacional del Trabajo," Sol , March 20, 1923.

35. Josep María Poblet, El moviment autonomista a Catalunya dels anys 1918-1919 (Barcelona: Llibre de Butxaca, 1977), 21.

36. Ibid., 22.

37. Ibid., 72.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., 84.

40. Ferran Mascarell, "Conversa amb Enric Ucelay Da Cal: Macià, un politic sorprenent," L'avenç , no. 66 (December 1983): 33. Enric Ucelay Da Cal, the editor of L'avenç , Catalunya's leading popular historical journal, completed his doctorate at Columbia University in 1979 with a dissertation on Catalan nationalism in the period 1919-1933; see his "Estat català: The Strategies of Separation and Revolution of Catalan Radical Nationalism (1919-1933)" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1979), some material of which has been incorporated into the introduction of his Catalunya populista .

41. Poblet, Moviment autonomista , 84.

42. This is a gloss on the argument Ucelay Da Cal presents in Mascarell, "Conversa," 33.

43. Shlomo Ben-Ami, The Origins of the Second Republic in Spain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 7-8; Raymond Carr, Modern Spain, 1875-1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 107-108. There has always been the suspicion that many conservative Catalan nationalists, Puig i Cadafalch among them, actually conspired with Primo to seize power; see Melchor Fernández Almagro, Catalanismo y la república española (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1932), 116-117.

44. Santiago Alba, L'Espagne et la dictature. Bilan-prévisions-organisation de Pavenir (Paris: Libraire Valois, 1930), 73-79; Fernández Almagro, Catalanismo y la república española , 118.

45. Carr, Modern Spain , 568-569.

46. Bueso, Recuerdos de un cenetista , 203.

47. Francesc Cambó was a Catalan with his eye clearly on national rather than regional power. He achieved even greater prominence in the Franco regime for helping bring the regime to power. See his Memories (1876-1936) (Barcelona: Editorial Alpha, 1981).

48. Bueso, Recuerdos de un cenetista , 213-214.

49. Ibid., 236-239, 244-246. For a summary of the testimonies and sentences in the Garraf trial, see "Vista de la causa por el atentado de las estación Garraf," Sol , April 30, 1926.

50. Quote appears in a flyer protesting against the Garraf trial, found in a collection of clandestine materials in the Historical Archive of the City of Barcelona (Institut Municipal d'Història, Casa de l'Ardiaca [hereafter cited as IMH]) in the album labeled Col.lecció de fulls volanders (1926).

51. Of the fifty handbills, clippings, and letters from this period that were being catalogued in 1980, most appear in the Col.lecció de fulls volanders (1925-1929) at the IMH. The tissue-paper messages, originally in a file labeled "Documentos clandestinos de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera," have been misplaced since 1980, when I saw them.

52. Tanyus, "La nit de Sant Joan," Esquella de la Torratxa , June 25, 1926, 426.

53. For further material on the planned uprising for Saint John's Day, see Manent i Pesas, Records d'un sindicalista , 106-109; Bookchin, Spanish Anarchists , 210-211.

54. Col.lecció de fulls volanders (1926); Bueso, Recuerdos de un cenetista , 239-40; Diego Abad de Santillán [Sinesio García Delgado], Alfonso XIII, la II República, Francisco Franco (crónica general de España) (Madrid: Ediciones Júcar, 1979), 109. For a recent analysis of the anarcho-syndicalist position under the dictator, see Susana Tavera, "Els anarchosindicalistes catalans i la dictadura," L'avenç , no. 72 (June 1984): 62-67.

55. Notices about the religious ceremonies associated with the Virgin of Mercy celebration can be found in Diario de Barcelona (morning edition), September 23, 1926, 5; and ibid. (morning edition), September 24, 1926, 5.

56. Bueso, Recuerdos de un cenetista , 240-241; Mascarell, "Conversa," 34-35.

57. Engelhardt, Raeburn, and Sada, "Chronology," Homage to Barcelona , 304. The German Pavilion and the Barcelona chair that Mies van der Rohe designed for it have had a lasting effect on the world of architecture and design.

58. Bookchin, Spanish Anarchists , 211-212.

59. The anagram, a typed three-inch-by-two-inch thin sheet of paper, without annotation, appeared in "Documentos clandestinos" in 1980.