1. Barry D. Adam, "The State, Public Policy, and AIDS Discourse," Contemporary Crises 13, no. 1 (Mar. 1989): 1-15.

2. Dennis Altman, AIDS in the Mind of America (New York: Anchor Books, 1987), p. 9. Also see Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1978); Erica Carter and Simon Watney, eds., Taking Liberties: AIDS and Cultural Politics (London: Serpent's Tail, 1989); and Simon Watney, Policing Desire: Pornography, AIDS and the Media (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).

3. Janet Dolgin, "AIDS: Social Meanings and Legal Ramifications," Hofstra Law Review 14 (Fall 1985): 201. Also see Victoria Slind-Flor, "At the Limits," National Law Journal 12 (27 Aug. 1990): 1-31; Eugene Harrington, "A Fatal Bias: AIDS and Minorities,'' Human Rights 14 (Summer 1987): 34-52; and Thomas Mendicino, "Characterization and Disease: Homosexuals and the Threat of AIDS," North Carolina Law Review 66 (Nov. 1987): 226-50.

4. Simon Watney, "AIDS: The Cultural Agenda," Radical America 21, no. 4 (July-Aug. 1987): 49.

5. AIDS is used to represent a virus and a disease, even though it is probably one virus and several diseases. The HIV virus is often loosely and somewhat inaccurately termed AIDS, suggesting a homogeneous illness often excluding individuals with HIV antibodies who are not presently sick. It remains unknown even whether the HIV virus is the cause of AIDS or is itself an opportunistic companion. My discussion focuses on the political discourse of AIDS while recognizing the problematic status of HIV infection. See Kenneth Keniston, "Introduction to the Issue," in "Living with Aids: Part 2," special issue, Daedalus 118, no. 3 (Summer 1989): xi.

6. Paula TreichIer, "AIDS, Gender, and Biomedical Discourse: Current Contests of Meaning," in AIDS: The Burdens of History, ed. Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), p. 196.

7. Paula Treichler, "AIDS, Homophobia, and Biomedical Discourse: An Epidemic of Signification," in AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, ed. Douglas Crimp (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988), p. 31.

8. David Talbot, "Condom Conundrum," Mother Jones 125, no. 1 (Jan. 1990): 46.

9. Susan Sontag, AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1989), p. 16.

10. See "Facing AIDS: A Special Issue," Radical America 10, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1986); and "AIDS: Communities Respond," Radical America 21, nos. 2-3 (Mar.-Apr. 1987).

11. Philip Boffey, "Spread of AIDS Abating But Deaths Will Still Soar," New York Times, 14 Feb. 1988, p. A1.

12. Newsweek 111, no. 11 (14 Mar. 1988); William Masters, Virginia Johnson, and Robert Kolodny, Crisis: Heterosexual Behavior in the Age of AIDS (New York: Grove Press, 1988).

13. Gina Kolata, "AIDS Spreading in Teen-Agers, A New Trend Alarming to Experts," New York Times, 8 Oct. 1989, p. 30.

14. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., "Coming of Age in the Era of AIDS: Puberty, Sexuality and Contraception," Milbank Quarterly 68, supp. 1 (1990): 60.

15. Barbara Kantrowitz, "Teenagers and AIDS," Newsweek 120, no. 5 (3 Aug. 1992): 45-50.

16. Margaret Cerullo and Evelynn Hammonds, "AIDS and Africa: The Western Imagination and the Dark Continent," Radical America 21, nos. 2-3 (Mar.-Apr. 1992): 18. Also see Robert Caputo, "Uganda: Land Beyond Sorrow," National Geographic 173, no. 4 (Apr. 1988): 468-91; Richard Chirimuuta and Rosalind Chirimuuta, Aids, Africa and Racism (London: Free Association Books, 1989); Bruce Fleming, "Another Way of Dying," Nation 250, no. 13 (2 Apr. 1990): 446-50; and Charles Hunt, "Africa and AIDS," Monthly Review 39, no. 9 (Feb. 1988): 10-22.

17. Jane Perlez, "Toll of AIDS on Uganda's Women Puts Their Roles and Rights in Question," New York Times, 28 Oct. 1990, p. A16. Also see, as part of the same series of articles, Eric Eckholm and John Tierney, "AIDS in Africa: A Killer Rages On," New York Times, 16 Sept. 1990, p. A1; Kathleen Hunt, "Scenes from a Nightmare," New York Times Magazine, 12 Aug. 1990, pp. 24-51; and John Tierney, "AIDS Tears Lives of the African Family," New York Times, 17 Sept. 1990, p. A1.

18. Boffey, "Spread of AIDS Abating," p. 36.

19. Cindy Patton, Inventing AIDS (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 61.

20. Simon Watney, "Missionary Positions: AIDS, 'Africa,' and Race," in Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, ed. Russell Ferguson, Martha Gever, Trinh T. Minh-ha, and Cornel West (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), p. 100.

21. Sandor Katz, "HIV Testing—A Phony Cure," Nation 250, no. 21 (28 May 1990): 740.

22. Treichler, "AIDS, Homophobia, and Biomedical Discourse," p. 44.

23. Treichler, "AIDS, Gender, and Biomedical Discourse," p. 212.

24. Ibid., p. 39. Also see Peter Davis, "Exploring the Kingdom of AIDS," New York Times Magazine, 31 May 1987, pp. 32-40; and Katie Leishman, "Heterosexuals and AIDS," Atlantic 259, no. 2 (Feb. 1987): 39-58. For a discussion of the misrepresentation of AIDS through careless misreporting of findings, see Robert Massa, "Unfit to Print," Village Voice 35, no. 19 (8 May 1990): 24-26.

25. Bruce Lambert, "AIDS among Prostitutes Not As Prevalent As Believed, Studies Show," New York Times, 20 Sept. 1988, p. B1. Also see Katherine Bishop, "Prostitute in Jail after AIDS Report," New York Times, 15 July 1990, p. A12.

26. Richard Goldstein, "The Hidden Epidemic," Village Voice 32, no. 10 (10 Mar. 1987): 23-30.

27. Joyce Lombardi, "Trail of Tears: AIDS and Native Americans," Village Voice 36, no. 53 (31 Dec. 1991): 14.

28. Mendicino, "Characterization and Disease," 226.

29. Mary Catherine Bateson and Richard Goldsby, Thinking AIDS: The Social Response to the Biological Threat (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1988), p. 2.

30. Treichler, "AIDS, Gender, and Biomedical Discourse," p. 233.

31. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality (London: Tavistock Publications, 1986); see especially chap. 2, "The Invention of Sexuality." Also see his Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985).

32. Weeks, Sexuality, p. 120.

33. Dan E. Beauchamp, "Morality and the Health of the Body Politic," in "AIDS: Public Health and Civil Liberties" Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report, Dec. 1986, p. 31. Also see Dan E. Beauchamp, The Health of the Republic (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).

34. Beauchamp, "Morality and the Body Politic," p. 32. For full and important discussions of homophobia, see Dennis Altman, The Homosexualization of America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1982), and Cindy Patton, Sex and Germs: The Politics of AIDS (Boston: South End Press, 1985).

35. For a fuller discussion of the effect of AIDS on civil rights for homosexuals, see Mendicino, "Characterization and Disease."

36. Ibid., p. 235; see Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986). Also see Mark Barnes, "AIDS and Mr. Korematsu: Minorities at Times of Crisis," Saint Louis University Public Law Review 7 (Spring 1988): 35-43; Susan McGuigan, "The AIDS Dilemma: Public Health v. Criminal Law," Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice 4 (Oct. 1986): 545-77; Chris Nichols, "AIDS—A New Reason to Regulate Homosexuality?" Journal of Contemporary Law 11 (Aug. 1984): 315-43; and Dorenn Weisenhaus, "The Shaping of AIDS Law," National Law Journal 10, no. 47 (1 Aug. 1988): 1-33.

37. Douglas Crimp, "How to Have Promiscuity in an Epidemic," in AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, ed. Douglas Crimp (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1988) p. 253. This is not meant to romanticize safer sex practices. See Robin Hardy, "Risky Business: Confronting Unsafe Sex," Village Voice 35, no. 26 (26 June 1990): 35-40, for an important discussion of what he terms "risky sexual relapse": the longing for "one night off" from safe sex practices.

38. Michael Jones, as quoted in America Living with AIDS (Report of the National Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 1990), p. 34. Copies available from Superintendent of Documents, United States Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

39. Mireya Navarro, "AIDS in Women Rising, But Many Ignore the Threat," New York Times, 28 Dec. 1990, p. B1.

40. Nancy Stoller Shaw, "Preventing AIDS among Women: The Role of Community Organizing," Socialist Review 18, no. 4 (Dec. 1988): 77. Also see Helen Singer Kaplan, The Real Truth about Women and AIDS (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987); and America Living with AIDS, p. 12.

41. Philip J. Hilts, "AIDS in Women Rising But Many Ignore the Threat," New York Times, 11 Dec. 1990, p. A1.

42. Treichler, "AIDS, Gender, and Biomedical Discourse," p. 215.

43. Ibid., p. 212.

44. Robert Massa, "Danger in Numbers," Village Voice 36, no. 45 (5 Nov. 1991): 18.

45. Sonia Singleton, as quoted in America Living with AIDS, p. 95.

46. Sarah Schulman, "Delusions of Gender," Village Voice 35, no. 1 (1 Jan. 1992): 15. Also see Josh Barbanel, "U.S. Sued over Denial of AIDS Case Benefits," New York Times, 1 Oct. 1990, p. B3; Peg Byron, "HIV: The National Scandal," Ms. 1, no. 4 (Jan./Feb. 1991): 24-29; Marcia Ann Gillespie, "HIV: The Global Crisis," ibid., 17-22; Philip Hilts, ''AIDS Definition Excludes Women, Congress Is Told,'' New York Times, 7 June 1991, p. A19; and Mireya Navarro, "Dated AIDS Definition Keeps Benefits from Many Patients," New York Times, 8 July 1991, p. A1.

47. America Living with AIDS, p. 28.

48. Suki Ports, "Needed (For Women and Children)," in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, p. 169; and Bruce Lambert, "AIDS in Black Women Seen as Leading Killer," New York Times, 11 July 1990, p. B3.

49. Diane Richardson, Women and AIDS (New York: Methuen, 1988), p. 29.

50. International Working Group on Women and AIDS, "An Open Letter to the Planning Committees of the Third International Conference on AIDS," in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, pp. 166-68.

51. Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, Report (24 June 1988), p. 15. Available from the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, 655 15th St. NW, Suite 901, Washington, D.C. 20005.

52. Gina Kolata, "In Cities, Poor Families Are Dying of Crack," New York Times, 11 Aug. 1989, p. A13.

53. Since approximately 1985, increasing attention has been focused on pediatric AIDS. See Marguerite Holloway, "Death by Red Tape," Village Voice 35, no. 21 (22 May 1990): 15; David L. Kirp, "The Politics of Pediatric AIDS," Nation 250, no. 19 (14 May 1990): 666-68; and Bruce Lambert, "AIDS Legacy: A Growing Generation of Orphans," New York Times, 17 July 1989, p. A1.

54. Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, "Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law," Harvard Law Review 101 (May 1988): 1331.

55. See Brief Report, "Access to Medical Care for Black and White Americans," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (13 Jan. 1989): 278-81; "Health" (special issue), Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 2, no. 2 (Fall 1985); and Gerald David Jaynes and Robin M. Williams, Jr., eds., A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society .

56. Norman Nickens, "AIDS, Race, and the Law: The Social Construction of Disease," Nova Law Review 12 (Spring 1988): 1186.

57. Sara Rimer, "Spotlight Fades on AIDS in Town: But the Disease and Stigma Remain," New York Times, 14 November 1990, p. A16.

58. Felicia Lee, "Black Doctors Urge Study of Factors in Risk of AIDS," New York Times, 21 July 1989, p. B7.

59. Susan Rasky, "How the Politics Shifted on AIDS Funds," New York Times, 20 May 1990, p. A22.

60. Sander Gilman, Disease and Representation: Images of Illness from Madness to AIDS (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 263. Also see his Difference and Pathology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985).

61. For an interesting discussion of homophobia and the struggle against racism, see Tseko Simon Nkoli, "An Open Letter to Nelson Mandela," Village Voice 35, no. 26 (26 June 1990): 29-30.

62. Evelynn Hammonds, "Race, Sex, AIDS: The Construction of 'Other,' " Radical America 20, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1986), p. 31.

63. Lindsey Gruson, "AIDS Is Discovered as Issue by Black Political Leaders," New York Times, 9 Mar. 1992, p. A7; Richard Stevenson, "Magic Johnson Ends His Career, Saying He Has the AIDS Virus," New York Times, 8 Nov. 1991, p. A1; and E. R. Shipp, "Reluctantly, Black Churches Confront AIDS," New York Times, 18 Nov. 1991, p. A1.

64. Sarah Schulman, "Laying the Blame: What Magic Johnson Really Means," Guardian (London), 19 Nov. 1991, p. 4.

65. Eugene Harrington, "A Fatal Bias: AIDS and Minorities," Human Rights 14 (Summer 1987): 34.

66. Harlon Dalton, "AIDS in Blackface," in "Living with AIDS: Part 2," special issue, Daedalus 118, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 208.

67. Nat Hentoff, "Silence = Black and Hispanic Deaths," Village Voice 35, no. 9 (27 Feb. 1990): 22. The increase of AIDS among persons of color requires new strategies for AIDS activists. See Frank Browning, "Turf Wars," Village Voice 35, no. 28 (10 July 1990): 17-18; Donna Minkowitz, "ACT UP at a Crossroads," Village Voice 35, no. 23 (30 May-5 June 1990): 19-22; and Randy Shilts, "The Era of Bad Feelings," Mother Jones 14, no. 9 (Nov. 1989): 32-60.

68. "Accelerating, Nation's AIDS Count Hits 200,000," New York Times, 17 Jan. 1992, p. A15.

69. Lawrence K. Altman, "Researchers Report Much Grimmer AIDS Outlook," New York Times, 4 June 1992, p. A1.

70. Ernest Drucker, "Families Need the Most Help," and Michael Gottlieb, "Leadership is Lacking," both in "AIDS—The Second Decade" (special section), New York Times, 5 June 1991, p. A29.

71. Lawrence K. Altman, "Scientists Encouraged by Two AIDS Vaccines," New York Times, 22 June 1991, p. A7.

72. Philip Hilts, "Drug Said to Help AIDS Cases with Virus But No Symptoms," New York Times, 18 Aug. 1989, p. A1.

73. Robert Massa, "AZT or not AZT," Village Voice 36, no. 14 (2 Apr. 1991): 16.

74. Lawrence K. Altman, "Advances in Treatment Change Face of AIDS," New York Times, 12 June 1990, p. C5.

75. For an important indictment of the Reagan administration's handling of the AIDS epidemic, see Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987); and Larry Kramer, "A 'Manhattan Project' for AIDS," New York Times, 16 July 1990, p. A15. Also see Diane Johnson and John Murray, M.D., "AIDS without End," New York Review of Books 35, no. 13

(18 Aug. 1988): 57-63; and Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Review of the Public Health Service's Response to AIDS: A Technical Memorandum (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Feb. 1985).

76. Committee on Government Operations, The Federal Response to AIDS, Twenty-Ninth Report by the Committee on Government Operations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Nov. 1983, no. 98-582), p. 4.

77. Shilts, "Era of Bad Feelings," p. 359.

78. Ibid., pp. 93, 94.

79. Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, p. 11.

80. Willie L. Brown, Jr., "AIDS: The Public Policy Imperative," Saint Louis University Public Law Review 7 (Spring 1988): 12.

81. Nassau County v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273 (1987). Also see Chalk v. U.S. District Court, 840 F.2d 701 (1988) for a discussion of one of the most sweeping AIDS anti-discrimination cases under section 504. See also Shad-Flor, National Law Journal, 27 Aug. 1990; Dennis Hevesi, "AIDS Carriers Win a Court Ruling," New York Times, 9 July 1988, p. A6; and Stuart Taylor, "Justices Support Disease Victims: Those with AIDS Could Benefit," New York Times, 4 Mar. 1987, p. A1.

82. Philip Boffey, "Expert Panel Sees Poor Leadership in U.S. AIDS Battle," New York Times, 2 June 1988, p. A11.

83. Committee for the Oversight of AIDS Activities, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Confronting AIDS: Update 1988 (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 1988).

84. Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic, Report, pp. xvii, xviii.

85. Ibid., pp. 93, 94.

86. Julie Johnson, "Report by AIDS Panel Gets Muted Reaction by Reagan," New York Times, 28 June 1988, p. A16.

87. Warren E. Leary, "AIDS Outlay Matching Cancer and Heart Disease," New York Times, 15 June 1989, p. B13.

88. David Rosenbaum, "How Capital Ignored Alarms on Savings," New York Times, 6 June 1990, p. A1.

89. Gerald M. Boyd, "Bush Backs Protection of AIDS Victims' Rights," New York Times, 29 June 1988, p. A21.

90. Philip Hilts, "2.9 Billion AIDS Relief Measure Easily Wins Approval in Senate," New York Times, 17 May 1990, p. B10.

91. Boyd, "Bush Backs . . . Victims' Rights," p. A21.

92. George Bush, as quoted in Andrew Rosenthal, "Bush Plays Down Protest on AIDS," New York Times, 3 Sept. 1991, p. A20.

93. Philip Hilts, "AIDS Panel Backs Efforts to Exchange Drug Users' Needles," New York Times, 7 Aug. 1991, p. A1.

94. Karen DeWitt, "On Capitol Hill: The Battle for AIDS Funds Heats Up," New York Times, 9 Nov. 1991, p. A33.

95. Ibid.

96. Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, Power and Poverty: Theory and Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).

97. Philip Hilts, "AIDS Panel Says U.S. Lags on Health Care Policy," New York Times, 7 Dec. 1989, p. A26.

98. America Living with Aids, p. 4.

99. Ibid., see especially pp. 28-29, 48-49.

100. Magic Johnson, as quoted in Philip Hilts, "Magic Johnson Quits Panel on AIDS," New York Times, 26 Sept. 1992, p. A5.

101. George Bush, as quoted in "In Their Own Words," New York Times, 31 Oct. 1992, p. A7.

102. Clinton and Gore, Putting People First, pp. 36-41.

103. For a rich discussion of the issue of the moral interventionism of the state and neoconservative privatism, see Rosalind Pollack Petchesky, Abortion and Woman's Choice: The State, Sexuality, and Reproductive Freedom, rev. ed. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), pp. 392-96, and the preface to the 1990 edition.

104. Gina Kolata, "AIDS Advocates Find Private Funds Declining," New York Times, 7 Aug. 1990, p. A16.

105. For a full discussion, see Bruce Nussbaum, Good Intentions: How Big Business and the Medical Establishment Are Corrupting the Fight Against AIDS (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990).

106. Harold Edgar and David J. Rothman, "New Rules for New Drugs: The Challenge of AIDS to the Regulatory Process," in "A Disease of Society: Cultural Responses to AIDS (Part 1)," special supplement, Milbank Quarterly 68 (1990), supp. 1, p. 131.

107. Allan Brandt, No Magic Bullet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 202, 182.

108. Committee on AIDS Research and the Behavioral, Social and Statistical Sciences, National Research Council, AIDS: Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use ed. Charles Turner, Heather Miller, and Lincoln Moses (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989), p. 383.

109. C. Everett Koop, Understanding AIDS: A Message from the Surgeon General, HHS Publication No. (CDC) HHS-88-8404 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1988), p. 4. Available from Department of HHS, P.O. Box 6003, Rockville, MD 10850.

110. William Bennett, "AIDS: Education and Public Policy," Saint Louis University Public Law Review 7 (Spring 1988): 2. For an example of the homophobia that underlies the AIDS education campaign, see David Olson, "Read Their Lips: Illinois Moves to Ban AIDS Poster," Village Voice 35, no. 30 (24 July 1990): 14.

111. Peter Steinfels, "Catholic Bishops Vote to Retain Controversial Statement on AIDS," New York Times, 28 June 1988, p. A1. Also see "Condom Campaign Begins in Massachusetts," New York Times, 9 Sept. 1990, p. A28.

112. Joseph Berger, "School Board Backing Off AIDS Abstinence Policy," New York Times, 3 June 1992, p. B3; and James Dao, "Critics Decry New AIDS Education Rules as Censorship," New York Times, 29 May 1992, p. B3.

113. Talbot, "Condom Conundrum," p. 42.

114. William Honan, "Conferees Reject a Plan to Curb Federal Funds for Obscene Art," New York Times, 30 Sept. 1989, p. A1.

115. Maureen Dowd, "Jesse Helms Takes No-Lose Position on Art," New York Times, 28 July 1989, p. A1. Also see Elizabeth Hess, "NEA Shoots Itself," Village Voice 34, no. 47 (21 Nov. 1989): 63; Michael Oreskes, "Senate Votes

to Bar U.S. Support of Obscene or Indecent Artwork," New York Times, 27 July 1989, p. A1; and Elizabeth Whelan, "The Offensive Tactics of AIDS Ideologues," New York Times, 8 Aug. 1989, p. A19.

116. Rightists criticized Bush for his position on the NEA. See Richard Viguerie and Steven Allen, "To Bush: The Right Has Other Choices," New York Times, 14 June 1990, p. A27.

117. The White House, National Drug Control Strategy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1990), p. 9. By 1992, Bush was saying much less about the drug war. See Michael Massing, "What Ever Happened to the 'War on Drugs'?" New York Review of Books 39, no. 11 (11 June 1992): 42-46.

118. Ellen Willis, "End the War on Drugs: Hell No, I Won't Go," Village Voice 33, no. 38 (19 Sept. 1989): 30-31.

119. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, in Congressional Record, 101st Congress, vol. 136, no. 76 (14 June 1990): S7945.

120. Playthell Benjamin, "Down with Crack," Village Voice 33, no. 38 (19 Sept. 1989): 29.

121. Michael Klare, "The War That Came In from the Cold: Drugs, Militarism and the Monroe Doctrine," Radical America 23, nos. 2-3 (Apr.-Sept. 1989): 17.

122. "Text of President's Speech on National Drug Control Strategy," New York Times, 6 Sept. 1989, p. B6. Also see Richard Berke, "More of the Same," New York Times, 6 Sept. 1989, p. A1.

123. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1979). Also see his The History of Sexuality (New York: Pantheon, 1978), vol. 1, An Introduction .

124. James Lyons, "Crime and the Judiciary: Candidates Vie for the Law and Order State," Village Voice 37, no. 26 (30 June 1992): 40.

125. White House, National Drug Control Strategy, p. 5.

126. Ibid., p. 39.

127. William Bennett, "A Response to Milton Friedman," Wall Street Journal, 19 Sept. 1989, p. A30.

128. Milton Friedman, "An Open Letter to Bill Bennett," Wall Street Journal, 7 Sept. 1989, p. A14. For other criticism of Bennett from within the neoconservative camp, see Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's statements in the Congressional Record, vol. 136, no. 76 (14 June 1990): S7945.

129. Ellen Willis, "End the War on Drugs," p. 30; Playthell Benjamin, "Down with Crack," pp. 29-32. Also see Ramsey Clark, "Drugs, Lies and T.V.," Nation 249, no. 12 (16 Oct. 1989): 408-9; Michael Massing, "The War on Cocaine," New York Review of Books 35, no. 20 (22 Dec. 1988): 61-67; Philip Hilts, ''AIDS Panel Says U.S. Lags on Health Care Policy,'' New York Times, 7 Dec. 1989, p. A26; and Jefferson Morley, "Contradictions of Cocaine Capitalism," Nation 249, no. 10 (2 Oct. 1989): 341-47.

130. Committee on AIDS Research, AIDS, Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use, pp. 299, 240. Also see the second volume, entitled AIDS: The Second Decade (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990).

131. Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic, Report, p. 94.

132. Warren E. Leary, "Sharp Rise in Rare Sex-Related Diseases," New York Times, 14 July 1988, p. B6.

133. Peter Kerr, "Crack and Resurgence of Syphilis Spreading AIDS among the Poor," New York Times, 20 Aug. 1989, p. A1.

134. Daniel Lazare, "Crack and AIDS: The Next Wave," Village Voice 35, no. 19 (8 May 1990): 29.

135. Dean Baquet, "Hearings on Neglect Upheld in Newborn Cocaine Cases," New York Times, 30 May 1990, p. B3.

136. Rorie Sherman, "Keeping Babies Free of Drugs," National Law Journal 12, no. 6 (16 Oct. 1989): 28. Also see "Punishing Pregnant Addicts: Debate, Dismay, No Solution," in "Ideas and Trends," New York Times, 10 Sept. 1989, p. E5; and the work of Lynn Paltrow, Reproductive Freedom Project, American Civil Liberties Union, "State by State Case Summary of Criminal Prosecutions against Pregnant Women Memorandum.''

137. Sherman, "Keeping Babies Free of Drugs," p. 29.

138. "Punishing Pregnant Addicts," p. E5.

139. Mark Gevisser, "Women and Children First," Village Voice 34, no. 44 (31 Oct. 1989): 18.

140. See Committee on Government Operations, Federal Response to AIDS .

141. Ann Giudici Fettner, "Cutting the Cord," Village Voice 35, no. 25 (19 June 1990): 16.

142. Ronald Bayer, "AIDS, Privacy, and Responsibility," in Daedalus, p. 79.

143. Ronald Bayer, Private Acts, Social Consequences: AIDS and the Politics of Public Health (New York: The Free Press, 1989), p. 15.

144. Simon Watney, "The Spectacle of AIDS," in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis and Cultural Activism, p. 86.

145. Sandor Katz, "HIV Testing—A Phony Cure," Nation 250, no. 21 (28 May 1990): 738-42; and Bruce Lambert, "In Shift, Gay Men's Health Crisis Endorses Testing for AIDS Virus," New York Times, 16 Aug. 1989, p. A1.

146. Charles Rembar, "The A.C.L.U.'s Myopic Stand on AIDS," New York Times, 15 May 1987, p. A31. Also see Isabel Wilkerson, "A.M.A. Urges Breach of Privacy to Warn Potential AIDS Victims," New York Times, 1 July 1988, p. A1.

147. Jan Hoffman, "AIDS and Rape," Village Voice 33, no. 37 (12 Sept. 1989): 36, 38.

148. Dennis Hevesi, "AIDS Test for Suspect Splits Experts," New York Times, 16 Oct. 1988, p. A30.

149. Patton, Inventing AIDS, p. 38.

150. Lawrence K. Altman, "Guidance for Doctors Carrying AIDS," New York Times, 10 Aug. 1991, p. A6; Sarah Lyall, "AIDS Tests Find No Link to L.I. Dentist," New York Times, 10 Aug. 1991, p. B21; Elisabeth Rosenthal, "Angry Doctors Condemn Plans to Test Them for AIDS," 20 Aug. 1991, p. C1.

151. William Dannemeyer, as quoted in Philip Hilts, "Mandatory AIDS Tests for Doctors Would Be Useless, Health Experts Say," New York Times, 20 Sept. 1991, p. A22.

152. Martin Tolchin, "Senate Adopts Tough Measures on Health Workers with AIDS," New York Times, 19 July 1991, p. A1.

153. Philip Hilts, "Mandatory AIDS Tests for Doctors," p. A22. Also see Jane Gross, "Many Doctors Infected with AIDS Don't Follow New U.S. Guidelines," New York Times, 18 Aug. 1991, p. A1.

154. Gwen Ifill, "Panel in Congress Drops AIDS Disclosure Plan," New York Times, 28 Sept. 1991, p. A7.

155. Kevin Sack, "Albany Plans to Allow Surgery by Doctors with the AIDS Virus," New York Times, 9 Oct. 1991, p. A1. Also see Lawrence K. Altman, "New York Won't Tell Doctors with AIDS to Inform Patients," New York Times, 19 Jan. 1990, p. A1, and his "U.S. Hears Debate on Mandatory AIDS Test for Health Workers,'' New York Times, 22 Feb. 1991, p. A15; and Stephanie Strom, "AIDS and Privacy: A Bellevue Dilemma," New York Times, 28 Jan. 1991, p. B1.

156. Lawrence K. Altman, "U.S. Backs Off on Plan to Restrict Health Worker with AIDS Virus," New York Times, 4 Aug. 1991, p. A1.

157. Warren E. Leary, "Mandatory AIDS Test for Doctors Opposed," New York Times, 31 July 1992, p. A11.

158. As quoted in Philip Hilts, "Woman with AIDS Seizes Stage, Asking Bush to Help Ease Stigma," New York Times, 4 Aug. 1991, p. A1.

159. Philip Hilts, "Sponsors Say AIDS Conference Won't Be Held in U.S. Next Year," New York Times, 17 Aug. 1991, p. A6. Also see DeWitt, "In Shift, U.S. Plans to Keep Out People Carrying the AIDS Virus," New York Times, 26 May 1991, p. A1.

160. Thomas Morgan, "State Studies Pricing of AIDS Drug," New York Times, 8 Oct. 1987, p. B3; Philip Hilts, "U.S. Is Decades Behind Europe in Contraceptives, Experts Report," New York Times, 15 Feb. 1990, p. A1; Committee on Contraceptive Development, Developing New Contraceptives, ed. Luigi Mastroianni, Jr., Peter J. Donaldson, and Thomas T. Kane (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990).

161. Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic, Report, pp. 48, 52.

162. Philip Leder, "Privatizing N.I.H. Is an 'Idiotic Idea,' " New York Times, 12 Jan. 1988, p. A27.

163. Philip M. Crane, "Abolish the Arts Agency," New York Times, 6 June 1990, p. A27.

164. Bateson and Goldsby, Thinking AIDS, p. 118.

165. Morgan, "State Studies Pricing of AIDS Drug," p. B3; Charles W. Hunt, "AIDS and Capitalist Medicine," Monthly Review 39, no. 8 (Jan. 1988): 11-25; A. Joseph Layon and Robert D'Amico, "AIDS, Capitalism, and Technology," Monthly Review 40, no. 7 (Dec. 1988): 31-36; Mark McGrath and Bob Sutcliffe, "Insuring Profits from AIDS: The Economics of an Epidemic," Radical America 20, no. 6 (Nov.-Dec. 1986): 9-26.

166. See Milton Friedman, Day of Reckoning (New York: Random House, 1990); and Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990).

167. Michael Oreskes, "Grudging Public Thinks Tax Rise Now Must Come," New York Times, 27 May 1990, p. A1.

168. Patton, Inventing AIDS, p. 116. Also see inside/out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, ed. Diana Fuss (New York: Routledge, 1991).

169. Robin Hardy, "Die Harder, AIDS Activism Is Abandoning Gay Men," Village Voice 36, no. 27 (2 July 1991): 33.

170. Ibid.

171. Donna Minkowitz, "ACT UP at a Crossroads," 20.

172. Frank Browning, "Turf Wars," 18.

173. Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, pp. 109, 113.