1. Israel did not actively search for Eichmann until 1957, when it received information from Germany concerning his whereabouts. Segev, Seventh Million, 324-25. The Kasztner case, then pending on appeal, probably spurred the government to undertake the daring operation to abduct Eichmann from Argentina.

2. Gruenvald, 2280-81.

3. Olshan, Din u-Dvarim, 312-24. break

4. See American Jewish Committee, The Eichmann Case in the American Press (New York: Institute of Human Relations Press, 1962); Pnina Lahav, "The Eichmann Trial, the Jewish Question, and the American-Jewish Intelligentsia," 72 B. U. L. Rev. 555 (1992).

5. The initial plan was to exclude Halevy from the trial altogether, but Herut opposed the move, and in order to preserve political unity a compromise was reached whereby Halevy would serve on but not chair the panel. Olshan, Din u-Dvarim, 315-17.

6. Even Hannah Arendt, critical of the trial, praised Justice Landau's performance. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1965), 4-5.

7. Cr.A. 336/61, Eichmann v. Attorney General, 16(3) P.D. 2033, 2084 (1962). Eichmann Supreme Court opinion, III-1 (English, mimeographed, in the author's files).

8. Gideon Hausner, Ha-Shoah bi-Re'i ha-Mishpat [Holocaust on Trial] (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1988), 8-9.

9. Susan Sontag, "Reflections on The Deputy," in The Storm over The Deputy, ed. Eric Bentley (New York: Grove Press, 1964), 118-23.

10. Carmel attended one of the sessions, a grueling experience. Her identification with the Jewish plight had nourished a strong aversion to Germans long before Eichmann's abduction. The catharsis offered during the Eichmann trial did not change her views. Throughout Agranat's service as chief justice she would shun any official ceremonies involving Germans. Years later, while returning from Liberia, the Agranats realized that their aircraft would make an emergency landing in Dusseldorf. The passengers were to stay in Germany overnight, but Carmel would not hear of it. She insisted that they leave immediately. After intensive nocturnal negotiations, the Agranats rode in the van that drove the crew across the border to Amsterdam, where the Israeli Consulate prepared accommodations for them.

11. "The world understood that it could not escape confrontation with its yesterday." Hausner, Ha-Shoah, 6.

12. Michael A. Musmanno, "The Objections in Limine to the Eichmann Trial," 35 Temp. L. Q. 1, 2 (1961). See also Yosal Rogat, The Eichmann Trial and the Rule of Law (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, 1961); Dominik Lasok, "The Eichmann Trial," 11 Int'l & Comp. L. Q. 355 (1962); Herbert Wechsler, The Nation's Future (audiotape of NBC Radio debate, 8 April 1961). There were, however, scholars who did support the legality of the trial. See, for example, Hans W. Baade, "The Eichmann Trial: Some Legal Aspects," Duke L. J. 400 (1961).

13. Aviezer Golan, "Servatius Lo Hitsliah Lahafokh Le-Drama Maarekhet Hasium shel Mishpat Eichmann [Servatius Failed to Dramatize the Final Act in the Eichmann Trial]," Yediot Aharonot, 23 March 1962, 2.

14. Aviezer Golan, "Ha-Yo'ets ha-Mishpati Mazkir Nishkahot le-Eichmann [The Attorney General Makes Eichmann Remember]," ibid., 25 March 1962, 3.

15. On the tension between universalism and particularism, see Jacob Talmon, Ahdut ve-Yihud: Masot be-Hagut Historit [The Unique and the Universal] (Jerusalem: Schocken, 1965), 209-358. break

16. The factor of "lawlessness" connecting the raid in Nukeib and the Eichmann trial was not overlooked by Israelis. See, for example, Moshe Prager, "Nekudat ha-Moked shel ha-Mishpat ha-Histori [The Focus of the Historic Trial]," Davar, 30 March 1962, 2.

17. Eichmann, 2039 (Hebrew), I-4 (English).

18. Ibid., 2047 (Hebrew), I-17 (English).

17. Eichmann, 2039 (Hebrew), I-4 (English).

18. Ibid., 2047 (Hebrew), I-17 (English).

19. See chap. 7, n. 23.

20. Eichmann, 2039 (Hebrew), I-5 (English).

21. Lahav, "Eichmann Trial," 559-65.

22. "Before [the state] was established, Chaim Weizmann, then president of the World Jewish Congress . . ., asked in vain to appear before the Nuremberg Tribunal and testify . . . about the Jewish catastrophe. . . . In the State of Israel we could decide by ourselves what was preferred from the perspective of the Jewish interest." Hausner, Ha-Shoah, 8-9.

23. See discussion on p. 151.

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

24. Eichmann, 2048 (Hebrew), I-18 (English).

25. Ibid., 2048 (Hebrew), I-19 (English).

26. Ibid., 2049 (Hebrew), I-21 (English).

27. Ibid., 2051 (Hebrew), I-23 (English).

28. Ibid., 2052 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

29. Ibid., 2053 (Hebrew), I-25 (English).

30. Ibid., 2061 (Hebrew), I-38 (English).

31. Ibid., 2066 (Hebrew), I-44 (English).

32. Ibid., 2067 (Hebrew), I-46 (English).

33. Ibid., 2070, 2075 (Hebrew), I-53, I-60 (English).

34. Agranat quoted at length from Sheldon Glueck, "The Nuremberg Trial and Aggressive War," 59 Harv. L. Rev. 396, 419-30 (1946), and from Quincy Wright, "The Law of the Nuremberg Trial," 41 Amer. J. of Int'l L. 38, 70-71 (1947).

35. Eichmann, 2075 (Hebrew), I-60 (English). Agranat's emphasis. The words "thereby absolving the executioners" were omitted from the English translation.

36. Ibid., 2080 (Hebrew), I-70 (English). The words "at all times and in all seasons" do not appear in the English translation.

35. Eichmann, 2075 (Hebrew), I-60 (English). Agranat's emphasis. The words "thereby absolving the executioners" were omitted from the English translation.

36. Ibid., 2080 (Hebrew), I-70 (English). The words "at all times and in all seasons" do not appear in the English translation.

37. And: "We could easily and in very few words dismiss all these contentions by saying that even a small cog, even an insignificant operator, is liable, under our criminal law, to become an accomplice. . . . But we shall not follow this facile and convenient path." Ibid., 2085 (Hebrew), III-3 (English).

38. "Now that the Eichmann trial has ended and the world has seen with what decorum, punctilio and meticulous observance of internationally recognized legal procedure the trial was conducted, the fears entertained by many honest-minded critics have been dissipated." Musmanno, "Objections," 2.

39. Eichmann, 2040 (Hebrew), I-6 (English).

40. Gruenvald, 2025.

41. Eichmann, 2081 (Hebrew), I-71 (English).

42. Ibid., 2100 (Hebrew), III-34-35 (English).

41. Eichmann, 2081 (Hebrew), I-71 (English).

42. Ibid., 2100 (Hebrew), III-34-35 (English).

43. Hayim N. Bialik, "On the Slaughter," in The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, ed. T. Carmi (New York: Viking Press, 1981), 512-13.

44. "Hayiti Ed Reiya la-Tliya [I Witnessed the Execution]," Yediot Aharonot, continue

1 June 1962, 2; "Ha-Tguva ba-Olam: Naasa Din Tsedek [The Reaction in the World: Justice Was Done]," Davar , 3 June 1962, 1; "Ha-Tguvot ba-Olam al Tliyat ha-Tsorer: 'Naasa din Tzedek' [The Reactions in the World to the Hanging of the Enemy: Justice Was Done]," Herut , 3 June 1962, 1. Eichmann was hung on Thursday, minutes before midnight. That explains why Yediot Aharonot made the announcement the next Friday, whereas the morning newspapers had to wait until Sunday because in Israel newspapers do not appear on Saturday.

45. See discussion of the Bernadotte Report on p. 88.