1. Aud. 868:3-18, 873:143-70, and 650:141-148, 398-400 for military budget summaries. For the wider context, see Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution; M. J. Rodriguez-Salgado, The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 1551-1559 (Cambridge, 1988), 232-242; Martin Wolfe, The Fiscal System of Renaissance France (New Haven, 1972), 109-118.

2. Based AFR, and Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland."

3. Wolfe, 76-85.

4. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 11 July 1536, 5 January 1537 (Aud. 1530): postponing the semi-annual interest payments due at the St. John's term would be unwise because it would lead to arrests on Holland goods by renten -holders in Brabant and Flanders. The States sometimes instructed the Receiver for the Common Land to pay "foreigners" first (e.g., Flemings, Brabanders), to avoid seizure of goods for non-payment: RSH, 30 July 1544, 1 March 1547.

5. AJ, 29 December 1523: the deputies say they dare not take the (new) staetgen that has been shown them home to their principals; cf. Chapter 3, note 75.

6. RSH, 29 March 1531, Sandelijn, 6-8 March 1549. The accord agreed to by the States became known as the acceptatie when signed by the Regent; it was then copied in at the head of the account for the bede in question. Cf. RSH, 10 December 1545, a complaint by the States that the Emperor's acceptatie of a bede is not in conformity with the accord signed by the States.

7. The accord always contained a clause linking the bede to local defense.

8. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 21 October 1531 (Aud. 1525).

9. Receiver General's accounts, Lille B, 2416, 2430, income items for "From the Emperor's coffers," 107,392 in 1539, 90,000 in 1540; Mary of Hungary to Charles V, 28 November 1542 (Aud. 53); see Chapter 3, note 8.

10. Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," 76-81.

11. In the inventory for GRK, Goudt is listed as "Receiver General" for the beden in Holland bettween 1510 and 1543.

12. Tracy, "The Financial System of the County of' Holland," 110, Table II, item v; RSH, 7, 13, 14 May, 6 August 1532; AJ, 7 May, 16, 18 July, 6 August 1532.

13. RSH, 16 August 1532. 18-19 June 1535; Council of Holland to Hoogstraten, 27 June 1536, and Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 4 July 1536 (Aud. 1530).

14. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 20 November 1531 (Aud. 1525), 28 January 1537, and 28 January 1539 (Aud. 1532); Mary of Hungary to Assendelft, 27 November 1542 (Aud. 1646:3).

15. The best discussion is J. J. Poelhekke, "Het Naamloze Vaderland van Erasmus," BMGN 86 (1971): 90-123.

16. RSH, 3-5 July, 2 September, 12-13 October 1537.

17. Mary of Hungary to Guileyn Zeghers, 15 April 1543 (Aud.

1646:1); on Zeghers as a confidant of the government, see Tracy, "Heresy Law and Centralization under Mary of Hungary," 302, 305-306. I have not been able to trace a loan "for Maastricht" secured by the Holland beden, but in March 1543 Goudt obtained 35,000 pounds in Antwerp, which he brought to Reynier van Nassau in 's Hertogenbosch for the payment of troops: GRK, 3441, "Reisen en Vacatien," trips by Goudt on 12 March (to Antwerp) and 18 March (to 's Hertogenbosch), and Reynier van Nassau to Mary of Hungary, 19 March 1543 (Aud. 1660:1c).

18. Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 12 May 1543 (Aud. 1646:1).

19. AFR, 40-43.

20. GRK, 3440, "Payments to Officers" (the rubric under which décharges are listed); Aud. 650: 293-294.

21. Mary of Hungary to [the Council of Holland], 6 January 1537, and Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 13 January 1537 (Aud. 1530); AFR, 43, note 51.

22. SH, 1602, Barthout van Assendelft's account, as Receiver of the Common Land, for renten sold during the Utrecht War; Geitz, "De Staten van Holland en hun Personeel, 1540-1555," 33-38. For the development of this office after 1555, see the forthcoming dissertation of J. W. Koopmans (University of Groningen).

23. SH, 2275, Van der Ketel's account for the renten sale of 60,000 pounds. For the 31,000-pound obligatie, see the letter of Mary of Hungary to Assendelft, 27 November 1542 (Aud. 1646:3).

24. On Van der Hove, see Geitz, "De Staten van Holland en hun Personeel, 1540-1555," 39-40. GRK, 3445 indicates that Van der Hove conveyed 13,118 to the Receiver for the beden to cover a shortage in a morgental to which the States had consented; cf. RSH, 19 September 1545. For the States' insistence that deputies be present when tenth penny accounts were examined by government auditors, see RSH, 5, 26 March, 9 April 1544, 21 May, 9 July, 5, 21 August 1545.

25. E.g., GRK, 3454: gross receipts were 105,598; disposable income (after subtraction for gratie and renten interest) was 48,581.

26. SH, 2277-2282. Cf. Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," 112, Table III, items hh-ll.

27. Figures from SH, 2279-2282.

28. GRK, 3454: 94-96 ^v , "Décharges non couchées," twenty-one items, dated from 27 July 1552 to 18 March 1555, totalling 530,640 pounds, plus another 65,764 in outstanding obligatiën .

29. AFR, 131-138; Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," 117. Members of the audit committee, listed at the end of

each account, include deputies from the States for sums collected by the Receiver for the Common Land ( SH ), but not for sums collected by the Receiver for the beden .

30. RSH is used here, as the most consistent and reliable source for meetings of the States. But in a comparison with AJ and the Leiden "Register van de Dagvaarten," three students in my seminar at Leiden (spring 1987) noted several dagvaarten that are not mentioned by Aert van der Goes because he was absent on other business: Raymond Fagel, Fiekke Krikhaar, and Sandra Slaghekke, "De Hollandse Dagvaarten, 1530-1535: Drie Bronnen Vergeleken." H. De Ridder-Symoens, "De Universitaire Vorming van de Brabantse Stadsmagistraten en Funktionarissen: Leuven en Antwerpen, 1430-1580," Verslagboek van de Vijfde Colloquium, "De Brabantse Stad .'' ('s Hertogenbosch, 1978), 21-125).

31. Ter Gouw, 8: 345; Elias, Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1: 304.

32. Ter Gouw, 3: 366-369.

33. Based on RSH, kept by the Advocate, who sometimes has one town or another represented by "someone I don't know," or "een quidam."

34. A list of Gouda's brewers and the number of "brews" they produced during the last year is included with a petition from Gouda which has a marginal note dated 9 August 1546 (Aud. 1656:1). Lists of officeholders are given in Ignatius Walvis, Beschryving der Stad Gouda (Gouda, 1713), and C. J. De Lange van Wijngaerden, Geschiedenis en Beschrijving der Stad van der Goude, 2 vols., (Amsterdam, 1817).

35. GVR, 3 October 1512, the vroedschap decrees that members who are deputed to represent the city at a dagvaart may not refuse.

36. C. C. Hibben, Gouda in Revolt (Utrecht, 1983).

37. Genealogies of these families are given in Matthys Balen, Beschryving der Stad Dordrecht (Dordrecht, 1677).

38. See Chapter 3, note 63.

39. Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, 171.

40. AFR, 177-178; Reiner Boitet, Beschryving der Stad Delft (Delft, 1729), for the Sasbout family; for lists of potential officeholders in Delft, Aud. 1441:4 no. 2, discussed by. J. J. Woltjer, see "Een Hollands Stadsbestuur," De Nederlanden in de Late Middeleeuwen, 261-279.

41. Boitet, Beschryving der Stad Delft; Aud. 1441:4 no. 2; D. Hoek, "Het Geslacht Duyst van Voorhout in de 16e Eeuw," Jaarboek voor het Centraal Bureau van Genealogie 12 (1958): 185-220.

42. A. E. D'Ailly, Zeven Eeuwen Amsterdam, 6 vols., (Amsterdam, 1943-1950), 1: 40-49; Ter Gouw, 3: 366-369; Blok, Geschiedenis eener Hollandsche Stad, 2: 93-107;

43. HVR has approximately 1500 pages for the years 1518-1566,

whereas P. D. J. van Iterson, P. H. J. van der Laan, Resoluties van de Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1490-1550 (Amsterdam, 1986) has 96 pages of text; on selling "apart," 59-62.

44. S. A. C. Dudok van Heel, "Oligarchiën in Amsterdam voor de Alteratie van 1578," in Michiel Jonker, et al., eds., Van Stadskern tot Stadsgewest (Amsterdam, 1984), 35-61.

45. Lists of burgomasters and other officials are printed at the end of each volume in Ter Gouw. See also A. J. M. Brouwer Ancher and J. C. Breen, "De Doleantie van een Deel ber Burgerij van Amsterdam tegen den Magistraat dier Stad van 1564 en 1565," BMHGU 24 (1903): 85.

46. AFR, Chapter 5.

47. Sources for these two tables are the same as for Table 15b in Tracy, AFR, 145.

48. Tracy, AFR, 128-129, 157-158.

49. AFR, 175-176, 182-183 (large purchases of renten by brewers in Delft, but not by investors in land).

50. For the popularity of urban lijfrenten, see the income entries in ASR under sales of renten: 1550, there is a limit of three pounds interest per rentebrief; 1552, the limit is set at six pounds, "so that everyone might be satisfied." Gene Brucker, The Civic World of Early Renaissance Florence (Princeton, 1977), 144, 270.

51. Tracy, AFR, 125, 134, and Appendix IIb, nos. 37, 62.

52. Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, 155-185; see below, note 89.

53. See the two sources on Delft cited above, note 40.

54. Balen, Beschryving der Stad Dordrecht, sub nomine .

55. Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, 81-105; Letter from J. J. Temminck, Archivaris, Gemeentearchief Haarlem, 16 January 1984.

56. Balen, Beschryving der Stad Dordrecht, sub nomine .

57. Renten purchases listed in SH, 2279 and 2280 indicate that Sybrant Meester Hendrik Dirkszoon was married to Lijsbeth Reyniersdochter Brunt, and that Dirk Hendrikszoon Opmeer was married to Neel Reyniersdochter Brunt: cf. Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1, xxxiv, xxxvi, xlii, 29, 108; Ter Gouw, 8: 337, Kam, Waar Was dat Huis op de Warmoes Straat, 170; Brouwer Ancher, "De Doleantie van een Deel van de Amsterdamse Burgerij," 82. The father of these women was very likely Meester Reynier Brunt, Procurator General of Holland from 1523 to 1536 (de Blécourt and Meijers, Memorialen van het Hof van Holland ).

58. Cf. the Council of Holland's refusal to publish grain export bans without consulting the States: Chapter 4, notes 26, 41.

59. Enforcement of taxes decreed by the States is discussed in Chapter 7.

60. De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy, 41-43; For sums paid by the clergy, see AJ, 21 November 1523, 19 June 1525; RSH, 9-10 February, 19 June 1525, 18 October, 14 November 1533, 1 January 1534 (Aud. 1446:2b), 31 August 1537 (Aud. 1532); Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 23 October 1546, 20 May, 2 June 1551 (Aud. 1646:3). Cf. RSH, 19 August 1543, deputies "curse" the clergy and the nobles and the great lords for not bearing the cost of war.

61. J. C. Naber, Een Terugblik, 34, finds a total of 239,297 morgen counted in the 1515 schiltal . Taking in each case the average of two accounts from the 1540s and 1550s, one may estimate 268,926 morgen under the schiltal ( SH, 1792, 2210), and 36,680 morgen outside it ( SH, 2281, 2283), or twelve percent of the total.

62. GRK, 3422, folio 19.

63. Asperen, Heukelom, IJsselstein, Leerdam, Vianen, Woudrichem, and Zevenbergen.

64. RSH, 7 March 1543, imposition of the hundredth penny.

65. Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek, 1: 136 (Hendrik van Nassau); 3: 324-339 (the Egmonts); 9: 416 (Montmorency); 10: 121, 128-32 (the Brederodes).

66. Charles V to Reymer van Nassau, 10 May 1542 (said to be in the Emperor's own hand), 10 June 1542, 19 August 1543, 23 September 1543, 1 November 1543, 9 November 1543 (Aud. 1660:1c); Rosenfeld, "The Provincial Governors," 5-6.

67. On Maximiliaan van Egmont, see Biographie Nationale de Belgique 6: 488-490.

68. The exempt areas were supposed to contribute in certain extraordinaris beden of 1523 and 1524, but apparently did not; cf. Aud. 873:120, sums not paid by Egmont's villages, 1520-1530.

69. E.g. RSH, 14-16 March, 9-17 April 1553; the account for this bede is SH, 2278, but for the acceptatie see GRK, 3453.

70. RSH, 9 August 1555, 26 August 1556.

71. Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 3 February 1544, and Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 12 March 1545 (Aud. 1646:1); statement by Witte Aertszoon van der Hoeve as collector for Leerdam, 9 September 1545 (Aud. 1656:1). RSH, 6 August, 19 September, 6 December 1545, 6 November 1546, 14 March 1547, 21 January 1548.

72. RSH, 27 January, 15 February 1553, 4 May 1555; the Emperor's Procurator-General in Holland at this time was Christiaan de Wairt (1549-1558; de Blécourt and Meijers). Cf. RSH, 30 October

1553, and Geitz, "De Staten van Holland en hun Personeel," 46-49, the States dismissed their own Procurator before the Court of Holland, Joost Jacobszoon de Bye, because he too refused to take action in this case.

73. RSH, 2 November 1553, 1 October 1554; Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 26 October 1555 (Aud. 1646:3).

74. RSH, 22 August, 7 September, 17 October 1556.

75. Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 12 December 1542, and to Amsterdam, 14 March 1543 (Aud. 1646:1); RSH, 7 March 1543; Ter Gouw, 4: 115-117; Mary of Hungary to Amsterdam, 24 April 1543 (Aud. 1656:1), 8 February, 13 July 1544 (Aud. 1652:5a).

76. Mary of Hungary to Assendelft, 11, 12 January 1543 (a draft and a corrected draft of the same letter), 30 November 1543 (Aud. 1646:3), RSH, 7 March 1543, 5 August 1545 (1,200 pounds collected). For Delft, Amsterdam, and Leiden, included in Meilink, "Gegevens aangaande Bedrijfscapitalen," the total was 1,111. Aud. 650: 355, 357, 382.

77. For discussion of the wine tax proposal in the States of Holland, see Sandelijn, 14 November, 4 December 1548, 14, 22-23 November, 8, 15 December 1549; RSH, 22-23, 29 October, 1, 24 December 1549, 19 March 1550.

78. RSH, 20 July 1550; cf. CC 23336, Maximilien Dublioul's account for the first two years of the wine tax. See Chapter 2, note 104.

79. RSH and Sandelijn, entries for 2 August 1552, 28 May 1554; Aud. 650: 316-317, summary of receipts for the first four years.

80. That is, the congie, the hundredth penny on exports (1543-1545, the tenth penny on mercantile inventories (1543-1545), the wine tax, a 200th penny on all goods imported into the Netherlands (1552), and a 50th penny on all goods exported "westward" (1552-1554). For accounts of the latter two levies, see CC 23456, 23474-23477. For a summary of bede, income from Holland during these years, see Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," 108-109.

81. On the political influence of the twelve abbots who made up Brabant's first estate, see P. J. Gorissen, "De Prelaten van Brabant  . . .  en Hun Confederatie."

82. See Chapter 2, note 9.

83. For the argument that cities prosper by allowing free trade, see AJ, 5 January 1536, 11 April 1537; Meilink, "Rapporten en Betoogen nopens het Congiegeld," 90, 108. There was a legal tradition that viewed certain restrictions on commercial activity, like the Dordrecht

staple, as contrary to natural law (AJ, 11, 15, 17 October 1527; Niklaas Everaerts, Consiliorum Opus, 8-10). Typical of such arguments was Amsterdam's contention that the hundredth penny on exports was "outside all natural laws and reason, and contrary to various privileges of the city and province" which the ruler had sworn to uphold at his accession: to the Council of Holland, 2 March 1544 (Aud. 1656:4a).

84. See accounts for beden of 100,000 e.g., GRK, 3441. AJ, 25 June 1536; cf. Mary of Hungary to the Council of Holland, 3 June 1544 (Aud. 1646:1), the countryside in Holland is not taxed as heavily as in Brabant and Flanders.

85. AFR, 85, and Tracy, "The Taxation System in the County of Holland," 89. For the account of this bede, see SH, 2208, GRK, 3445. RSH, 2 March 1543, says the nobles gave their consent, but cf. Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 26 May 1544 (Aud. 1646:1). Mary of Hungary to Pieter Moens Willemszoon (Goudt's successor as Receiver for the beden), [?] April 1543 (Aud. 1656: 1), and Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 20 June 1544 (Aud. 1646: 1). For another bede in which the countryside made up for urban rebates, see Sandelijn, 29-30 January 1552; RSH, 22, 29-30 January, 6, 12, 26 February 1552; Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 23 January 1552, and Assendelft and Cornelis Suys to Mary of Hungary, 31 January 1552 (Aud. 1646:2); GRK, 3451.

86. The assumptions are: 1) that rural tenth penny income was 70.77 percent of the total, as in 1557; 2) that the rural portion of a schiltal assessment was 42.25 percent of the total; and 3) that the rural share of gratiën was 20 percent for ordinaris beden, and 10 percent for extraordinaris beden . Calculation is based on Tables 1-3 of Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," using net income figures for beden levied according to schiltal . Not counted are 39,240 pounds from a hearth tax in which there is no way of gauging actual contributions from town and country, and two small levies on property outside the schiltal ( SH, 2283, 2284), whose collection must be regarded as uncertain.

87. Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 17 August 1549 (1646:2). Cf. SH, 1792, the account which includes the morgental referred to in this letter.

88. Henk Schorl, ' T Oge: Het Waddeneiland Callensoog onder het Bewind van de Heren van Brederode en hun Erfgenamen ([Haarlem], 1979), 67-72; Archief van Het Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland, Leiden, 7192, "Receuil van Stukken betreffende de Grote Sluis te Sparendam," nos. 13/2 and 14 (for a comparable description of the wooden sluice as rebuilt in 1518, see Stadsarchief Leiden, Oude Se-

cretarie, 1263:206); on draining by windmill-pumps, see below, note 89. On reclamation projects in the years before the Revolt, see De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy, 192-196, and Van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, 128-130.

89. For the drainage of a small lake near Alkmaar, undertaken by Lamoraal van Egmont and Hendrik van Brederode, see Council of Holland to the Secret Council, 12 May, 10 June 1564, 18 September 1565 ( HH, 381).

90. RSH, 14 November 1548, 12 October, [?] November 1549, 9 October 1551, investments by Baudoin de Lannoy and Maximilian of Burgundy; for investments by the Antwerp merchant Arnoldus Rosenberger, see the testimony collected in Alkmaar (May 1568) under orders from Alba's Council of Troubles (Algemeen Rijksarchief, Brussels, "Raad van Beroerten," item no. 109 [sec. 110]).

91. J. P. A. Louman, "'Roerende dat Heycoopwater en Amstellant': Een Hollands-Utrechts Waterstaatsgeschil en de Instelling van het Hoogheemraadschaap van Amstellant, 1520-1527," Hollandse Studiën 12 (1982): 121. Heyman Jacobszoon became ambachtsheer of Ouder Amstel in 1531: Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1: 67.

92. J. J. Schilstra, Wie Water Deert: Het Hoogheemraadschap van de Uitwaterende Sluizen, 1544-1969 (Wormerveer, n.d.), 21; report from Egmond Binnen, "Raad van Beroerten," 109 (110). For the landed interests of Amsterdam's leading magistrates, including Buyck and Mattheuszoon, see AFR, 181-184.

93. Wealth inventories in the archives of Amsterdam's orphan bureau ( weeskamer ) often include private renten secured on houses in the city and on land in the countryside.

94. See the instructions entered at the head of accounts for the morgental in the 1550s, SH, 2293-2295. GRK, 3453, accord and acceptatie for a tenth penny, as part of a 300,000 pound bede in 1553 (cf. SH , 2278). According to J. Kuys and J. T. Schoenmaker, Landpachten in Holland, 1500-1650 (Amsterdam, 1981), 27-29, sixteenth-century lease contracts required the pachter or lessee to assume the burden for the bede payments by the schiltal, tenth penny taxes, and dike maintainence taxes. The only exceptions the authors find are in West Friesland and in the vroonlanden which were part of the prince's domain. Cf. Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 19 August 1549 (Aud. 1646:2), pachters of domain land will not pay the current levy of two stuivers per morgen unless the Chamber of Accounts promises them it will be deducted from their lease obligation, as in previous beden .

95. A hearth tax was tried in 1552, but yielded only about forty

percent of what was expected: SH, 2277; RSH, 4-5 April, 2 August 1552; Sandelijn, 5 July 1552.

96. Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 28 December 1543 (Aud. 1646:3). For riots over accijnsen, AJ, 1:160, reporting a July 1524 ''upstal" in The Hague, in which "de gemeene buerluyden" accused the magistrates of bad governance and demanded lower excise taxes. AJ, 15-20 June 1525, the States refuse a bede request on the grounds that "if one further troubles the commons or imposes exactions on them, it is to be feared there will be riots, such as occurred at Utrecht, Antwerp, and's Hertogenbosch.'' The social inequity of accijnsen was a commonplace: Institutio Principis Christiani, ed. Otto Herding, in Des. Erasmi Opera Omnia, 4:1 (Amsterdam, 1974), 190-191.

97. RSH, 5, 22 February, 5, 18, 19, 27 March, 7 April 1544; Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 26 May 1544 (Aud. 1646: 1). Cf. LTR, HTR for 1520.

98. Cf. SH, 2295 with LTR and ASR for 1556.

99. Mary of Hungary to Leiden, 5 December 1547 (Aud. 1656:1) ordering the city to honor the exemption from excises and tolls enjoyed by Antoine Carlier as a Councillor of Holland. Carlier was not a "Councillor Ordinary" (he does not appear on de Blécourt and Meijer's list), but he is named as "General of the Mint" (in Leiden) in some accounts for the purchase of Holland renten (e.g., SH, 2282), and was presumably a "Councillor Extraordinary," without salary.

100. AJ, 10 September 1523, 18, 25 January, 30 April 1524, 14 May 1526.

101. In a bede of 100,000 pounds (e.g. GRK, 3441), Delft's quota was 8,517; the next highest were Leiden (8,067) and Amsterdam (8,017). For an example of Delft's demands for equality in taxation, see AJ, 10 September 1523.

102. Assendelft, Vincent Corneliszoon, and Joost Sasbout to Hoogstraten, 14 October 1538 (Aud. 1527); Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 23 February (Aud. 1646:3), and 26 May 1544 (Aud. 1646:1).

103. AJ, 15-21 September 1538, Haarlem and Leiden reject a bede proposal because both had to levy a capitale impositie on their burghers for the last bede; proposals by Delft, GVR, 12 October 1523, AJ, 21 October 1528.

104. AJ, 9 July 1523; RSH, 2 August 1543; Aud. 650:488 ^v , from a memorandum of [1542] on new ways to raise revenue: "Par assiette capitale selon la valeur et puissance des biens des subgectz. Lon entend quil seroit fort difficile a conduire."

105. De Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy, 50-55. Assendelft's fear of rebellion in northern Holland was acute during the Anabaptist move-

ment of the 1530s (see chap. 6). Assendelft to Mary of Hungary, 5 August 1547, 10 August 1552 (Aud. 1646:3). See Chapter 1, note 12.

106. Council of Holland to Hoogstraten, 10 March 1535 (Aud. 1646: 1), and Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 24 August 1536 (Aud. 1530); Schorl, Het Waddeneiland Callensoog, 46-48.

107. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 5 January 1537 (Aud. 1530); Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 26 May, 20 June 1544 (Aud. 1646:1).