1. The analogy to international expositions has been made earlier by Timothy Mitchell in Colonizing Egypt, 17.

2. Rifat Önsoy, "Osmanli Imparatorlugu'nun katildigi ilk uluslararasi sergiler ve Sergi-i Umumi-i Osmani (1863 Istanbul Sergisi)" (First international expositions participated in by the Ottoman Empire and the General Ottoman Exposition), Belleten 47, no. 185 (January 1983): 208; Ruzname-i ceride-i havadis (Daily journal of news), 4 Recep 1279 (25 December 1862).

3. Ruzname-i ceride-i havadis, 5 Cemazielahir 1279 (28 November 1862).

4. Önsoy, "Ilk uluslararasi sergiler," 209.

5. Önsoy, "Ilk uluslararasi sergiler," 210.

6. Osman Nuri [Ergin], Mecelle-i umur-u belediye, 1:738; Salaheddin Bey, La Turquie à l'Exposition universelle, 26.

7. Önsoy, "Ilk uluslararasi sergiler," 210.

8. Salaheddin Bey, La Turquie à l'Exposition universelle, 27. The Egyptian obelisk, dating from the sixteenth century B.C., and the Serpent Column from the fifth century B.C. were placed on the Hippodrome in the fourth century A.D.

9. Önsoy, "Ilk uluslararasi sergiler," 231-234.

10. Basbakanlik Arsivi, Irade, Dahiliye, no. 37141.

11. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 6 March 1893.

12. Düstur (Ankara, 1939), 6:1435; The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 4 September 1893.

13. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 27 March 1893.

14. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 4 September 1893.

15. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 27 March 1893.

16. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 29 May 1893.

17. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 27 March 1893.

18. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 4 September 1893.

19. Basbakanlik Arsivi, Yildiz, Kisim 31, Evrak 1933, Zarf 45, Kutu 82, 19 Sefer 1311 (1 September 1893).

20. D'Aronco Architetto (Milan, 1982), 56.

21. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 11 September 1893.

22. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 18 September 1893.

23. The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 12 March 1894.

24. Florian Pharaon, Le Caire et la haute Egypte (Paris, 1872), 1.

25. On Saint-Simonists and Egypt, see Abdel-Malek, Idéologie et rénaissance nationale, 189-198.

26. Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt, 17.

27. Quoted in Ahmed Chafik Pasha, L'Egypte moderne et les influences étrangères (Cairo, 1931), 43.

28. Telegram from the khedive to Nubar Pasha, 2 August 1869, quoted in Angelo Sammarco, Histoire de l'Egypte moderne (Cairo, 1937), 3:193.

29. President Grant of the United States was invited but declined because of obligations at home.

30. G. Douin, Histoire du rèegne du khédive Ismail, 2:436-438.

31. Quoted in Douin, 439.

32. Douin, 449.

33. Douin, 460.

34. Quoted in Douin, 435.

35. Douin, 435.

36. The Illustrated London News, 11 December 1869.

37. Douin, Histoire du règne, 461-465.

38. Pharaon, Le Caire et la haute Egypte, 45.

39. Pharaon, 45-46.

40. Quoted in Douin, Histoire du négne, 453.

41. Pharaon, Le Caire et la haute Egypte, 46.

42. The Illustrated London News, 11 December 1869.

43. Charles Blanc, Voyage de la haute Egypte (Paris, 1876), 346, quoted in Douin, Histoire du régne, 461.

44. Douin, Histoire du régne, 461-462 and 465.

45. Douin, 462 and 465; The Illustrated London News, 1 December 1869, 598; Pharaon, Le Caire et la haute Egypte, 47.

46. Pharaon, Le Caire et la haute Egypte, 49. The opera in Cairo was inaugurated at this time. Isma'il Pasha had asked Verdi to write a special opera for the occasion, but Verdi turned him down. A year later, however, he accepted the com-

      mission and composed Aida, collaborating with the Egyptologist Auguste Mariette, the commissioner of the 1867 exposition for Egypt. The Temple of Philae, which had served as the model for one of the Egyptian pavilions in 1867, also was incorporated into the first scene that Mariette designed for Aida . See Edward Said, "The Imperial Spectacle," Grand Street (Winter 1987): 82-104.

47. Nil, 7 October 1869, quoted in Douin, Histoire du régne, 470.