1. William Schneider, "The Political Legacy of the Reagan Years," in The Reagan Legacy , ed. Sidney Blumenthal and Thomas Byrne Edsall (New York: Pantheon, 1988), pp. 51-98. See also John Judis, "Conservatism and the Price of Success," in The Reagan Legacy , pp. 135-171.

2. Viguerie, New Right ; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Leaderless Conservatives Approach '88 in Splinters," New York Times , December 13, 1987, p. E4; Richard A. Viguerie, "What Reagan Revolution?" Washington Post , August 21, 1988, p. C2; Peter Osterlund, "New Right Gropes for Old Momentum," Christian Science Monitor , November 27, 1987, p. 1; R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr., "The Coming Conservative Crack-up," The American Spectator 20 (September 1987): 17-19, 51. For other comments on the state of the conservative movement in the late 1980s by outside observers and by conservatives themselves, see Tim W. Ferguson, "What Next for the Conservative Movement?" The American Spectator 20 (January 1987): 14-18; Charlotte Low, "The Pro-Life Movement in Disarray," The American Spectator 20 (October 1987): 23-26; Amy Moritz, "The New Right: It's Time We Led," Policy Review 44 (Spring 1988): 22-25; George Nash, "Completing the Revolution: Challenges for Conservatism after Reagan," Policy Review (Spring continue

1986): 35-39; "Ten Years That Shook the World," Policy Review 41 (Summer 1987): 2-5, 72-79; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "High Tide for Conservatives, but Some Fear What Follows," New York Times , October 13, 1987, p. 1; Charlotte Saikowski, "Will 'Reagan Revolution' Leave Mark?" Christian Science Monitor , April 30, 1987, p. 1; David Shribman, "With Reagan Gone, Conservatives Weigh Strategy to Bring New Energy, Direction to Movement," Wall Street Journal , March 2, 1989, p. A18.

3. For the Right's response to Bush, see Fred Mann, "And They're Off," National Review 40 (February 5, 1988): 36-40; Richard Brookhiser, "The Establishment Man," National Review 40 (November 7, 1988): 34-38; Edwin Feulner, "A Conservative Manifesto: Bush Can Do for Right What Reagan Couldn't," Washington Post , December 4, 1988, p. L1; Charlotte Saikowski, "Bush Nominees Leave GOP Right Feeling Uneasy," Christian Science Monitor , December 16, 1988, p. 3; Howard Fineman, "Goodbye to the 'Old Sheriff': Will Reagan's Conservative Posse Follow Bush?" Newsweek , December 26, 1988, p. 26; Marcia Schwartz, "Conservatives Survey Post-Reagan Landscape," Washington Post , February 24, 1989, p. A5; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Conservatives Like Bush, but They're Watching Him," New York Times , February 26, 1989, p. E4.

4. Larry Martz, "Trouble on the Far Right," Newsweek , April 14, 1986, pp. 24-25; David Brooks, "Please, Mr. Postman: The Travails of Richard Viguerie," National Review 38 (June 20, 1986): 28-32; Thomas B. Edsall, "Head of Conservative PAC Quits in Dispute with Board," Washington Post , March 1, 1987, p. A2; Wallace Turner, "Hard Times Descend upon an Anti-abortion PAC," New York Times , August 9, 1987, p. 25; "Money Problems at Birch Society," New York Times , August 9, 1987, p. 42; Judis, "Conservatism and the Price of Success"; "The John Birch Society Is Broke and Fighting Internally," Group Research Report 25 (1986): 25-26.

5. Shribman, "With Reagan Gone, Conservatives Weigh Strategy."

6. Fred Barnes, "Kemp and the Cons," The New Republic 198 (December 28, 1987): 10, 12-13; Viguerie quoted in New York Times , March 11, 1988, p. D16. See also William Schneider, "The Harumph of the Will," The New Republic 198 (December 21, 1987): 39-41.

7. E. J. Dionne, Jr., "It's Straight and Narrow for Architect of Right," New York Times , March 16, 1989, p. B12; Andrew Rosenthal, "Tower's Personal Life Is Scrutinized," New York Times , February 1, 1989, p. A14.; Robin Toner and Michael Oreskes, "Tower Vote: Heavy Blows, Deftly Dealt," New York Times , March 12, 1989, p. 1; Tom Morganthau, "Tower's Troubles," Newsweek , March 6, 1989, pp. 16-22.

8. New York Times , November 10, 1988, p. B6; Harrison Donnelly, continue

"Getting Religion into Politics," Editorial Research Reports , September l2, 1986, pp. 667-684; Richard W. Bruner, "GOP Mainstream Fights Right Wing," Christian Science Monitor , March 29, 1989, p. 8; Garry Wills, "'Save the Babies': Operation Rescue—A Case Study in Galvanizing the Antiabortion Movement," Time , May 1, 1989, pp. 26-27.

9. Ronald Smothers, "Baptists War over Hearts and Minds," New York Times , October 19, 1987, p. A18; Marshall Ingiverson, "Baptists Factions Struggle over Church Direction," Christian Science Monitor , November 23, 1987, p. 3; Marjorie Hoyer, "Moderate Baptists Rallying," Washington Post , November 16, 1987, p. A1; Peter Waldman, "Fundamentalists Fight to Capture the Soul of Southern Baptists," Wall Street Journal , March 7, 1988, p. 1; "Southern Baptist Election Is Won by Fundamentalist," Wall Street Journal , June 20, 1988, p. 18; Katherine S. Mangan, "Moderate Baptists Vote to Concede Control of Seminary to Fundamentalists and to Found Own Institution," The Chronicle of Higher Education , December 7, 1988, p. A15.

10. See Chapter 4.

11. Samuel G. Freedman, "Evangelicals Fight over Both Body and Soul," New York Times , May 31, 1987, p. 1; Laura Sessions Stepp, "TV Preachers Have a Devil of a Year," Washington Post , November 29, 1987, p. A14; "TV Preaching's 'Free Fall,'" Washington Post , July 19, 1987, p. A15; Marshall Ingiverson, "Troubles of Prominent TV Evangelists Ripple through Industry," Christian Science Monitor , June 1, 1988, p. 3; Larry Martz, "TV Preachers on the Rocks," Newsweek , July 11, 1988, pp. 26-28; Laura Sessions Stepp, "IRS Probes Evangelists' Operations," Washington Post , December 10, 1988, p. A1.

12. Alan Murray, "Lobbyists for Business Are Deeply Divided," Wall Street Journal , March 25, 1987, p. 1; Curtis M. Grimm and John M. Holcomb, "Choices among Encompassing Organizations: Business and the Budget Deficit," in Business Strategy and Public Policy , ed. Alfred A. Marcus, Allen M. Kaufman, and David R. Beam (New York: Quorum Books, 1987), pp. 105-118.

13. Theodore J. Eismeier and Philip H. Pollock III, Business, Money, and the Rise of Corporate PACs in American Elections (New York: Quorum Books, 1988), pp. 79-96; Dan Clawson, personal communication to author, June 1, 1989; Theodore J. Eismeier and Philip H. Pollock III, "The Retreat from Partisanship: Why the Dog Didn't Bark in the 1984 Election," in Business Strategy and Public Policy , ed. Marcus, Kaufman, and Beam, pp. 137-147. See also Ann B. Matasar, Corporate PACs and Federal Campaign Financing Laws (New York: Quorum Books, 1986), pp. 51-70; Tie-ting Su and Dan Clawson, "Corporate PACs and Conservative Realignment: A Comparison of 1980 and 1984," working continue

draft, May 1989; Tie-ting Su, Dan Clawson, and Alan Neustadtl, "A Dynamic Analysis of Corporate PAC Groupings, 1978-1986," paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, August 1988; Theodore J. Eismeier and Philip H. Pollock III, "Politics and Markets: Corporate Money in American National Elections," British Journal of Political Science 16 (1986): 287-306.

14. Eismeier and Pollock, Business, Money, and Corporate PACs , p. 92; idem, "Politics and Markets."

15. Eismeier and Pollock, Business, Money and Corporate PACs , pp. 83-88.

16. Barbara Vobejda, "A Conservative Agenda for the Bush Administration," Washington Post , December 9, 1988, P. A8; Judith Havemann, "Bush to Get 2,500 Conservative Resumes," Washington Post , November 15, 1988, p. A17; Edward Sussman, "Conservative Think Tank Comes Back from Brink of Financial Disaster, Leaning More to Right," Wall Street Journal , September 3, 1987, p. 42; Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter-Establishment ; Benjamin Hart, ed., The Third Generation: Young Conservatives Look to the Future (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1987); Judis, "Conservatism and the Price of Success."

17. Brooks Jackson, Honest Graft: Big Money and the American Political Process (New York: Knopf, 1988); Paul S. Herrnson, Party Campaigning in the 1980s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988); Kuttner, The Life of the Party .

18. For the results of the 1988 elections generally, see "Opinion Roundup," Public Opinion 11 (January-February 1989): 21-40; Washington Post , November 10, 1988, p. 1; New York Times , November 10, 1988, p. B6; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Voters Delay Republican Hopes of Dominance in Post-Reagan Era," New York Times , November 10, 1988, p. A1; Thomas B. Edsall and Richard Morin, "Reagan's 1984 Voter Coalition Is Weakened in Bush Victory," Washington Post , November 9, 1988, P. A29, A34; R. W. Apple, "The G.O.P. Advantage," New York Times , November 9, 1988, p. A1; E. J. Dionne, Jr., "Bush Is Elected by a 6-5 Margin," New York Times , November 9, 1988, p. A1; Fred Barnes, "Dream On: The Republican Realignment Quest," The New Republic 200 (January 23, 1989): 9-10. The phrase "Donkey's Year" comes from Fred Barnes, "A Donkey's Year," The New Republic 199 (February 29, 1988): 16-18.

19. "Opinion Roundup," Public Opinion 11 (January-February 1989): 21-40.

20. For an example of the debate over the ideological significance of the 1988 elections, see the articles on the Op-Ed page of the New York Times , November 13, 1988, p. C7, including George F. Will, continue

"There They Go Again . . . "; James A. Baker III, "It's Not a Triumph of Slick Campaigning"; Michael Barone, "Beware the Populist Trap"; Mark Green, "Liberalism Didn't Lose the Election."

21. "Conservatism and Liberalism: A National Review," Public Opinion 11 (November-December 1988): 30-35; Celinda Lake and Stanley Greenberg, "What's Left for Liberalism," Public Opinion 12 (March-April 1989): 4-7; John E. Robinson and John A. Fleishman, "Ideological Identification: Trends and Interpretations of the Liberal-Conservative Balance," Public Opinion Quarterly 52 (1988): 134-145.

22. Public Opinion 11 (January-February 1989): 27.

23. See "Opinion Roundup" in the following issues of Public Opinion : March-April 1987, 21-29; September-October 1987, 26-35; November-December, 1987, 30-40.

24. Keene quoted in Shribman, "With Reagan Gone, Conservatives Weigh Strategy."

25. Tamar Lewin, "Views on Abortion Are Sharply Split 16 Years after Supreme Court Ruling," New York Times , January 22, 1989, p. 21.

26. See n. 24.

27. Lake and Greenberg, "What's Left for Liberalism." This is hardly new; it has simply become more significant politically. The point was first emphasized over twenty years ago by Lloyd A. Free and Hadley Cantril, The Political Beliefs of Americans (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1967). break