1. Carroll Winslow Brentano has informed me that Urban IV also was considered to be a saint both in Perugia and Troyes. The best modern introductions to the papal chancery for this period are, in my opinion, Peter Herde, Beiträge zum päpstlichen Kanzlei- und Urkundenwesen im 13. Jahrbundert, 2nd ed. (Kallmünz, 1967), and the incisive introduction to C. R. and Mary G. Cheney, The Letters of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) (Oxford, 1967), particularly, xi-xviii. They should be supplemented with one of the excellent editions of papal registers prepared by the French Schools of Athens and Rome, for example, Les Registres d'Innocent IV, ed. Elie Berger (Paris, 1884-1911), or Les Registres de Boniface VIII, ed. Georges Digard, Maurice Faucon, Antoine Thomas, and Robert Fawtier (Paris, 1907-1939), and particularly the essay by Fawtier in vol. IV. One should now also see O. Hageneder and A. Haidacher, Die Register Innocenz' III [Publikationen der Abteilung für historische Studien des österreichischen Kulturinstituts in Rom. Quellen] I (1964). The best general introduction to the history of the papacy is probably Johannes Haller, Das Papsttum (Urach, 1950, Stuttgart, 1953). A much quicker introduction is available in Geoffrey Barraclough's recent and remarkable, The Medieval Papacy (London and New York, 1968). A serious discussion of a chronological segment of papal bibliography exists in Robert E. McNally's essay, "The History of the Medieval Papacy: a Survey of Research, 1954-1959," Theological Studies, XXI (1960), 92-132. Although Daniel Waley's The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century is not specifically a history of the popes, it is very revealing of them. English readers will find Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages (London, 1902-1932), helpful and informative. The Italia Pontificia volumes edited by Paul Kehr and Walther Holtzmann, although they purportedly deal with a period prior to that of this book, are still, like the companion volumes for other countries, an invaluable introduction not only to the products of the papal curia but also to the archives in which they may be found.

2. For a convenient guide to the cardinalate, see Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I (Münster, 1913), 3-13, particularly, here, 9-10. For the meaning and history of the dignity, see Stephan Kuttner, "Cardinalis: the History of a Canonical Concept," Traditio, III (1945), 129-214. See too Hans-Walter Klewitz, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg (Darmstadt, 1957) and Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, with its bibliography.

3. For Boniface, see T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (London, 1933). This seems to me an insufficiently valued book, perhaps because it stresses neither the sort of specifically archival history nor the sort of legal learning which have been popular among scholars in recent years. It is a perceptive study in total personality, and as such, I now think, superior to all other biographies of thirteenth-century popes, although these include some major works like Achille Luchaire, Innocent III (Paris, 1904-1908). Thirteenth-century popes can now best be looked at, although seldom if ever in actual portrait likeness, in Gerhart Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse des Altertums und des Mittelalters, II: von Innozenz II zu Benedikt XI (Vatican City, 1970), which is vol. IV, ser. II of the Monumenti di antichità cristiana published by the Pontificio istituto di archeologia cristiana.

4. Boase, Boniface VIII 124, 258-259, 286-288; Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII (Münster, 1902), il-l, and also particularly xlv; Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du differend d'entre le Pape Boniface VIII et Philippes le Bel Roy de France (Paris, 1655), 339; "Annales Genuenses Georgii Stellae," RIS, XVII (Milan, 1730), col. 1019.

5. Karl Hampe, Ein ungedrukter Bericht über das Konklave von 1241, 27-31; Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages, XVI (London, 1932), 28; Saba Malaspina, Historia, cols. 783-874, 871-872 Boase, 29-41 (33 for the Stefaneschi translation). See too the conclave where multi multa loquuntur, the verse description of which is edited in Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, "Versi duecenteschi su un conclave del secolo XIII," Miscellanea Gilles Gerard Meersseman, Italia Sacra, 15 (Padua, 1970), 151-169. Although the Septizonium's remaining ruins were destroyed during the pontificate of Sixtus v (1585-1590), it can still be seen in Renaissance drawings; see for example in Il Paesaggio nel disegno europeo del XVI secolo, Mostra all'Accademia di Francia, Villa Medici, 1972-1973 (Rome, 1972), 158-161, nos. 108, 109 by Marten van Heemskerck.

6. Rose Graham, "Archbishop Winchelsey from His Election to His Enthronement," Church Quarterly Review, CXLVIII (1949), 161-175, 170.

7. Boase, 41; Arsenio Frugoni, "Laudi Aquilane a Celestino v," Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, V (1951), 91-99, 93.

8. Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, RIS, XI (Milan, 1727), cols. 743-1242, 1200; R. Brentano, "'Consolatio defuncte caritatis': a Celestine V letter at Cava," English Historical Review, LXXVI (1961), 298-303; Boase, 45. For a Sulmona representation which, surely inadvertently, suggests this Celestine, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate LVIIIa.

9. Saba Malaspina, Historia, col. 835; Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, col. 1191. See the similar evaluation in "Alia continuatio" (of Martinus Oppaviensis), ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH,SS, XXII (Hanover, 1872), 482.

10. Chronicon de Lanercost, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Edinburgh, 1839), 115; and see Salimbene de Adam, Cronica, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH,SS, XXXII (1905-1913), 618. See also the Lanercost verse in translation: The Chronicle of Lanercost, trans. Herbert Maxwell (Glasgow, 1913), 38.

11. Liber censuum, I, 117. For two particularly attractive visual representations of Honorius III, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, III, plates XIV and XVb. See too Raoul Manselli, ''S. Domenico, i papi e Roma,'' Studi Romani, XIX (1971), 133-143, 137.

12. Waley, The Papal State, 213; for the Crescenzi and Savalli, see Carlo Cecchelli, I Crescenzi, i Savelli, i Cenci (Rome, 1942).

13. Registres d'Honorius IV, ed. Maurice Prou (Paris, 1888), 267. For the swarming Boccamazzi, see I. Walter, "Giovanni Boccamazza," Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, XI, 20-24; M. T. Maggi, "Nicola Boccamazza," Dizionario, 24-25; Necrologi e libri affini della provincia Romana, ed. Pietro Egidi, I, 198/9, 200/1, 238/9, 240/1, 254/5, 266/7; Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Santa Maria in Via Lata, cassetta 300-301A, no. 65 alias 909, no. 66 alias 239, no. 73 alias 380; Rome, Vallicelliana, Archivio storico capitolino, Archivio Orsini, II.A.I.51(ol.49).

14. The incident is used in F. M. Powicke, Stephen Langton (Oxford, 1928), 51.

15. Mann, The Lives, XVI, 28; Natalie Schöpp, Papst Hadrian V (Heidelberg, 1916), 309.

16. Canon Nicholas, Clément IV (Nîmes, 1910), 142. For Clement's splendid sepulchral head, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plates XXXIIa and XXXIIb.

17. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, V (London, 1880), 471; Jacopo da Varagine, Cronaca di Genova, II, ed. Giovanni Monleone (Rome, 1941), 399; Mann, XVI, 29. Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca, 129, 132, 140; Santa Maria in Via Lata was planted by the fourteenth-century cardinal, Luca Fieschi.

18. "Continuationes breves chronici Martini Oppaviensis," ed. O. Holder Egger, MGH,SS, XXX, part 1, 711. For Ottobuono's foreign prebends, see Paravicini, Cardinali di curia, I, 360.

19. Etienne Georges, Histoire du Pape Urbain IV et de son temps (Arcissur-Aube, 1886), 2. Otto Schiff, Studien zur Geschichte Papst Nikolaus' IV, Historische Studien, V (Berlin, 1897), 11.

20. Decretals of Gregory IX: c.10, X, i, 9. For a quick English introduction to Innocent III and some of the problems of interpreting his thought and action, see James M. Powell, Innocent III, Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World (Boston, Massachusetts, 1963); for an even quicker introduction, and one that fits Innocent into a history of medieval theories of church and state, see Brian Tierney's brilliant The Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964), 127-138, or the introduction to C. R. Cheney and W. H. Semple, Selected Letters of Innocent III (London and Edinburgh, 1953), particularly ix-x.

21. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. xix-xxi.

22. Gesta Innocentii III, col. clxxxvii.

23. Gesta Innocentii III, col. lxxx.

24. Again, for a short, powerful discussion of Innocent's position, see Tierney, The Crisis, 127-131.

25. Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, col. 494; also cols. 465-466. For a clear appreciation of the antiquity of the topos militia spiritualis, see Hilarius Edmonds, "Geistlicher Kriegsdienst. Der Topos der militia spiritualis in der antiken Philosophie," Heilige Uberlieferung (supplement to Beiträge zur Ge- schichte des alten Mönchtums und des Benediktinerordens) (Münster, 1938), 21-50.

26. Innocent III, Opera omnia, IV: Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, cols. 773-916, particularly 851-886; cols. 761-764; cols. 745-762. J. de Ghellinck, "Eucharistie au XII ^e siècle en occident," Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique, V, 1 (Paris, 1913), cols. 1233-1302, 1266-1267.

27. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. xviii, ccxiv.

28. Gesta Innocentii III, cols. cciv-ccx.

29. Lotharii cardinalis (Innocentii III) De miseria humane conditionis, ed. Michele Maccarone (Lucca, 1955), 16.

30. Migne, Patrologia Latina, CCXVII, col. 504.

31. Cheney, "The Letters of Pope Innocent III," 33-39 (particularly 33 for change, 35 especially referring to A. Fliche, and 36, 37, 39), 41. See too, Cheney and Semple, Selected Letters, xv. For what follows, see Helene Tillmann, Papst Innocenz III (Bonn, 1954), particularly 5. For the moustache, see Gerhart B. Ladner, "Eine Prager Bildnis-Zeichnung Innocenz III," Collectanea Stephan Kuttner, I, 25-35, 32-35 and fig. 1, particularly 34.

32. Gesta Innocentii III, col. lxxx.

33. Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham, ed. W. D. Macray, Rolls Series (London, 1863), 152, 189.

34. Karl Hampe, "Eine Schilderung des Sommeraufenthaltes der römischen Kurie unter Innocenz III in Subiaco 1202," Historische Vierteljahrschrift, VIII (1905), 509-535, 528-535, particularly 534 and 535.

35. William of Malmesbury, Historia Novella, ed. K. R. Potter (Edinburgh, 1955), 11-12.

36. See, for example, Tillmann, 234-236.

37. Boase, Boniface VIII, 357, 360-362, 369.

38. For a directly opposite point of view, see Leonard E. Boyle, "An Ambry of 1299 at San Clemente, Rome," Mediaeval Studies, XXVI (1964), 345, where Father Boyle finds the accusations connected with the trials "ludicrous and unlikely." This in an essay rich in complex evidence about Boniface, particularly concerning his devotion to the Eucharist and his halo (332, 343-346). The public controversy about the trial has been a long one; a first step into it could be made through Antonio Corvi, Il processo di Bonifazio VIII. Studio critico (Rome, 1948). For Boniface's headwear (discussed in Boyle), see also Gerhart Ladner, ''Die Statue Bonifaz' VIII in der Lateranbasilika und die Entstehung der dreifach gekrönten Tiara," Römische Quartalschrift, XLII (1934), 35-69. For Boniface iconography, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, 285-340, and for particular and probably surprising pleasure, plates LXVIII and LXIXa and LXIXb. See too the specific collection of material in Clemens Sommer, Die Anklage der Idolatrie gegen Papst Bonifaz VIII. und seine Porträtstatuen (Freiburg i. Br., 1920).

39. Dupuy, Histoire, 541-542.

40. Dupuy, 527, 539-541.

41. Dupuy, 562-563, 529, 570-572, also 551.

42. Dupuy, 568, 338.

43. Dupuy, 526-527, 536, 550, 552.

44. Dupuy, 539, 560-561.

45. Dupuy, 339; Boase, Boniface VIII, 124; Finke, Aus den Tagen, xlv-l.

46. Laude di fratre Jacopone da Todi, ed. Giovanni Ferri (rome, 1910) [Società filologica romana], 87, lauda 58, 11.19-20.

47. Dupuy, 570.

48. Tierney, The Crisis, 172-173. (My view of Boniface's personality is obviously very different from Tierney's.)

49. Finke, xxxix; Boase, Boniface VIII, 286; Gelasio Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I (Perugia, 1925), 109-110; see Waley, The Papal State, 230-249, for Boniface's actual dealing with papal territories.

50. Boase, 161. See too the magnificent description of Boniface in 1301, "nothing but eyes and tongue in a wholly putrefying body," quoted from an Aragonese source in Partner, The Lands of St. Peter, 292.

51. See Villani, Historie, col. 397, for his intelligent Boniface, and Ptolemy of Lucca, Historia Ecclesiastica, col. 1203, for his impressive Boniface, and Jacopo da Varagine, Cronaca di Genova, II, 410, for his learned Boniface.

52. Gregorovius, History, V, 590; Boase, 346-348, 344, n. 5; Walther Holtzmann, "Zum Attentat von Anagni," Festschrift Albert Brackmann (Weimar, 1939), 492-507, particularly 495; "Relatio de Bonifacio VIII: de horribili insultatione et depredatione," ed. F. Liebermann, MGH,SS, XXVIII (Hanover, 1888), 621-626, 623. For the treasure see Emile Molinier, "Inventaire du Trésor du Saint Siège sous Boniface VIII,'' Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, XLIII-XLIX (1882-1888); and see to Luisa Mortari, Il Tesoro della Cattedrale di Anagni (Rome, n.d.)

53. Boase, 182; "Martinus Oppaviensis Chronicon: Continuationes Anglicae Fratrum Minorum," ed. Ludwig Weiland, MGH,SS., XXIV (Hanover, 1879), 253-259, 254-255 (earthquake). See Friedrich Bock, "Musciatto dei Francesi," Deutsches Archiv für Geschichte des Mittelalters, VI (1943), 521-544, particularly 533-536, for one the interesting men connecting complexly and importantly Italian affairs and the court of France.

54. It seems to me that Father Boyle's remarks about Bolsena and the San Clemente ambry make an excellent starting point for considering Boniface and the Eucharist, "An Ambry of 1299," particularly 332.

55. See Ludovico Gatto, Il Pontificato di Gregorio X (1271-1276) (Rome, 1959) [Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, Studi storici], 28-30 and the "Life" in Pietro Maria Campi, Dell'historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza (Piacenza, 1651-1662), II, 343-349; E. Martène and U. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, II (Paris, 1717), cols. 96-97, and the Registres de Clément IV, ed. Edouard Jordan (Paris, 1893-1904), 253-268, nos. 691-703. The consideration of Celestine v should now begin with Edward Peters, The Shadow King (New Haven, 1970). For the Arezzo, visual Gregory x, Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate XXXVI.

56. Boase, Boniface VIII, 4. For a more general examination of Alexander, see Salvatore Sibilia, Alessandro IV (1254-61) (Anagni, 1961); for a summing up of recent work on Alexander's family, see particularly 49-50.

57. Gregorovius, History, V, 514-515.

58. See Brentano, Two Churches, 3-61, and, for example, Rieti, archivio capitolare, VII.E.8.

59. Caetani, Regesta Chartarum, I, 76-86; for Caetani holdings, see Giuseppe Marchetti-Longhi, I Caetani (Rome, 1942), particularly 20-24. For Boniface's spending and its bibliography, see Peter Partner, "Camera Papae: problems of Papal Finance in the later Middle Ages," The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, IV (1953), 55-68, particularly 55; but see too, particularly for his method of collecting property, in this case around Cecilia Metella, Georges Digard, "Le domaine des Gaetani au tombeau de Cecilia Metella," Mélanges G. B. de Rossi, being Supplement XII to Mélanges d'archéologie et d'historie (Paris and Rome, 1892), 281-290, which includes references to the pertinent documents within boniface's registers which Digard was then in process of editing. For the arrangements concerning the creation and erection of one of the statues of Boniface, the metal one in Bologna, see Maria Cremonini Beretta, "Il Significato politico della statua offerta dai Bolognesi a Bonifacio VIII," Studi di storia e di critica dedicati a Pio Carlo Falletti (Bologna, 1915), 421-431; and in connection with these statues, see again Boyle, ''An Ambry of 1299."

60. Papal itineraries are not only clear from registers and from other extant papal letters, but also they have been outlined by their editors in the printed registers.

61. Theiner, Codex diplomaticus, I, 360-366; Friedrich Baethgen, "Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der päpstlichen Hof-und Finanzerwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII," Quellen und Forschungen, XX (1928-1929), 114-237, 229.

62. "Barbarously involved" is from Gregorovius (V, 630) and springs from the irritation anyone must feel as he tries to read Stefaneschi's sort of verse in which, as Father Boyle has written very nicely, "sometimes, indeed, words are switched around like so many checkers, but without any regard to position or sense, for the sake of his not always happy hexameters" ("An Ambry of 1299," 339). For a very sympathetic treatment of Stefaneschi, see Arsenio Frugoni, "Il Cardinale Jacopo Stefaneschi, Biografo di Celestino v,'' Celestiniana (Rome, 1954), 69-124.

63. Baethgen, 207-210.

64. "Continuationes breves chronici Martini Oppaviensis," ed. O. Holder-Egger, 711; for Nicholas's translation to his sepulcher in his chapel on May 16, see Egidi, Necrologi, I, 212; the first numbering of days is correct, counting from Nicholas's election (November 25, 1277), not from his consecration (December 26, 1277): C. R. Cheney, Handbook of Dates (London, 1970), 38.

65. The quotation is from Tierney, The Crisis, 150; Gerard E. Caspary, "The King and the Two Laws: A Study of the Influence of Roman and Canon Law on the Development of Ideas on Kingship in Fourteenth-century England," an unpublished Harvard Ph.D. thesis; for Innocent seen in another light, see M. D. Lambert, Franciscan Poverty (London, 1961), 95-97. For Innocent's sepulchral head, see Ladner, Die Papstbildnisse, II, plate XXIIb.

66. See the discussion in Mann, The Lives, XVI, 23-24; but compare the very attractive image of the family that can emerge from Fieschi wills in Federici, Della Famiglia Fiesca, for example 131, Ottobuono's treasuring Innocent IV's own copy of his "Apparatus."

67. I have discussed this more thoroughly in "Innocent IV and the Chapter of Rieti," Studia Gratiana, XIII [Collectanea Stephan Kuttner III] (1967), 383-410.

68. F. Pagnotti, "Niccolò da Calvi e la sua vita d'Innocenzo IV," ASRSP, XXI (1893), 7-120; the life is edited on 76-120.

69. By Herde in Beitràge .

70. In general, see Waley, The Papal State, and particularly here, 157.