1 H Letheby, 'Methods of Estimating Nitrogenous Matter in Potable Waters,' p 432.

2 For the most recent review see Roy M MacLeod, Government and Expertise in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

3 A Chaston Chapman, The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry ; Colin Russell, N G Coley, and G K Roberts, Chemists by Profession .

4 E Byrne, 'Experiments on the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Substances in Water,' pp 6-53.

5 W A Miller, 'Observations on the Analysis of Potable Waters,' 117-32; CN 11 (1865): 269-70, 283-5; RCWS, Evidence , q 7102. On Miller see DNB 13, pp 429-30.

6 H B Dixon, 'William Odling, 1829-1912,' Proc. Royal Society of London 100A (1921-2): i-vii; W H Brock, 'William Odling,' DSB 10 (1974): 177-9.

7 RCWS, Evidence , qq 7082, 7074, 7094, 7106-14.

8 S C Serpentine , qq 734, 739, 763, 2142, 2143-6; RCWS, Evidence , qq 6459, 6462, 6472.

9 RCWS, Evidence , qq 7209, 7236, 7242, 7211; R Angus Smith, 'On the Examination of Water for Organic Matter,' (Manchester Lit. and Phil.), pp 37-78; same title, slightly different version, CN 19 (1869): 278-82, 304-6; 20 (1869): 26-30, 112-115.

10 Smith, 'On the Examination,' (Manchester), p 43.

11 BMJ , i, 1868, pp 331, 378-9, 391, 413, ii, pp 71, 86.

12 'London Water Supply: Past, Present, and Future,' CN 15 (1867): 37-8, 49. On Crookes see E E Fournier D'Albe, The Life of Sir William Crookes (London: Unwin, 1923).

13 'London Water,' CN 15 (1867): 190.

14 'Dr Letheby on the Methods of Water Analysis and on 'Previous Sewage Contamination,' CN 19 (1869): 231-2.

15 Ibid , 'A Bill to Amend the Law relating to Public Health,' CN 25 (1872): 145.

14 'Dr Letheby on the Methods of Water Analysis and on 'Previous Sewage Contamination,' CN 19 (1869): 231-2.

15 Ibid , 'A Bill to Amend the Law relating to Public Health,' CN 25 (1872): 145.

16 RPPC, 1868, Second Report ; Fournier D'Albe, Life of Crookes ,* pp 257-70.

17 CN 28 (1873): 121-2, 191, 216; 29 (1874): 63, 124, 156, 166. Cf Crookes in discussion of C N Bazalgette, 'The Sewage Question,' MPICE 48 (1875-6): 163-6.

18 'The Pollution of Rivers Bill,' CN 28 (1873): 37-9; S C Pollution of Rivers , House of Lords, 1873. break

19 'The Rivers Pollution Bill,' CN 31 (1875): 221.

20 Cornelius B Fox, Sanitary Examinations of Water, Air, and Food , 2nd edn, p 54. Cf Kenwood, Public Health Laboratory Work , pp 106-7.

21 'The Pollution of Rivers Bill,' CN 28 (1873): 37.

22 'Review of Pettenkofer, Cholera: How to Prevent and Resist It ,' CN 31 (1875): 139-40; 'Review of the Fourth Annual Report of the Massachusetts State Board of Health,' CN 27 (1873): 311-2.

23 W H Brock, 'James Alfred Wanklyn,' DSB 14 (1976): 168-70.

24 Wanklyn, Chapman, and Smith, 'Water Analysis: Determination of the Nitrogenous Organic Matter,' pp 445-54.

25 Cf E T Chapman, 'The Relation between the Results of Water Analysis and the Sanitary Value of the Water,' CN 16 (1867): 275.

26 D Campbell, 'A Note on Messrs Wanklyn, Chapman, and Smith's Method for Determining Nitrogenous Organic Matters in Water,' CN 16 (1867): 139; comments in 'Chemical Society discussion, 6 February 1868,' CN 17 (1868): 80.

27 Wanklyn, 'Verification of Wanklyn's Water Analysis,' pp 591-5; Wanklyn and Chapman, 'On the Action of Oxidizing Agents,' pp 161-72; comments of Campbell and Frankland in 'Chemical Society discussion, 6 February 1868,'* p 80.

28 Fox, Sanitary Examinations of Water, Air, and Food , 1st edn, p 50.

29 'Review of Wanklyn and Chapman's Water Analysis ,' CN 18 (1868): 151-3.

30 RCWS, Evidence , qq 5420-5437.

31 Wanklyn to CN, CN 17 (1868): 60.

32 'Chemical Society discussion, 6 February 1868,'* pp 79-80.

33 'Water Analysis by Modern Methods,' BMJ , i, 1868, p 331; E Frankland, 'On some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters,' pp 88-9.

34 Wanklyn, 'Wanklyn and Chapman's Water Analysis,' CN 18 (1868): 165.

35 Wanklyn, 'History of the Ammonia Process,' CN 24 (1871): 10-11.

36 Frankland, 'On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters,' p 847.

37 A H Allen, 'On Some Points in the Analysis of Water, and the Interpretation of the Results,' The Analyst 2 (1877): 61-5.

38 Compare RCWS , qq 5401, 5446-51, 5482-85 with RCWS , appendix AK, p 95.

39 J A Wanklyn, 'The Registrar General's Reports on the London Water,' CN 25 (1872): 169-70; idem , 'Report on the condition of the Water Supply of London,' CN 26 (1872): 239.

40 Wanklyn to BMJ , i, 1871, p 153.

41 Wanklyn, 'Dr Frankland's Researches,' SR 8 (1878): 174-5.

42 Brock, 'Wanklyn,' p 169; SR 6 (1877): 15-16, 96.

43 Lambert, Sir John Simon, pp 213-16; DNB 11, p 1010; RCWS qq 3861, 3909. break

44 Letheby, 'City Pumps,' CN 4 (1861): 260-2; idem , 'Composition and Quality of Metropolitan Waters in July, 1866,' CN 14 (1866): 83.

45 'Report by Capt. Tyler to the Board of Trade,' p 5.

46 S C East London Water Bills , Appendix 3, pp 315-6.

47 Lancet , i, 1867, p 185; S C East London Water Bills , q 2230; 'Report by Capt. Tyler to the Board of Trade,' pp 18-9.

48 Saturday Review , 10 October 1868, p 480; [W Pole], 'The Water Supply of London,' Quarterly Review [American edn] 127 (1869): 245fn.

49 Hawksf(1871-2): 345. See also Our Water Supply. A Discussion for and against the fitness of the Thames and River Water for Domestic Use , reprinted from the Surrey Comet (London: Trounce, 1880).

50 Letheby, 'Methods of Estimating the Nitrogenous Matter in Potable Waters,' p 429. Cf 'Water Analysis,' BMJ , i, 1869, p 402; [B H Paul], 'Water Analysis for Sanitary Purposes,' BMJ , i, 1869, pp 427-8, 495-7, 543-4, 1869, ii, pp 32-3.

51 'Processes of Analysis of Potable Water,' BMJ , i, 1869, p 379; 'The Value and Meaning of Existing Reports on Potable Water,' BMJ , i, 1869, pp 432, 574.

52 'Col Sir Francis John Bolton,' MPICE 93 (1887-88): 497-501.

53 'Copy of any Reports to the Board of Trade by the Water Examiner,' pp 4-14.

54 'Copies of a Letter from the Royal Commission on Rivers Pollution to the Board of Trade,' pp 1-4.

55 G Graham to LGB, 8 May 1872, PRO MH 19 67, #26162/72.

56 Ibid. Cf G Graham to LGB, 29 May 1872, PRO MH 19 67, #30440/72.

55 G Graham to LGB, 8 May 1872, PRO MH 19 67, #26162/72.

56 Ibid. Cf G Graham to LGB, 29 May 1872, PRO MH 19 67, #30440/72.

57 Minute on Frankland's ms report for January 1876, PRO MH 29 2, #8084/76; minute on Frankland's ms report for October 1876, PRO MH 29 2, #67673/76; unnumbered memo, Thomas to Dalton with minutes, misfiled in PRO MH 29 5, probably from summer 1884.

58 A Hardy, 'Water and the Search for Public Health in London,' 275-6; 'Reports on the Examination of Thames Water,' JRSA 31 (1882-3): 87-8.

59 Wanklyn and Cooper to LGB, 22 October 1880, PRO MH 29 3, #92868/80.

60 DNB 19, pp 864-5; CN 65 (1892): 143; J. Chem. Soc. 63 (1893): 766-8; J H Balfour Browne, Forty Years at the Bar (London: H Jenkins, 1916), p 97.

61 SR ns 2 (1880-81): 224; Luckin, Pollution and Control , p 61.

62 Crookes, Odling, and Tidy to LGB, 17 May 1883, PRO MH 29 5, #52429/83.

63 Letters and reports, PRO MH 29 5, #57540/83, 67506/83, 88334/83, 116365/83. On confusion about the official status see SR ns 3 (1882-3): 440; Hansard's Parliamentary Debates ser 3, v 267, c. 1808, v 278, c 318-9. break

64 PRO MH 29 7, #90942/84, 112129/84, 116767/84, 118242/84, 3501/85, 4685/85, 8771/85.

65 C Meymott Tidy, 'Processes for Determining the Organic Purity of Potable Waters'.

66 Ibid , pp 66-85.

67 Ibid , pp 51, 88-9.

68 Ibid , pp 57, 76.

69 Ibid , pp 89-94; W C Young, 'A Comparison of the results obtained by Dr Frankland and the Companies' Analysts,' pp 159-64.

65 C Meymott Tidy, 'Processes for Determining the Organic Purity of Potable Waters'.

66 Ibid , pp 66-85.

67 Ibid , pp 51, 88-9.

68 Ibid , pp 57, 76.

69 Ibid , pp 89-94; W C Young, 'A Comparison of the results obtained by Dr Frankland and the Companies' Analysts,' pp 159-64.

65 C Meymott Tidy, 'Processes for Determining the Organic Purity of Potable Waters'.

66 Ibid , pp 66-85.

67 Ibid , pp 51, 88-9.

68 Ibid , pp 57, 76.

69 Ibid , pp 89-94; W C Young, 'A Comparison of the results obtained by Dr Frankland and the Companies' Analysts,' pp 159-64.

65 C Meymott Tidy, 'Processes for Determining the Organic Purity of Potable Waters'.

66 Ibid , pp 66-85.

67 Ibid , pp 51, 88-9.

68 Ibid , pp 57, 76.

69 Ibid , pp 89-94; W C Young, 'A Comparison of the results obtained by Dr Frankland and the Companies' Analysts,' pp 159-64.

65 C Meymott Tidy, 'Processes for Determining the Organic Purity of Potable Waters'.

66 Ibid , pp 66-85.

67 Ibid , pp 51, 88-9.

68 Ibid , pp 57, 76.

69 Ibid , pp 89-94; W C Young, 'A Comparison of the results obtained by Dr Frankland and the Companies' Analysts,' pp 159-64.

70 C Meymott Tidy, 'River Water,' (1880), pp 267-322.

71 C Meymott Tidy, 'River Water,' (1881), pp 113-4; W N Hartley, 'The Self-Purification of Peaty Rivers,' JRSA 31 (1882-83): 469-84; Charles W Folkard, 'The Analysis of Potable Water,' pp 57-115; Percy Frankland, 'The Upper Thames,' pp 428-53.

72 'The Metropolitan Local Authorities and the Water Supply,' Lancet , ii, 1881, p 770; G Phillips Bevan, The London Water Supply , p 37; David Owen, The Government of Victorian London, 1855-1889 , pp 136-40; A Mukhopadhyay, Politics of Water Supply , ch 2.

73 'London Water Supply,' CN 45 (1882): 181. Cf 'The London Water Supply,' Lancet , ii, 1881, p 519.

74 'The London Water,' CN 47 (1883): 241.

75 'The London Water,' CN 48 (1883): 63. break