1. There is some disagreement about whether the Batak are actually "Negrito" or at least about the degree to which they display the "classic" Southeast Asian Negrito racial features. Beyer (1917), Schebesta (1952-1957), and Garvan (1963) all excluded the Batak from their considerations of Philippine Negritos. Cole (1945) and Kroeber (1943) both regarded the Batak as Negritos, however, and they were included in a recent compendium of such peoples by Fox and Flory (1974). The question, in part, concerns the significance of the Batak's relatively wavy (as opposed to consistently woolly or kinky) hair form; see the discussion in LeBar (1975:24). Philippine Negritos today may number as few as fifteen thousand persons (Headland 1984:29).

2. It has long been thought that millet preceded rice as a staple crop throughout Southeast Asia, and there seem to be a number of cases where it has been displaced by rice only within historic times (see Hutterer 1983:183).