TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION
1. Niida Noboru
, "Chugoku
*
shakai no 'hoken
*
' to fyudarizumu
*
"
(
Feng-chien
and feudalism in Chinese society), in Niida,
Chugoku
*
hosei
*
shi kenkyu
*
(Studies in Chinese legal history), vol. 3,
Dorei nodo
*
ho
*
, kazoku sonraku ho
(Laws governing slavery and serfdom, laws governing the family and the village), Tokyo University Press, 1962, pp. 97-100.
2. This view has recently been reiterated in a Chinese essay on the subject: Yu Hsin-ch'un
, "Shih-lun Jih-pen te chan-hou kai-ko (shang)"
(A study of Japan's postwar reforms, part 1),
Shih-chieh li-shih
5 (1980), pp. 12-14.
3. See, for example, the following works: Kuwabara Takeo
, ed.,
Burujowa kakumei no hikaku kenkyu
(Comparative studies in bourgeois revolutions), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1964; Kobayashi Yoshiaki
,
Meiji ishin no kangaekata
(A way of thinking about the Meiji Restoration), San'ichi shobo, 1967, esp. part 2 entitled "Meiji ishin to Furansu kakumei wa onaji mono ka"
(Were the Meiji Restoration and the French Revolution the same thing?), pp. 115-247; Kobayashi Yoshiaki,
Furansu kakumei shi nyumon
*
(Introduction to the history of the French Revolution), San'ichi shobo, 1978; and Inoue Koji
*
,
Kindai shizo
*
no mosaku. Furansu kakumei to Chichibu jiken
(In search of a view of modern history: The French Revolution and the Chichibu Incident), Byakushobo
*
, 1976.
4. Frederico Chabod,
Storia dell'idea d'Europa
(History of the idea of Europe), Rome, 1959; translated into Japanese by Shimizu Jun'ichi
Yoroppa
*
no imi
(The meaning of Europe), Saimaru shuppansha, 1969, pp. 23-24 and esp. chapter 4.
5. For Nishijima's essay claiming slavery as the basis of Ch'in-Han society, Masubuchi's critique, and Nishijima's published retreat, see Tanigawa's treatment of the whole issue in this volume.
6. Tanigawa Michio
, "Ichi Toyoshi
*
kenkyusha
*
ni okeru genjitsu to gakumon"
(Reality and scholarship for one scholar of East Asian history),
Atarashii rekishigaku no tame ni
68 (1961), reprinted in Tanigawa,
Chugoku chusei
*
shakai to kyodotai
*
(Medieval Chinese society and "community"), Kokusho kankokai
*
, 1976, pp. 119-135; Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu
*
no atarashii kadai sairon: Shigeta Atsushi-shi 'Hokensei
*
no shiten to Min-Shin shakai' o yonde"
(Another look at a new theme in the study of Chinese history: On reading Mr. Shigeta Atsushi's "The standpoint of feudalism and Ming-Ch'ing society"),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
28.2-3 (December 1969), pp. 111-112; and Tanigawa, "Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
"
continue
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern Dynasties),
Shigaku zasshi
71.5 (May 1962), pp. 164-171; and
Shigaku zasshi
76.5 (May 1967), pp. 201-207.
7. Tanigawa,
Zui-To
*
teikoku keisei shiron
(A historical analysis of the formation of the Sui-T'ang empire), Chikuma shobo
*
, 1971, pp. 5-7.
8. We now have such studies as: David Johnson,
The Chinese Medieval Oligarchy,
Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1977; Patricia Ebrey,
The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-ling Ts'ui Family,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978; and a forthcoming conference volume,
The Nature of State and Society in Early Medieval China.
We also have translations of important texts of the period, such as
Pao-p'u-tzu, Yen-shih chia-hsün,
and
Wen-hsüan
(in process).
9. Kawakatsu Yoshio
,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
: Sodai
*
na bunretsu jidai
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern dynasties: An era of great disunity), Kodansha
*
, 1974, p. 268.
10. The major study to note here is Miyazaki Ichisada
,
Kyuhin
*
kanjin ho
*
no kenkyu
*
: Kakyo zenshi
(A study of the laws concerning officials in the Nine Ranks system: A prehistory to the examination system), Kyoto, Toyoshi
*
kenkyukai
*
, 1956. See also David Johnson, op. cit., pp. 20-26; Yang Yün-ju
,
Chiu-p'in chung-cheng yü Liuch 'ao men-fa
(The Nine Ranks and Arbiter system and aristocratic cliques in the Six Dynasties period), Shanghai, Commercial Press, 1930; and Donald Holtzman, "Les débuts du système médiéval de choix et de classement des fonctionnaires: Les Neuf Categories et l'Impartial et Juste," in
Mélanges publiés par l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises,
vol. 1 (Bibliotèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, Vol. XI), Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1957, pp. 387-414.
11. On Naito
*
Konan, see Joshua Fogel,
Politics and Sinology: The Case of Naito
*
Konan (1866-1934),
Cambridge, Mass., Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1984.
12.
,
Rekishi to chiri
9.5 (May 1922). This essay is reprinted in Naito's collected works,
Naito Konan zenshu
*
, Chikuma shobo, 1969-1976, Vol. VIII, pp. 111-119. It is translated in Joshua Fogel,
Naito Konan and the Development of the Conception of "Modernity" in Chinese History,
Armonk, N.Y., M. E. Sharpe, Publishers, 1984, pp. 88-99.
13. See Naito's
Shina joko
*
shi
(Ancient Chinese history) and his
Shina chuko
*
no bunka
(Medieval Chinese culture), both in
Naito Konan zenshu,
Vol. X. Naito often cited as his authority on the aristocracy in this period the eighteenth-century Chinese historian Chao I
.
14. A sampling of these three men's work would have to include: Okazaki Fumio
,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho tsushi
*
(Comprehensive history of the Wei, Chin, and Northern and Southern dynasties), Kyoto, Kobundo
*
, 1932; Okazaki,
Nambokucho ni okeru shakai keizai seido
(Social and economic institutions in the Northern and Southern dynasties), Kobundo, 1935; Okazaki and Ikeda Shizuo
,
Konan
*
bunka kaihatsu shi: Sono chiri teki kiso kenkyu
(The history of the expansion of culture in Kiangnan: A study of its geographical foundations), Kobundo, 1940; Miyakawa Hisayuki
,
Shokatsu Komei
*
(Chu-ko K'ungming), Shina rekishi chiri sosho
*
, 1940; Miyakawa,
Rikucho
*
shi kenkyu, seiji
continue
shakai hen
(Studies in Six Dynasties history, volume on political and social problems), Nihon gakujutsu shinkokai
*
, 1956; Miyakawa,
Rikucho
*
shi kenkyu
*
, shukyo
*
hen
(Studies in Six Dynasties history, volume on religious problems), Heirakuji shoten, 1964; Miyakawa,
Shokatsu Komei
*
: Sangoku shi to sono jidai
(Chu-ko K'ung-ming: The
San-kuo chih
and its age), Sogensha
*
, 1966; Utsunomiya Kiyoyoshi
, Kandai shakai keizai shi kenkyu
(Studies in the social and economic history of the Han dynasty), Kobundo
*
, 1955; Utsunomiya and Masumura Hiroshi
, translators,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
keizai shi
(An economic history of the Wei, Chin, and Northern and Southern dynasties), by Wu Hsien-ch'ing
, Seikatsusha, 1942; Utsunomiya,
Chugoku
*
kodai chusei
*
shi kenkyu
(Studies in ancient and medieval Chinese history), Sobunsha
*
, 1977. For the Miyakawa essay on Naito
*
Konan, see "An Outline of the Naito Hypothesis and Its Effects on Japanese Studies of China,"
Far Eastern Quarterly
14.4 (August 1955), pp. 533-553.
15. Naito's most famous disciple, Miyazaki Ichisada, later revised the master's periodization to include a "most modern" (
sai kinsei
) era dating from the 1911 Revolution. He retained Naito's cultural historical approach while reassessing the importance of events in the twentieth century. See his
Chugoku shi
(History of China), Iwanami shoten, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 13-14, 35-36, 82-86. The first forthright critique of Naito along these lines was Nohara Shiro
*
, "Naito Konan
Shinaron
hihan"
(A critique of Naito Konan's
Shinaron
),
Chugoku hyoron
*
1.4 (1946), pp. 35-42.
16. Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
: ronso
*
ni tsuite: Chugoku
*
shi kenkyu
*
ni okeru shiso
*
jokyo
*
"
(On the debate over
kyodotai
*
The intellectual state of Chinese historical studies),
Nagoya jimbun kagaku kenkyukai
*
nempo
*
1(1974), pp. 71-72.
17. Whenever the terms "community" or "communitarian" appear in quotation marks, they are meant as translations of the Japanese term
kyodotai.
18. For an introduction to
kyodotai
theory as applied to Chinese society, see Hatada Takashi
, "Chugoku ni okeru sensei shugi to 'sonraku kyodotai
*
riron'"
(Despotism in China and the "theory of the village community"),
Chugoku kenkyu
13 (September 1950), pp. 2-12; reprinted in Hatada,
Chugoku sonraku to kyodotai riron
(The Chinese village and
kyodotai
theory), Iwanami shoten, 1976, pp. 3-19; and Imahori Seiji
, "Sonraku kyodotai"
(The village "community"), in
Ajia rekishi jiten
(Encyclopedia of Asian history), Heibonsha, 1960, vol. 5, pp. 413-417.
19. See Takeshi Ishida, "A Current Japanese Interpretation of Max Weber,"
The Developing Economies
IV.3 (September 1966), pp. 349-366; and Hisao Otsuka
*
, "Max Weber's View of Asian Society, with Special Reference to His Theory of the Traditional Community,"
The Developing Economies
IV.3 (September 1966), pp. 275-298.
20. Otsuka Hisao
,
Kyodotai
*
no kiso riron
(The basic theory of
kyodotai,
1955), reprinted in
Otsuka
*
Hisao chosakushu
*
(The writings of Otsuka Hisao), Iwanami shoten, 1971, vol. 7, pp. 6-8; and Otsuka, "Kyodotai kaitai no kiso teki shojoken
*
, sono riron
continue
teki kosatsu
*
"
(The basic conditions for the dissolution of
kyodotai
*
:
A theoretical investigation, 1962), in
Otsuka
*
Hisao chosakushu
*
, vol. 7, pp. 107-133.
21. Kawakatsu Yoshio and Tanigawa Michio, "Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shi kenkyu
*
ni okeru tachiba to hoho
*
"
(Standpoint and method in the study of medieval Chinese history), in
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shi kenkyu
*
: Rikucho
*
Zui-To
*
no shakai to bunka
(Studies in medieval Chinese history: Society and culture in the Six Dynasties, Sui, and T'ang), edited by Chugoku chusei shi kenkyukai
*
, Tokai
*
University Press, 1970, pp. 10-12.
22. Summarized in Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
' ronso
*
," pp. 72-74, 79, 81; and Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu no," p. 119. Discussed at length in the Tanigawa text here translated as well as in Kawakatsu,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
.
23. Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai' ronso," pp. 81, 89.
24. Naito
*
Konan,
Shina joko
*
shi,
in
Naito
*
Konan zenshu
*
,
Vol. X, p. 11. See also Kawakatsu,
Gi-Shin-Nambokucho,
pp. 71, 74, 380-382; and Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie et la société féodale au début des Six Dynasties,"
Zimbun
17 (1981), p. 160.
25. Satake Yasuhiko
, "Chugoku zenkindai shi ni okeru kyodotai
*
to kyodotai ron ni tsuite no oboegaki: Tanigawa Michio-shi no kenkai o tegakari ni"
(Notes on
kyodotai
and the debate over
kyodotai
in premodern Chinese history: Mr. Tanigawa Michio's views),
Jimbun gakuho
*
154 (1982), p. 84.
27. Shigeta Atsushi
, "Hokensei
*
no shiten to Min-Shin shakai"
(The standpoint of feudalism and Ming-Ch'ing society),
Toyoshi
*
kenkyu
27.4 (March 1969), pp. 164-165, 175, 179; and Kawakatsu Yoshio, "Shigeta-shi no Rikucho
*
hokensei
*
ron hihan ni tsuite"
(On Mr. Shigeta's critique of the view of the Six Dynasties era as feudal),
Rekishi hyoron
*
247 (February 1971), pp. 58, 61-62, 64.
28. See Shigeta's continued attack in "Chugoku hokensei kenkyu no hoko
*
to hoho: Rikucho hokensei ron no ichi kensatsu"
(Directions and methods in the study of Chinese feudalism: An investigation of the theory of feudalism in the Six Dynasties period),
Rekishi hyoron
247 (February 1971), esp. pp. 45-47.
29. Tanigawa,
Sekai teikoku no keisei
(The formation of a world empire), Kodansha
*
gendai shinsho, 1977, pp. 8-9. See also Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie," p. 107.
30. Kawakatsu and Tanigawa, "Chugoku chusei shi," pp. 3-13.
31. Tanigawa, "Chugoku shi kenkyu no," pp. 109-117.
32. Kawakatsu, "Shigeta-shi no," pp. 61-69, quotation on p. 63.
33. Goi Naohiro
, "Chugoku kodai shi to kyodotai: Tanigawa Michio-shi no shoron o megutte"
(Ancient Chinese history and
kyodotai:
On Mr. Tanigawa Michio's argument),
Rekishi hyoron
255 (October 1971), pp. 87-99; and Tanaka Masatoshi
, "Chugoku no henkaku to hokensei kenkyu no kadai (1)"
(The transformation of China and tasks in the study of feudalism, part 1),
Rekishi hyoron
271 (December 1972), esp. pp. 52-57. Two critical reviews of the volumes of essays on medieval Chinese history introduced by Tanigawa and Kawakatsu (cited in note 21) are: Hori Toshikazu
, in
Shigaku zasshi
80.2 (February 1971), pp. 77-87;
continue
and Otagi Hajime
, in
Shirin
53.6 (November 1970), pp. 156-161. In the annual survey of historical literature published each May in
Shigaku zasshi,
this book of essays warranted consideration in three separate sections: Fukui Shigemasa
, "Sengoku Shin-Kan"
(Warring States, Ch'in, Han); Kikuchi Hideo
, "Gi-Shin-Nambokucho
*
"
(Wei, Chin, Northern and Southern dynasties); Kurihara Masao
, "Zui-To
*
"
(Sui, T'ang), all in
Shigaku zasshi
80.5 (May 1971), pp. 187-188, 189-197, and 198-203, respectively. For Tanigawa's response to all of this, see Tanigawa, "'Kyodotai
*
' ronso
*
," pp. 66-67, 76, 82-83.
34. Kimata Norio
, "Chugoku
*
kodai chusei
*
shi ha'aku no shikaku to hoho
*
o megutte"
(On viewpoint and method for an understanding of ancient and medieval Chinese history), in
Suzuki hakushi koki kinen Toyogaku
*
ronso
*
(Symposium on East Asian studies in commemoration of the seventieth birthday of Professor Suzuki [Shun
]), Meitoku shuppansha, 1972, pp. 165-190; Fujiie Reinosuke
, "Chugoku kodai chusei shakai no kosatsu
*
, bunki mondai shiron"
(An investigation of ancient and medieval Chinese society, and a tentative analysis of the periodization issue), in
Rekishi ni okeru bummei no shoso
*
: Tokai
*
daigaku sanju
*
shunen
*
kinen ronbunshu
*
(The various faces of civilization in history: Essays commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of Tokai
*
University), edited by Shoju
*
Keitaro
*
, Tokai University Press, 1974, pp. 75-109; Hori Toshikazu, "Chugoku kodai shi to kyodotai
*
no mondai"
(Ancient Chinese history and the issue of "community"),
Sundai shigaku
27 (September 1970), pp. 162-183, reprinted in
Gendai rekishigaku no kadai (jo
*
)
(Problems of contemporary historiography, part 1), Aoki shoten, 1971; Tada Kensuke
, "Chugoku kodai shi kenkyu
*
oboegaki"
(Notes on the study of medieval Chinese history),
Shiso
*
12 (1971), pp. 1-45; and Ihara Kosuke
*
, "Hokensei
*
no bunseki shiten to kaikyu
*
shiten, kaikyu shiten o aimai ni suru futatsu no hoho
*
no hihan"
(Analyses of feudalism and the class standpoint, a critique of two methods that obscure the class standpoint),
Shigaku kenkyu
*
119 (August 1973), pp. 77-90. For Tanigawa's response, see his "'Kyodotai' ronso," pp. 78-80, 86-88.
35. The original of the translated text is:
Chugoku
*
chusei
*
shakai ron josetsu
(An introduction to a theory of medieval Chinese society), in
Chugoku chusei shakai to kyodotai,
pp. 1-116.
36. Kawakatsu Yoshio, "La décadence de l'aristocratie chinoise sous les Dynasties du Sud,"
Acta Asiatica
21 (1971), pp. 13-38; and Kawakatsu, "L'aristocratie," pp. 107-160; Doris Heyde, "Haozu und dörfliche Gemeinde in China von 3 bis 6 Jahrhundert. Zu Tanigawa Michios Theorie von der Kommune in China,"
Altorientalische Forschungen
IV (1976), pp. 327-337; V.V. Maliavin, "Kiotaskaia shkola i problema 'Srednykh vekov' v istorii Kitaia,"
Narodi Azii i Afriki
2 (1981), pp. 188-203; V.V. Ma-liang-wen
[V.V. Maliavin], "Ching-tu hsüeh-p'ai ho Chung-kuo li-shih shang te 'Chung-shih-chi' wen-t'i"
(The Kyoto school and the problem of the "medieval period" in Chinese history),
Chungkuo shih yen-chiu tung-t'ai
34 (October 1981), pp. 10-28; and Kao Ming-shih
,
Chan-hou Jih-pen te Chung-kuo shih yen-chiu
(Postwar Japanese studies of Chinese history),
continue
Taipei, Tung-sheng ch'u-pan shih-yeh yu-hsien kung-ssu, 1982, pp. 60-61, 80-83.
37. Dennis Grafflin touches briefly on Tanigawa's and Kawakatsu's work, though not so much on the theoretical issues. See Grafflin, "The Great Family in Medieval South China,"
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
41.1 (June 1981), pp. 65-74.
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