1. Rosa Luxemburg, "Reform or Revolution," in Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, ed . Waters (New York, 1970), p. 59. [BACK]

2. Luxemburg, "What Does the Spartacus League Want?" in Selected Political Writings , ed. Howard (New York, 1971), p. 369. [BACK]

3. Luxemburg, "What Is Economics?" in Luxemburg Speaks , p. 236. [BACK]

4. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet: the Crisis in the German Social Democracy," in ibid., p. 269.

5. Ibid., p. 331. [BACK]

4. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet: the Crisis in the German Social Democracy," in ibid., p. 269.

5. Ibid., p. 331. [BACK]

6. Luxemburg, "Speech," in ibid., pp. 419-420 (emphasis added). [BACK]

7. Luxemburg, "The Junius Pamphlet," in ibid., p. 325. [BACK]

8. Luxemburg, "Spartacus League," in Selected Political Writings , p. 371. [BACK]

9. Luxemburg, "Speech," in Luxemburg Speaks , p. 412. [BACK]

10. In his 1967 preface to History and Class Consciousness; see Georg Lukács, History and Class Consciousness , trans. Livingstone (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. xiii. [BACK]

11. Lukács, The Theory of the Novel , trans. Bostock (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. 56. [BACK]

12. Lukács, Political Writings 1919-1929 , trans. McColgan, pp. 15, 24-25, 26.

13. Ibid., pp. 26, 36. [BACK]

12. Lukács, Political Writings 1919-1929 , trans. McColgan, pp. 15, 24-25, 26.

13. Ibid., pp. 26, 36. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

14. Lukács, History , p. 6.

15. Ibid., p. 185.

16. Ibid., p. 28. This curious comment seems also to contradict Hegel's Phenomenology , which may be read precisely as a development from the particular to the universal.

17. Ibid., p. 80.

18. Ibid., p. 41.

19. Ibid., p. 335. [BACK]

20. Lukács, History , p. 209; cf. p. 4: "Fatalism and voluntarism are only mutually contradictory to an undialectical and unhistorical mind." [BACK]

21. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings 1910-1920 , trans. Mathews (London, 1977), p. 34. See also Anton Pannekoek, Workers Councils (Cambridge, Mass., n.d.), p. 29: "Minds submissive to the continue

doctrines of the masters cannot hope to win freedom. They mutt overcome the spiritual sway of capitalism over their minds before they can actually throw off its yoke." [BACK]

22. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. and trans. Hoare and Smith (New York, 1971), p. 265.

23. Ibid., pp. 352-354. [BACK]

22. Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks , ed. and trans. Hoare and Smith (New York, 1971), p. 265.

23. Ibid., pp. 352-354. [BACK]

24. See Georges Sorel, "The Decomposition of Marxism," in Irving Louis Horowitz, Radicalism and the Revolt Against Reason (Carbondale, Ill., 1968), p. 252; and Sorel, The Illusions of Progress , trans. Stanley (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), pp. 207-214. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]

25. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks , p. 412.

26. Ibid., p. 127n.

27. Ibid., p. 445.

28. Ibid., p. 430.

29. Ibid., p. 171.

30. Ibid., p. 438. Sorel's influence is apparent here.

31. Ibid., p. 412.

32. Ibid., p. 178.

33. Ibid., p. 172. [BACK]