1. Police commissioner James Mungai's flight was allegedly in response to discovery of a plot by members of the Nakuru Stock Theft Unit, GEMA, and GEMA's allies in the Rift to assassinate Moi, Kibaki, and Njonjo. In their book The Kenyatta Succession (Nairobi: Transafrica Press, 1980), Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng relate the story behind the ''Ngoroko Affair" in some detail, based on documentation provided by the Attorney General's Office. Absent evi- soft

dence to corroborate the documents provided by that office, then headed by Charles Njonjo, the veracity of the story must remain in question, however. While possibly true, the account was highly convenient to the new president, providing grounds for strengthening surveillance of local and national politicians. Ochieng subsequently became editor of the Kenya Times , the KANU party newspaper. The appointment may or may not have been related to this episode and may or may not provide an indication of the reliability of the reports.

2. Weekly Review, November 10, 1978, p. 12.

3. Based on interviews carried out with a member of the provincial administration and with members of Parliament, 1990.

4. See, esp., Thomas Callaghy, The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); Michael Schatzberg, The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988); and Naomi Chazan and Deborah Pellow, Ghana: Coping with Uncertainty (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1986).

5. Weekly Review , September 8, 1978, pp. 6-7.

6. Current Biography, 1979 (New York: H. W. Wilson Co.), p. 261.

7. Oginga Odinga, Not Yet Uhuru (London: Heinemann, 1967), p. 143.

8. Current Biography, 1979 , p. 262.

9. John Harbeson, Nation-Building in Kenya: The Role of Land Reform (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1973). p. 67.

10. Odinga, Not Yet Uhuru , p. 208.

11. Daniel arap Moi, Continuity and Consolidation in Kenya: Selected Speeches, December 1979-July 1981 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1982), p. 11.

12. Ibid., pp. 5-6.

11. Daniel arap Moi, Continuity and Consolidation in Kenya: Selected Speeches, December 1979-July 1981 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1982), p. 11.

12. Ibid., pp. 5-6.

13. Weekly Review , December 15, 1978, p. 7; Kiraitu Murungi, "Forms and Illusions of Democracy in Africa's One-Party States: The Struggle for the Right to Political Participation in Kenya" (paper presented at Seminar on Human Rights Research, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass., May 1991), p. 49.

14. Weekly Review, December 29, 1978, p. 7.

15. René Lemarchand, "The State, the Parallel Economy, and the Changing Structure of Patronage Systems," in The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, ed. Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), pp. 149-70.

16. Weekly Review, March 21, 1980, p. 4.

17. Weekly Review, March 28, 1980, p. 6.

18. Daily Nation, May 29, 1980. Koigi wa Wamwere was the spokesman. The group also included Martin Shikuku and Mwacharo Kubo.

19. Daily Nation, June 5, 1980.

20. Weekly Review, June 13, 1980, p. 14. Among those who joined in support were Kimani wa Nyoike, Eric Khasakhala, Peter Anyieni, and Jeremiah Nyagah.

21. Weekly Review, April 25, 1980, p. 5.

22. Weekly Review, June 6, 1980, p. 5. break

23. Weekly Review, March 28, 1980, p. 5.

24. The 1979-80 fiscal year saw significant food shortages. The government erected police barricades against the smuggling of maize, rice, and wheat between districts. By February 1980, Kenya had started to dip into its strategic maize reserves, and the government raised prices for staples, only to drop them a week later in the face of overwhelming public protest. Producer and consumer price hikes for some commodities were later reinstated. To make matters worse, the price of coffee collapsed, bringing an end to the "beverage boom" of the late 1970s and an end, as well, to construction projects and business ventures launched in anticipation of continued high returns for coffee and tea. The cash crunch many farmers experienced as a result of financial overextension sharpened the impact of the increase in food prices on the average family budget.

25. Weekly Review, October 24, 1980, p. 9.

26. Ibid.

25. Weekly Review, October 24, 1980, p. 9.

26. Ibid.

27. Susanne Mueller, "Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966-1969," Journal of Modern African Studies 22, 3 (1984): 399-427.

28. Daily Nation, July 5, 1980.

29. Daily Nation, July 10, 1980.

30. The Office of the President includes the Provincial Administration, Special Branch, the Presidential Press Unit, the Inspectorate of Statutory Boards, the National Registration of Persons Bureau, the Cabinet Office, the Government Press, the police departments, the National Youth Service, the Government Chemist, and the Presidential Commission on Soil Conservation and Afforestation.

31. This figure comes from the author's own analysis of the Kenyan budgets between 1970 and 1985.

32. See George M. Anyona, "How Kenya Became One Party-State by Law," Nairobi Law Monthly (April/May 1990): 32-34.

33. Murungi, "Forms and Illusions of Democracy in Africa's One-Party States," paper presented at Seminar on Human Rights Research, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass., May 1991, p. 49.

34. David Throup, Magdelene College, Cambridge, letter to the author, 1986.

35. Weekly Review, June 18, 1982, p. 5.

36. Daily Nation, March 27, 1985.

37. Daily Nation, July 2, 1985.

38. Daily Nation, July 2, 1985.

39. Daily Nation, March 2, 1985.

40. John Okumu, "Party-State Relations in Kenya and Tanzania," in Politics and Public Policy in Kenya and Tanzania , ed. Joel Barkan (New York: Praeger, 1979, 1984).

41. Weekly Review, July 5, 1985, p. 20.

42. Weekly Review, February 1, 1985, p. 13.

43. Standard, July 2, 1985.

44. Daily Nation, July 23, 1985.

45. Standard, July 23, 1985.

46. The Weekly Review came out in strong opposition to the queuing sys- soft

tem three weeks before the president announced its adoption. See the issue of June 7, 1985, pp. 3-4. Subsequently, this issue has served as a rallying point for opposition, with increasing participation from churches.

47. Daily Nation, March 28, 1985. Speech by Julius Muthamia.

48. Standard, April 9, 1985.

49. Daily Nation, April 13, 1985.

50. Daily Nation, August 19, 1985.

51. Standard, May 11, 1985.

52. Weekly Review, February 22, 1985, p. 6.

53. Daily Nation , February 24, 1985, p. 8.

54. Weekly Review, March 8, 1985.

55. Weekly Review, December 13, 1985, p. 8.

56. Weekly Review, January 24, 1986, pp. 14-15.