1. San Francisco Chronicle , December 13, 1953.

2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The Eisenhower Diaries , edited by Robert H. Ferrell (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), p. 270.

3. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 1956-61 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 384-85.

4. Dumas Malone and Basil Rauch, America and World Leadership, 1940-65 (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), pp. 164-65.

5. Quoted in William Bragg Ewald Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), p. 261.

6. Quoted in David M. Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Free Press, 1983), p. 403.

7. Quoted in Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy? p. 261.

8. James C. Hagerty, The Diary of James C. Hagerty (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), p. 29; Eisenhower quoted in Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy? p. 261.

9. Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report (New York: Harper, 1961), p. 27.

10. William F. Knowland, oral history, p. 26, interview by Raymond Henle, October 4, 1967, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.

11. William F. Knowland, oral history, p. 37, interview by Joe B. Frantz, March 23, 1970, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.

12. Quoted in Fred I. Greenstein, The Hidden Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (New York: Basic Books, 1982), p. 188.

13. Quoted in Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1970), p. 274.

14. Quoted in Sacramento Bee , May 14, 1954.

15. Quoted in William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary , 3rd ed. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), p. 658.

16. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change (New York: Signet Books, 1963), p. 396.

17. Quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913-1962 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), pp. 334-35.

18. Quoted in Lately Thomas, When Angels Wept (New York: William Morrow, 1983), p. 596.

19. Quoted in Arthur Watkins, Enough Rope (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969), p. 25.

20. New York Times , July 31, 1954.

21. New Republic , August 23, 1954.

22. William F. Knowland, oral history, p. 165, interview by Ed Edwin, November 16, 1970, Oral History Office, Butler Library, Columbia University.

23. William S. White, oral history, interview 3, p. 29, interview by Michael Gillette, July 21, 1978, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.

24. Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, Lyndon Johnson: The Exercise of Power (New York: New American Library, 1966), p. 85.

25. Watkins, Enough Rope , p. 33.

26. Quoted in Eisenhower, Mandate for Change , p. 400.

27. Knowland, oral history, p. 165, interview by Edwin.

28. Ibid., pp. 161-63, 165-66.

29. Ibid., pp. 161-63.

30. Quoted in Time , December 13, 1954.

31. Jeff Broadwater, Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 103.

32. Quoted in Douglass Cater, "Knowland: The Man Who Wants to Be Taft," Reporter , March 8, 1956, pp. 32-35.

33. Time , December 13, 1954.

34. Eisenhower quoted in Hagerty, Diary , p. 120; ibid.

35. Ibid., p. 123.

36. Griffith, The Politics of Fear , p. 311.

37. Broadwater, Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade , p. 164.

38. Quoted in Sacramento Bee , September 27, 1954.