1. Carl Degler, "Introduction," in Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), p. xiii.

2. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Passing of Matrimony," in Harper's Bazaar , June 1960, p. 496.

3. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Home: Its Work and Influence (New York: Charlton Company, 1903), p. 129.

4. Floyd Dell, "Feminism for Men," in The Masses , volume 5, number 20 (July 1917); reprinted in Michael Kimmel and Thomas Mosmiller, eds., Against the Tide: Profeminist Men in the United States, 1776-1990, a Documentary History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), pp. 364, 361. Of course, to Gilman it did matter which half was the poorer half—at least men had the thrill of public participation—and if forced to choose between those halves, she would not have hesitated.

5. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), p. 83.

6. Ibid., p. 84.

7. Ibid., pp. 90, 91.

8. Ibid., p. 89. The "black helplessness" with its "deadness of heart, its aching emptiness of mind," which she felt, might have been what is now called postpartum depression. See, for example, Verta Taylor, Rock-a-By Baby (New York: Routledge, 1996).

9. See, for example, "On Advertising for Marriage," in Alpha , volume 2, and "The Answer," in Woman's Journal , volume 17, number 40 (October 2, 1886).

10. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 95.

11. Ibid., p. 96.

12. Gary Scharnhorst, Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Bibliography (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1985).

13. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel , ed. Ann J. Lane (New York: Pantheon, 1979), p. vi.

14. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 186.

15. Though "The Yellow Wallpaper" is now considered her finest work of fiction, she searched for two years to find a publisher. The story had been turned down by Howells when he was editor of the Atlantic in 1892, though he later included it in his collection Great Modern Stories in 1920.

16. As in Marx's famous epigram that "men make their own history," echoed in his most famous articulation of this social constructionist position, in the preface to his 1859 Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy , where he writes that "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their being which determines their consciousness."

17. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 187.

18. In fact, she was antipathetic to much of the socialist planning of her era. A visit to the socialist community at Ruskin, Tennessee, for example, made her think it was simply ''another of those sublimely planned, devoutly joined, and invariably deserted Socialist colonies. Only ignorance of the real nature of social relations can account for these high-minded idiocies." See ibid., p. 252.

19. Ibid., p. 198.

20. Forerunner , volume 7 (November 1916), p. 287.

21. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 316. The couple lived mostly on the Upper West Side. Of their last apartment, on Riverside Drive between 94th and 95th St., she wrote that "if the flat had had suitable closets, and if the other inhabitants had not encouraged New York's little traveling pets, it would have been about perfect" (p. 296). Since the editors of this volume live quite nearby, we can attest that little has changed since Charlotte's days.

22. Ibid., p 26.

23. Forerunner , volume 1 (December 1909), p. 33.

24. Larry Ceplair cites Gilman's own estimation of circulation in Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), p. 188. See also Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "A Summary of Purpose," Forerunner , volume 7 (November 1916), p. 287.

25. Ceplair, Charlotte Perkins Gilman (above, n. 24), p. 190. See also, Gilman, The Living (above, n. 5), p. 305.

26. The Living , p. 333.

27. Ibid., p. 334.

28. Ibid.

29. Zona Gale, "Foreword" to The Living (above, n. 5), p. xxxi.

30. Both Addams and Kelley are cited in Mary A. Hill, Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist, 1860-1896 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), p. 295.

31. Henry Brown Blackwell, review of Women and Economics, in Woman's Journal , June 25, 1898, p. 204; Arthur Woodford, Dial , February 1, 1899, p. 85; Nation , June 8, 1899, p. 433.

32. Nation , June 8, 1899; London Daily Chronicle , June 26, 1899.

33. New York Times Saturday Review of Books , November 5, 1898, p. 738; Literary World , December 24, 1898, p. 451; Chicago Tribune , May 24, 1914.

34. Mabel Hurd, review in Political Science Quarterly , volume 14 (December 1899), p. 712; Independent , January 26, 1899, p. 283.

35. Westminster Gazette , August 29, 1899; New York City Review of Literature , August 19, 1933.

36. Below, pp. 14-15.

37. Below, pp. 20-21.

38. Below, pp. 43-44.

39. Below, p. 75.

40. Below, pp. 63-64.

41. Below, pp. 86, 88-89, 87.

42. Below, p. 219.

43. Below, p. 290.

44. Ibid.

45. Below, pp. 293-94.

46. Below, p. 312.

47. Below, p. 115.

48. Below, p. 269.

49. Below, p. 212.

50. Below, pp. 236, 237.

51. Below, pp. 312, 340.

52. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Concerning Children (Boston: Small, Maynard, and Co., 1900), p. 42.

53. Ibid., p. 91.

54. Ibid., p. 46.

55. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 286.

56. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Home (New York: McClure, Phillips, and Co., 1903), pp. 22, 23, 216.

57. Ibid., pp. 280, 281.

58. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Domestic Economy," in the Independent , June 16, 1904, p. 1161.

59. The Home (above, n. 56), pp. 320, 322.

60. Ibid., p. 254.

61. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Human Work (New York: McClure, Phillips, and Co., 1904). Gilman's assessment of the book is in The Living (above, n. 5), p. 275.

62. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Man-Made World (New York: Charlton Company, 1911), p. 8. This project coincides with that of one of the editors of this volume. Kimmel argues that one of the mechanisms by which male domination is perpetuated is that masculinity is equated with humanity—we use the generic male pronoun, for example—and thus the specificity of masculinity remains invisible. See, for example, Michael Kimmel, "Invisible Masculinity," in Society , September 1993, pp. 28-35; and the introduction to Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996).

63. The Man-Made World (above, n. 62), p. 91.

64. Gilman, Herland (above, n. 13), p. 137.

65. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, His Religion and Hers (New York: Century and Company, 1923), p. 50.

66. Aleta Cane, "The Heroine of Her Own Story: Appropriation and Subversion of Mass Media Marriage Plots in Three Short Stories from the Forerunner ," unpublished paper delivered at the Second International Charlotte Perkins Gilman Conference, June 26-28, 1997, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, p. 8.

67. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Unpunished , edited and with an afterword by Catherine J. Golden and Denise D. Knight (New York: Feminist Press, 1997), p. 218.

68. See Carol Farley Kessler, Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Her Progress Toward Utopia, with Selected Writings (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p. 36. See also Lane's account of the genre of the utopia in Herland (above, n. 13), pp. xii, xix-xxiii.

69. Herland (above, n. 13), pp. 99, 82.

70. See Michael Kimmel, "Men's Responses to Feminism at the Turn of the Century," Gender & Society , volume 1, number 2 (1987), pp. 261-83.

71. Herland (above, n. 13), pp. 124, 89, 51.

72. Ibid., p. 141.

73. Ibid., p. 138.

74. Lane, Herland (above, n. 13), p. xvi.

75. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "His Mother," Forerunner , July 1914, pp. 169-73. Reprinted in Denise D. Knight, ed., "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Selected Stories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1994), p. 74.

76. Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 206.

77. See Ann J. Lane, To "Herland" and Beyond: The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman (New York: Pantheon, 1990), pp. 332, 352. Lane attributes Gilman's antipathy to a simpler motive—her distrust that male doctors were using psychological insights to oppress women further. While doubtless true, this argument downplays Gilman's opposition to sexual liberation as the source of her antipathy to Freud's ideas.

78. For an excessively politically correct reading of Gilman's racism, see Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

79. See Lane, To "Herland" (above, n. 77), p. 256.

80. He sings, "The things that I learned from the yellow and black / They 'ave helped me a 'eap with the white": Herland (above, n. 13), p. 131. Note also his mock working- hard class accent in the song, as Gilman is attributing such sentiments to the aristocratic, misogynist Nicholson mouthing a working-class, imperialist racism. None but the most determinedly myopic and ideologically blindered reader could possibly mistake her recitation as anything but critical. See also Lane, To "Herland" (above, n. 77), p. 256.

81. Ibid., p. 337; Gilman, The Living (above, n. 5), p. 320.

82. Degler, "Introduction" (above, n. 1), p. xviii.

83. See Gilman, Unpunished (above, n. 67); and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, With Her in Ourland (New York: Praeger, 1997).

84. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "The New Generation of Women," Current History , August 18, 1923, p. 734.

85. Dell, "Feminism for Men," in Kimmel and Mosmiller, eds., Against the Tide (above, n. 4), p. 361.

86. The Living (above, n. 5), p. 331.