1. George V. Plekhanov, Fundamental Problems of Marxism (New York, 1969), p. 48.

2. Ibid., p. 46; on his debt to Engels, see p. 23; for a typical example of Plekhanov validating dialectics through natural science, see p. 47.

1. George V. Plekhanov, Fundamental Problems of Marxism (New York, 1969), p. 48.

2. Ibid., p. 46; on his debt to Engels, see p. 23; for a typical example of Plekhanov validating dialectics through natural science, see p. 47.

3. Plekhanov, The Development of the Monist View of History , trans. Rothstein (Moscow, 1956), p. 14.

4. Plekhanov, Fundamental , p. 32.

5. Antonio Labriola, Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History , trans. Kerr (New York, 1966), p. 113. On psychology, sec pp. 111-113.

6. Plekhanov, Development , p. 330. Cf. Engels, Dialectics , MEW 20, p. 325; DN, p. 21: "The motion of matter is not merely crude mechanical motion. . . . "

7. Plekhanov, Development , p. 206 (italics dropped).

8. Ibid., p. 153.

7. Plekhanov, Development , p. 206 (italics dropped).

8. Ibid., p. 153.

9. Labriola, Essays , p. 18.

10. Ibid., p. 17.

11. Ibid., p. 63.

9. Labriola, Essays , p. 18.

10. Ibid., p. 17.

11. Ibid., p. 63.

9. Labriola, Essays , p. 18.

10. Ibid., p. 17.

11. Ibid., p. 63.

12. Plekhanov, Development , p. 277.

13. Karl Kautsky, in Neue Zeit , 1901-1902, xx, 1, no. 3, quoted (enthu- soft

siastically) by Lenin in What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works of Lenin , ed. Christman (New York, 1966), p. 81.

14. See Marx, "Theses," MEGA I, 5, p. 534; CW 5, p. 4 (§3).

15. Kautsky, The Road to Power , trans. Simons (Chicago, 1909), p. 50. Also see Carl Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905-1917 (New York, 1955), pp. 111-115.

16. Plekhanov, Development , p. 292. On the elimination of teleology, see Plekhanov, "The Materialist Conception of History," in Fundamental , p. 112: "By entirely eliminating teleology from social science and explaining the activity of social man by his needs and by the means and methods of satisfying them, prevailing at the given time, dialectical materialism for the first time imparts to this science the 'strictness' of which her sister—the science of nature—would often boast over her."

17. Max Adler, Marx als Denker (Vienna, 1921), p. 80 (originally published in 1908).

18. V. I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (New York, 1927), p. 44.

19. Ibid., p. 106.

18. V. I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (New York, 1927), p. 44.

19. Ibid., p. 106.

20. Marx, Capital , MEW 23, pp. 93-94; C I, pp. 91-92.

21. Lenin, Materialism , p. 357.

22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.

23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.

24. Ibid., p. 337.

22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.

23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.

24. Ibid., p. 337.

22. Lenin, "The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism," in Lenin, Selected Works (Moscow, 1968), p. 21. Sec also Lenin, Materialism , p. 319.

23. Ibid., pp. 138-139.

24. Ibid., p. 337.

25. See, e.g., Lenin, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution , in Selected Works , p. 60.

26. See Lenin, "On Cooperation," in Selected Works , p. 695.

27. Lenin, "A Talk With Defenders of Economism," in Selected Works , p. 46.

28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.

29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.

30. Ibid., pp. 160-161.

28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.

29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.

30. Ibid., pp. 160-161.

28. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? , in Essential Works , p. 91.

29. Ibid., pp. 80-83, 112.

30. Ibid., pp. 160-161.

31. Lenin, "Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic ," in Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1963), 38; 201, 212.

32. Ibid., p. 195.

31. Lenin, "Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic ," in Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1963), 38; 201, 212.

32. Ibid., p. 195.

33. Kautsky, The Class Struggle , trans. Bohm (New York, 1971), p. 158.

34. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy , pp. 115, 117. (Althusser in the same essay attributes the "discovery" of history as a subjectless process to Marx.)

35. Plekhanov, Development , pp. 248-249.

36. For a brief analysis of contemporary Soviet philosophy and its atti- soft

tude toward "subjective" factors, see Helmut Fleischcr, "The Acting Subject in Historical Materialism," in Philosophy in the Soviet Union , ed. Laszlo (New York, 1967), pp. 13-29.