1. For the description of this domestic Roman neighborhood as based on its earliest document (1331) see Robert Brentano, Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 39-40.

2. See Franz J. Dölger, Sol Salutis: Gebet und Gesang im christlichen Altertum (1925; rpt., Münster: Aschendorff, 1972), pp. 1-20. The description of the basilica is incorporated from Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and

Byzantine Architecture (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1965), pp. 32-36, and E. Baldwin Smith, Architectural Symbolism of Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), p. 28.

3. Petrarch, Epistolae metricae 2.1.71-73, ed. Rossetti, 2: 102.

4. Brentano, Rome before Avignon, pp. 60-62.

5. Ernst H. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 106-27; Studies in the Life and Works of Petrarch (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1955), pp. 63-181.

6. See G. Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, 1305-1378, trans. Janet Love (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963), pp. 44-63.

7. Petrarch, Ep. met. 1.2, ed. Rossetti, 3: 110-34, echoed by the poet's own plea, 1.5, pp. 134-50. Ep. met. 2.5, ed. Rossetti, 3: 4-30. For their historical context see Rosa Di Sabatino, "Le epistole metriche a Benedetto XII e Clemente VI," Studi petrarcheschi, 6 (1956), 43-54. See also Petrarch, Rime sparse 27, ed. Durling, p. 73.

8. For a description see Delbert R. Hillers, Lamentations: Introduction, Translation, and Notes (New York: Doubleday, 1972), pp. 1-29.

9. Jacopone da Todi, Laude 35.

10. Dante, Purgatorio 6.115-17, cf. 27.19; Epistolae 8.

11. See Franz Cumont, "Il sole vindice dei delitti ed il simbolo delle mani alzate," Atti Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 3d ser., Memorie 1/1 (1923), 65-80.

12. Petrarch, Epistolae seniles 7.1, in Operum, 2: 899, 903.

13. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 328.13, pp. 516-17. On a mission of conciliation between Venice and Genoa in 1354 for which Petrarch served as an orator, he also cited this scriptural verse. Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years in Milan (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1958), pp. 329-33.

14. Pliny, Naturalis historia 15.40.133.

15. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch, pp. 63-73; Mario E. Cosenza, Francesco Petrarca and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1910); Josef Macek, "Petrarque et Cola di Rienzo," Historia, 11 (1965), 5-51; Innocente Toppani, "Petrarca, Cola di Rienzo e il mito di Roma," Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Classe di scienze morali, lettere ed arti, 135 (1977), 155-72.

16. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4-5, ed. Rossi, 2: 358; trans. Aldo S. Bernardo, Rerum familiarum libri I-VIII (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), and Letters on Familiar Matters: Rerum familiarum libri IX-XVI (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 2: 121.

17. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4, p. 358.

18. Ibid. 11.16.1-2, p. 357; trans. Bernardo, 2: 120.

17. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 11.16.4, p. 358.

18. Ibid. 11.16.1-2, p. 357; trans. Bernardo, 2: 120.

19. Petrarch, Apologia contra cuiusdam anonymi Galli calumnias, in Operum, 2: 1187. This statement has been considered the best expression of Petrarch's concept of history by Theodor E. Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages,'" Speculum, 17 (1942), 236-37. For Petrarch's writing of history see Eckhard Kessler, Petrarca und die Geschichte: Geschichtsschreibung, Rhetorik,

Philosophie im Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1978).

20. J. K. Hyde, "Medieval Descriptions of Cities," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 48 (1965-66), 308-40.

21. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2, ed. Rossi, 2: 55-60; cf. 9.13.34-36, pp. 254-55. For previous studies of this letter see Giuseppe Mazzotta, "Antiquity and the New Arts in Petrarch," Romanic Review, 79 (1988), 27-32; Thomas M. Greene, The Light in Troy: Imitation and Discovery in Renaissance Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 88-93, and on his peripatetics, "Petrarch Viator, " in idem, The Vulnerable Text: Essays on Renaissance Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 18-45, rpt. from Yearbook of English Studies 12 (1982), 35-57; and Angelo Mazzocco, "Petrarca, Poggio, and Biondo: Humanism's Foremost Interpreters of Roman Ruins," in Francis Petrarch, Six Centuries Later: A Symposium, ed. Aldo Scaglione (Chapel Hill: Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina; Chicago: Newberry Library, 1975), pp. 353-63.

22. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 15.8.6, ed. Rossi, 3: 154; trans. Bernardo, 2: 272.

23. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2.14, ed. Rossi, 2: 58. For Petrarch's belief that Rome would rise again by knowing itself and thus his effort to make his contemporaries aware of its traditions see Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages,'" 240.

24. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 248.3-4, pp. 410-11.

25. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 6.2.14, ed. Rossi, 2: 58; trans. Bernardo, 2: 293.

26. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 40.1-8; pp. 106-7.

27. Petrarch, Epistolae variae 48, cited Cosenza, Francesco Petrarca and the Revolution of Cola di Rienzo, p. 17.

28. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 178; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 48.

29. Ibid., p. 180; trans. Zacour, p. 52.

28. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 178; trans. Norman P. Zacour, Petrarch's Book without a Name (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973), p. 48.

29. Ibid., p. 180; trans. Zacour, p. 52.

30. See F. G. Moore, "On Urbs Aeterna and Urbs Sacra," Transactions of the American Philological Society, 25 (1894), 34-60.

31. Charles T. Davis, Dante and the Idea of Rome (Oxford: Clarendon, 1957).

32. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 7, ed. Piur, pp. 191-93; Ep. fam. 11.7, 23.2, ed. Rossi, 2: 337-40; 4: 157-67.

33. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 4, ed. Piur, p. 174; trans. Zacour, p. 46.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

34. Petrarch, Rime sparse 13.5-8, pp. 48-49.

35. Ibid. 37.37, p. 99, 45.7, p. 111, 80.32, p. 183, 130.13, p. 269, 285.5, p. 465, 331.5, p. 519.

36. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, 8, ed. Piur, pp. 185, 193; trans. Zacour, pp. 58, 67. Ibid. 8, 10, ed. pp. 193, 197.

37. See "Babylon," Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertums Wissenschaft, ed. A. Pauly and Georg Wissowa (Stuttgart, 1886-1974), 2/2, cols. 2699-700. Strabo, Rerum Geographicarum libri 17.1.30.

38. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, 17, ed. Piur, pp. 197, 199. For Cambyses see Herodotus, Historiae 3.1-38, 61-66; Lucan, Bellum civile 10. 279-82.

39. See R. Koldewey, The Excavations at Babylon, trans. Agnes S. Jones (London: Macmillan, 1914); Eckhard Unger, Babylon: Die Heilige Stadt nach der Beschreibung der Babylonier (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1931); and for more recent, somewhat popular accounts, James G. Macqueen, Babylon (London: Robert Hale, 1964); James Wellard, By the Waters of Babylon (London: Hutchinson, 1972). Petrarch associated the founding of this Babylon with Semiramis. See Herodotus 1.184, Diodorus Siculus 2.7.2, and Quintus Curtius 5.1.24.

40. Martin Noth, "The Jerusalem Catastrophe of 587 B.C., and Its Significance for Israel," in his The Laws in the Pentateuch and Other Studies, trans. D. R. Ap-Thomas (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1966), pp. 260-80. For general history see Peter R. Ackroyd, Israel under Babylon and Persia (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 1-161; C. F. Whitley, The Exilic Age (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1957).

41. Benjamin ben Jonah, The Itinerary, ed. Adler, pp. 42-45.

42. Petrarch associates the new Babylon with its own Nimrod in Liber sine nomine 8, 10, ed. Piur, pp. 193, 198-99.

43. For Petrarch's allusion to this etymology in calling Babylon "the city of confusion" see Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 198; trans. Zacour, p. 71; De otio religioso 2, ed. Rotondi, p. 58; Ep. fam. 15.9.16, ed. Rossi, 3: 160.

44. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193; Strabo, Geographia 16.1.14. See O. E. Ravn, Herodotus' Description of Babylon, trans. Margaret Tovborg-Jensen (Copenhagen: Nytl Nordisk, 1942).

45. See J. A. Thompson, "Israel's 'lovers,'" Vetus Testamentum, 27 (1977), 475-81; and also Walther Zimmerli, A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Chapters 1-24 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), trans. R. E. Clements, pp. 322-53, 471-92; Walther Eichrodt, Ezekiel: A Commentary, trans. Cosslett Quin (London: SCM, 1970), pp. 196-219, 317-33; J. W. Wevers, Ezekiel (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1969), pp. 119-33, 178-88; G. A. Cooke, The Book of Ezekiel (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1936), pp. 159-81, 247-64; Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 1-20: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 1983), pp. 270-306.

46. See also A. Y. Collins, "The Political Perspective of the Revelation to John," Journal of Biblical Literature, 96 (1977), 241-56.

47. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 9.

48. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 199.

49. Augustine, Enarrationes in psalmos 136. For this work in general see Giuseppe Billanovich, "Nella biblioteca del Petrarca. I. Il Petrarca, il Boccaccio e le 'Enarrationes in Psalmos di Agostino,'" Italia medioevale e umanistica, 3 (1960), 1-27.

50. For some examples see Ann H. Hallock, "The Pre-eminent Role of Babilonia in Petrarch's Theme of the Two Cities," Italica, 54 (1977), 290-97.

51. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 138, pp. 282-83.

52. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 15.9, ed. Rossi, 3: 157-63; trans. Bernardo, 2: 277.

53. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, pp. 230-31; trans. Zacour, pp. 111, 112. Petrarch's role as a prophet in Liber sine nomine has also been stated by Robert Coogan, "The Nature, Artistry and Influence of Petrarch's 'Epistolae sine nomine,'" in Acta Coventus Neo-Latini Turonensis, ed. Jean-Claude Margolin (2 vols.; Paris: J. Vrin, 1980), 1: 109, 110, 113.

54. Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent c. 1250-c. 1450 (2 vols.; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), 2: 449, 457, 451; Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study of Joachimism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 244.

55. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 77; Decima L. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1932), p. 25.

56. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 138, 132-33; Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 114. Edith Pásztor, "Le polemiche sulla 'Lectura super Apocalypsim' di Pietro di Giovanni Olivi fino alla sua condanna," Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 70 (1958), 365-424.

57. Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 199; Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 205, 7.

58. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 140.

59. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 2, ed. Piur, p. 169; 11, p. 203; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 232-35. In addition to the vices of lust, covetousness, pride, and gluttony, which will be discussed shortly, see Petrarch on envy, ibid. 13, p. 208; anger, 1, p. 166; and sloth, 1, p. 166, 5, p. 186, 9, p. 195, 11, p. 202.

58. Douie, The Nature and the Effect of the Heresy of the Fraticelli, p. 140.

59. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 2, ed. Piur, p. 169; 11, p. 203; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 232-35. In addition to the vices of lust, covetousness, pride, and gluttony, which will be discussed shortly, see Petrarch on envy, ibid. 13, p. 208; anger, 1, p. 166; and sloth, 1, p. 166, 5, p. 186, 9, p. 195, 11, p. 202.

60. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 136, pp. 280-81.

61. Quintus Curtius, Historia Alexandri 5.1.36-39; Herodotus, Historiae 1.196, 199.

62. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, pp. 232-35; trans. Zacour, p. 114. Cf. Bucolicum carmen 7, ed. Avena, pp. 127-31. See also Ezio Raimundi, "Una pagina satirica delle Sine nomine, " Studi petrarcheschi, 6 (1956), 55-61; rpt. as "Un esercizio satirico del Petrarca," in his Metafora e storia: Studi su Dante e Petrarca (Turin: Einaudi, 1970), pp. 189-98.

63. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 11, ed. Piur, p. 203; trans. Zacour, p. 75.

64. Ibid. 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, p. 169; 5, pp. 185-86; 9, p. 195; 10, pp. 197-201; 11, pp. 202-3; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 228, 231. See also Ep. fam. 6.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 47-54.

63. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 11, ed. Piur, p. 203; trans. Zacour, p. 75.

64. Ibid. 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, p. 169; 5, pp. 185-86; 9, p. 195; 10, pp. 197-201; 11, pp. 202-3; 13, p. 208; 18, pp. 228, 231. See also Ep. fam. 6.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 47-54.

65. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193.

66. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 201; trans. Zacour, p. 73. Ibid. 18, p. 231. See Col. 3:5.

65. Herodotus, Historiae 1.193.

66. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 10, ed. Piur, p. 201; trans. Zacour, p. 73. Ibid. 18, p. 231. See Col. 3:5.

67. E.g., Moralisch-satirische Gedichte Walters von Chatillon, esp. 1, 2, 5, 10, 11. See also Charles Witke, Latin Satire: The Structures of Persuasion (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970), pp. 250-51; John A. Yunck, "Economic Conservatism, Papal Finance, and the Medieval Satires on Rome," in Changes in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, ed. Sylvia L. Thrupp (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964), pp. 72-85.

68. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 319-26.

69. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86; see also 17, p. 220. Ibid. 18, p. 228; trans. p. 109. Ibid, 2, p. 169; 5, p. 185; 18, p. 232. For the primacy of avarice in medieval lists of the vices see Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 16-49.

68. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 319-26.

69. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86; see also 17, p. 220. Ibid. 18, p. 228; trans. p. 109. Ibid, 2, p. 169; 5, p. 185; 18, p. 232. For the primacy of avarice in medieval lists of the vices see Lester K. Little, "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom," American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 16-49.

70. See Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 330-32.

71. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 5, ed. Piur, p. 186; trans. Zacour, p. 59; 18, pp. 228, 232.

72. See n. 45.

73. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, pp. 165-66; trans. Zacour, p. 33; 19, p. 237.

74. See Hugo Gretzmann, "Der Festbecher," in Sellin-Festschrift: Beiträge zur Religionsgeschichte und Archäologie Palästinas, ed. U. Jirt (Leipzig: Werner Schoel, 1927), pp. 55-62; W. Lotz, "Das Sinnbild des Bechers," Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift, 28 (1917), 396-407.

75. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, pp. 168, 169; 6, p. 187; and for stupidity, 2, p. 169.

76. Ibid. 2, p. 168; trans. Zacour, p. 38.

75. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, p. 166; 2, pp. 168, 169; 6, p. 187; and for stupidity, 2, p. 169.

76. Ibid. 2, p. 168; trans. Zacour, p. 38.

77. See John T. Willis, "The Genre of Isaiah 5:1-7," Journal of Biblical Literature, 96 (1977), 337-62: Gale A. Yee, "A Form-Critical Study of Isaiah 5:1-7 as a Song and a Juridical Parable," Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 43 (1981), 30-40.

78. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 18, ed. Piur, p. 230. Translation mine. Note Petrarch's ironic use of the Delphic maxim "Know thyself," which is rendered more directly in the text than in Zacour's translation: "Nocisne teipsam, Babilon?"

79. See n. 53.

80. For this episode see Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, 1: 200-201, 224-26.

81. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 3.8, ed. Rossi, 1: 118-21; trans. Bernardo, 1: 134.

82. Petrarch, Rerum memorandarum liber 4, ed. Billanovich, pp. 191-272.

83. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 2.5, ed. Rossi, 1: 81-82.

84. Ibid. 5.7, ed. Rossi, 2: 22-25; trans. Bernardo, 1: 255.

83. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 2.5, ed. Rossi, 1: 81-82.

84. Ibid. 5.7, ed. Rossi, 2: 22-25; trans. Bernardo, 1: 255.

85. See Constance B. Hieatt, The Realism of Dream-Visions: The Poetic Exploitation of the Dream-Experience in Chaucer and His Contemporaries (The Hague: Mouton, 1967); Jane Chance Nitzsche, The Genius Figure in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 56-63.

86. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 359, pp. 557-59. See also 282, p. 461, 341, p. 539, 342, p. 539, 343, p. 541, 356, p. 553. For a study of these see Oscar Büdel, "Parusia Redemtricis: Lauras Traumbesuche in Petrarcas Canzoniere," in Petrarca, 1304-1374: Beiträge zu Werk und Wirkung, ed. Fritz Schalk (Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann, 1975), pp. 33-50. See also Ep. met. 1.6.126-28, 140-43, as discussed by Bernardo, Petrarch, Laura, and the Triumphs (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), pp. 69-72; and consider that Petrarch's Trionfi itself was a pageant of dreams.

87. Petrarch, Africa 8.462-81, ed. Festa, pp. 236-37; trans. Thomas G. Bergin and Alice S. Wilson, Petrarch's Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 199. See also Fabius's prophecy of Hannibal's war in Africa 7.61-84, ed. Festa, pp. 173-74.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

88. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 5.5, ed. Rossi, 2: 14-19; trans. Bernardo, I, 244, 245.

89. Ibid. 11.7, pp. 337-40.

90. Ibid. 11.7.2, p. 338; trans. Bernardo, 2: 99.

91. Ibid. 1.1.22, ed. Rossi, 1: 7-8; trans. Bernardo, 1: 8.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

92. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 174.1-7; p. 321.

93. Ibid. 328.3-4, pp. 516-17.

94. Ibid. 210.5-6, pp. 364-65.

95. Ibid. 249, pp. 410-11.

96. Ibid. 226.1-2, pp. 382-83.

97. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 9, ed. Piur, p. 196; trans. Zacour, p. 71. Cf. 17, p. 227.

98. For a survey of these as thematic of Petrarch's love of glory see Bernardo, ''The Importance of the Non-Love Poems of Petrarch's 'Canzoniere,''' Italica, 27 (1950), 302-12; and also Sara Sturm-Maddox, " Rime sparse 25-28: The Metaphors of Choice," Neophilologus, 69 (1985), 225-35; Marco Santagata, "Sul destinatario della canzone petrarchesca 'O aspectata in ciel beata et bella' (R.V.F. 28)," Rivista di letteratura italiana, 3 (1985), 365-80.

99. See Joachim of Fiore, Vat. Lat. 3822, ed. Bignami-Odier, pp. 220-23.

100. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 14, ed. Piur, p. 211; trans. Zacour, p. 86. See also Ep. 17, p. 220.

101. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 1.8.2-5, ed. Rossi, 1: 39-40; trans. Bernardo, 1: 42.

102. Seneca, Ad Lucilium 84.3-4.

103. Charles Trinkaus, The Poet as Philosopher: Petrarch and the Formation of Renaissance Consciousness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 9, and see also pp. 23-24. For Petrarch's imitation of classical authors see also Giuseppe Velli, "La memoria poetica del Petrarca," Italia medioevale e umanistica, 19 (1976), 171-207; Christian Bec, "De Pétrarque à Machiavel: A propos d'un topos humaniste (le dialogue lecteur/livre)," Rinascimento, 16 (1976), 3-17; and in general, Greene, The Light in Troy, pp. 104-46.

104. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 22.2.20-21, ed. Rossi, 4:108; trans. Bernardo, 3: 214.

105. Petrarch, Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 43, pp. 108-9. Consider also his statement that the splendor of the ancient philosophers ceases where Christ the sun of righteousness illuminates the mind. Ep. fam. 17.1.40, ed. Rossi, 3:229.

106. Seneca, Ad Lucilium 84.7-8. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 23.19.11-12, ed. Rossi, 4: 206; trans. Bernardo, 3: 301.

107. Fredi Chiapelli, "Petrarch and Innovation: A Note on a Manuscript," Modern Language Notes, 96 (1981), 140-42; Anna C. Burgio, "Per lo studio delle varianti petrarchesche: un recente contributo sulla canzone CCCXXIII," Studi petrarcheschi, 8 (1976), 257-61; Michele Feo, "Il sogno di Cerere e la

morte del lauro petrarchescho," in Il Petrarca ad Arquà: Atti del convegno di studi nel VI centario (1370-1374), ed. Giuseppe Billanovich and Giuseppe Frasso (Padua: Antenore, 1975), pp. 133-48; Mariarosa Giacon, "Temi e stilemi fra Petrarca e Boccaccio: II. La novella di Nastagio e la canzone delle visioni," Studi sul Boccaccio, 8 (1974), 226-49; Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca: La canzone delle visioni (Florence: Olschki, 1971); idem, "La canzone petrarchesca delle visioni: Costanti e variazioni interstrofiche della struttura metrica," Yearbook of Italian Studies, I (1971), 235-47; idem, "La canzone delle visioni e il sostrato tematico della 'fabula inexpleta,'" Giornale storico della letteratura italiana, 141 (1964), 321-35; Francesco Maggini, ''La canzone delle visioni," Studi petrarcheschi, 1 (1948), 37-50; and for the fortune of the poem, Julia C. Bondanella, Petrarch's Visions and Their Renaissance Analogues (Madrid: José Porrua Turanzas, 1978), and Charles R. Davis, ''Petrarch's Rime 323 and Its Tradition through Spenser," Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1973.

108. For a description of this form see Burke O. Long, "Reports of Visions among the Prophets," Journal of Biblical Literature, 95 (1976), 353-65.

109. See Philippe Reymond, L'Eau, sa vie, et sa signification dans l'ancien testament, Vetus Testamentum Supplements, 6 (1958), 208.

110. See chapter 1, n. 30.

111. Jean Frappier, "Variations sur le thème du Miroir, de Bernard de Ventadour à Maurice Scève," Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études françaises, 11 (1959), 134-58.

112. See D. R. Hillers, "A Convention in Hebrew Literature: The Reaction to Bad News," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 77 (1965), 86-89.

113. Long, "Reports of Visions among the Prophets."

114. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 21.10.25, ed. Rossi, 4: 78-79; trans. Bernardo, 3: 188. See also Dölger, Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit und der Schwarze, pp. 37-48; A. Bouché-Leclercq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (4 vols.; Paris, 1879), 1: 136-38.

115. Vergil, Aeneid 2.693, 9. 630-31.

116. See C. Budde, "Das hebräische Klagelied," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 2 (1882), 1-52; Hedwig Jahnow, Das hebräische Leichenlied im Rahmen der Völkerdichtung (Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann, 1923), pp. 197-231.

117. See n. 7.

118. W. H. Brownlee, "Two Elegies on the Fall of Judah (Ezekiel 19)," in Ex orbe religionum: Studia Geo Widengren, ed. C. J. Bleeker et al. (2 vols.; Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), 1: 93-103; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Greenberg, and Cooke, ad loc.

119. Phaedrus, Fabulae Aesopiae 1.21.8. See also Ben E. Perry's introduction, pp. lxxxiii-iv.

120. See Florence McCulloch, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, 3d rev. ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), pp. 137, 139. This figure also symbolized Christ, as Petrarch notes in Liber sine nomine 12, ed. Piur, p. 205; cf. Rev. 5:5.

121. For the use of dogs in the medieval hunt and related literature see Marcelle Thiébaux, The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974), pp. 21-36, 185-86; and for a Petrarchan image see Africa 4.345-53, ed. Festa, pp. 97-98.

122. The Epic of Gilgamesh 1.109, 136, cited by Cooke's commentary on Ezekiel, p. 207.

123. For Petrarch's fronte as meaning visage or appearance and not specifically the face, in analogy with the Latin frons, see Phaedrus, Fabulae Aesopiae 4.2.6. For the biblical exegesis see H. H. Rowley, Darius the Mede and the Four World Empires in the Book of Daniel: A Historical Study of Contemporary Theories (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1959), pp. 67-69; Maurice Casey, Son of Man: The Interpretation and Influence of Daniel 7 (London: SPCK, 1979), pp. 19-20; André Caquot, "Sur les quatre bêtes de Daniel VII," Semitica 5 (1955), 6-13; idem, "Les Quatre Bêtes et le 'fils d'homme' (Daniel 7)," Semitica, 17 (1967), 37-71; Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Di Lella, The Book of Daniel (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 205, 211-12; M. Delcor, Le Livre de Daniel (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1971), pp. 143-47. Cf. Rev. 13:1-8, which created a composite beast symbolizing the Roman empire from the lion's mouth and the characteristics of Daniel's three other wild creatures.

124. For the history see "Bianchi," in Paget Toynbee, rev. Charles S. Singleton, A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968), pp. 96-98. For Petrarch's use of "black and white" in another sense see Rime sparse, ed. Durling, 29.23, p. 83, 72.50, p. 165, 151.7, p. 297.

125. Wilkins, Life of Petrarch, pp. 1-3.

126. See H. J. van Dijk, Ezekiel's Prophecy on Tyre (Ez. 26, 1-28, 19): A New Approach (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1968), pp. 48-91; C. Newsome, "A Maker of Metaphors—Ezekiel's Oracles against Tyre," Interpretation, 38 (1984), 151-64; Edwin M. Good, "Ezekiel's Ship: Some Extended Metaphors in the Old Testament," Semitics, 1 (1970), 79-103; R. D. Barnett, "Ezekiel and Tyre," Eretz-Israel, 9 (1969), 6-7; Frederick L. Moriarty, ''The Lament over Tyre (Ez. 27),'' Gregorianum, 46 (1965), 83-88; Sidney Smith, "The Ship Tyre," Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 85 (1953), 97-110; W. Emery Barnes, "Ezekiel's Denunciation of Tyre (Ezek. xxvi-xxviii)," Journal of Theological Studies, 35 (1934), 50-52; and the commentaries ad loc. of Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983), trans. James D. Martin.

127. See Jean Daniélou, Primitive Christian Symbols, trans. Donald Atwater (Baltimore: Helicon, 1964), pp. 58-70; Hugo Rahner, Greek Myths and Christian Mystery, trans. Brian Battershaw (London: Burns & Oates, 1963), pp. 341-71.

128. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 1, ed. Piur, pp. 165-66.

129. See Herbert G. May, "Some Cosmic Connotations of Mayim Rabbîm, 'Many Waters,'" Journal of Biblical Literature, 74 (1955), 9-21, esp. 18.

130. See Lawrence Boadt, Ezekiel's Oracles against Egypt: A Literary and Philological Study of Ezekiel 29-32 (Rome: Biblical Institute, 1980), pp. 90-123; Fritz Stolz, "Die Bäume des Gottesgartens auf dem Libanon," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 84 (1972), 141-56; the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad loc.; and for a survey of the image in the history of religions, Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, trans. Rosemary Sheed (London: Sheed & Ward, 1958), pp. 265-330. Cf. the fearful dream of Nebuchadnezzar (Dan. 4:4-33) and his descent to the underworld (Is. 14:4-20), which also employ the symbol of the cosmic tree.

131. See Brownlee, "Two Elegies on the Fall of Judah (Ez. 19)," 93-103; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc. Cf. Ezekiel 15, for which see Horacio Simian-Yafre, "La Métaphore d'Ezékiel 15," in Ezekiel and His Book: Textual and Literary Criticism and Their Interrelation, ed. Johan Lust, Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium, 74 (Louvain: University Press, 1986), pp. 234-47; A. E. Rivlin, "The Parable of the Vine and the Fire: Structure, Rhythm and Diction in Ezekiel's Poetry," Beth Mikra, 63 (1974), 562-70 (in Hebrew); Eberhard Baumann, ''Die Weinranke im Walde. Hes. 15, 1-8," Theologische Literaturzeitung, 80 (1955), 119-20; Robert W. Funk, "The Looking-Glass Tree Is for the Birds," Interpretation, 27 (1973), 3-9.

132. Petrarch, Africa 3.588-91, 6.254-57, 7.607, ed. Festa, pp. 75-76, 143, 194.

133. Pliny, Naturalis historia 2.56.146, 15.40.134-35; Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 69; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 17.7.2.

134. Petrarch, Collatio laureationis, ed. Godi, pp. 26-27.

135. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad. loc.; and Greenberg, "The Design and Themes of Ezekiel's Program of Restoration," Interpretation, 38 (1984), 181-208, Jon D. Levenson, Theology of the Program of Restoration of Ezekiel 40-48 (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press for the Harvard Semitic Museum, 1976).

136. See J. Massyngberde-Ford, Revelation: Introduction, Translation and Commentary (New York: Doubleday, 1975), pp. 332-46; G. R. Beasley-Murray, The Book of Revelation (London: Oliphants, 1974), pp. 313, 330-32; R. H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Revelation (2 vols.; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1920), 2: 443-44; and also Albert Vanhoye, "L'Utilisation du livre d'Ezékiel dans l'Apocalypse," Biblica, 43 (1962), 436-76.

137. See Richard Bauckham, "The Eschatological Earthquake in the Apoc. of John," Novum Testamentum, 19 (1977), 224-33. Sib. 3.401-14, 449, 457, 459; 4.99-100, 107-13, 128-29; 5.128-29, 286-97, and for Babylon, 5.438. See also Lars Hartman, Prophecy Interpreted: The Formation of Some Jewish Apocalyptic Texts and of the Eschatological Discourse Mark 13 Par. (Uppsala: Almquist & Wiksells, 1966), pp. 91-94.

138. See the commentaries of Massyngberde-Ford, Beasley-Murray, and Charles, ad loc.

139. Greenberg, "Ezekiel 17 and the Policy of Psammetichus II," Journal

of Biblical Literature, 76 (1957), 304-9; Louise P. Smith, "The Eagle(s) of Ezekiel 17," Journal of Biblical Literature, 58 (1939), 43-50; and the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc.

140. See Herodotus, Historiae 2.73.

141. R. van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, according to Classical and Early Christian Traditions, trans. I. Seeger (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972), pp. 251-52, 279-80, 172 n. 6, 411 n. 1.

142. Lactantius, De ave phoenice 5-14; van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 25-30.

143. See McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 160, 158, 68. For the classical association of the phoenix with Lebanon see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 171-72.

144. Van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 307-9.

145. See McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 155-57; and Victor E. Graham, "The Pelican as Image and Symbol," Revue de littérature comparée, 36 (1962), 253-43.

146. McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 158-59. For ancient sources of the phoenix as building its pyre on a high rock see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 178-82.

147. McCullough, Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries, pp. 114-15.

148. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, and Cooke, ad loc.; and Hans F. Fuhs, "Ez 24—Überlegungen zu Tradition und Redaktion des Ezechielbuchs," in Ezekiel and His Book, ed. Lust, pp. 266-82.

149. The use of this classical myth is discussed in other terms in Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca, pp. 137-83. For general background see Rinaldina Russell, "Studio dei generi medievali italiani: Il compianto per Ia morte dell'amata," Italica, 54 (1977), 449-67.

150. See John Block Friedman, Orpheus in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 38-85.

151. See Caquot, "La Parole sur Juda dans le testament lyrique de Jacob (Genèse 49, 8-12)," Semetica, 26 (1976), 5-32; E. Testa, "La formazione letteraria della benedizione di Giacobbe (Gen 49, 2-27)," Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus, 23 (1973), 167-205; Calum M. Carmichael, "Some Sayings in Genesis 49," Journal of Biblical Literature, 88 (1969), 435-44; E. M. Good, "The 'Blessing' on Judah, Gen 49 8-12," Journal of Biblical Literature, 82 (1963), 427-32; W. L. Moran, ''Gen 49,10, and Its Use in Ez 21,32," Biblica, 39 (1958), 405-25; J. Coppens, ''La Bénédiction de Jacob: Son cadre historique à la lumière des parallèles ougaritiques," Vetus Testamentum Supplements, 4 (1957), 97-115; Bruce Vawter, "The Canaanite Background of Gen. 49, Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 17 (1955), 1-18; Gerhard von Rad, Genesis: A Commentary, trans. John H. Marks, rev. ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1972), pp. 419-28; E. A. Speiser, Genesis (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 361-72.

152. The manuscript indicates corrections dated 13 October and a definitive form dated 31 October 1368. Chiappelli, Studi sul linguaggio del Petrarca, pp. 15-19.

153. See C. C. Bayley, "Petrarch, Charles IV, and the 'Renovatio Im-

perii,'" Speculum, 17 (1942), 323-41, with citation, 335. Petrarch, Ep. fam. 10.1, ed. Rossi, 2: 283-84; trans. Bernardo, 2: 54.

154. Gerald G. Walsh, The Emperor Charles IV, 1316-1378: A Study in Holy Roman Imperialism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1924), pp. 75-79; Bede Jarrett, The Emperor Charles IV (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1935), pp. 91, 155-56; and for the general background, Mollat, The Popes at Avignon, pp. 146-60.

155. See the commentaries of Zimmerli, Eichrodt, Wevers, Cooke, and Greenberg, ad loc.

156. See Bouché-Leclerq, Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité, 1: 127-45, esp. 134.

157. For the phoenix and the Golden Age see van den Broeck, The Myth of the Phoenix, pp. 98-116, 229-30; as king of the birds, p. 193; as paradisiacal, pp. 184-85, 309-34.

158. See Bayley, "Petrarch, Charles IV, and the 'Renovatio Imperii,'" 333.

159. Reeves, Prophecy in the Late Middle Ages, pp. 267, 326, 367; 306-9, 321-22, and see the index under "Alemani."

160. Reeves and Beatrice Hirsch-Reich, "The Seven Seals in the Writings of Joachim of Fiore," Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, 21 (1954), 211-47.

161. Reeves, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), pp. 85-86.

162. Petrarch, Liber sine nomine 15, ed. Piur, p. 216; trans. Zacour, pp. 91-92.