1. Andrés Bernáldez, Memorias del reinado de los Reyes Católicos , J. de M. Carriazo and M. Gómez-Moreno, eds. (Madrid, 1962), p. 107

2. A recent example is Joseph Pérez et al., Historia de España , Vol. V: La frustración de un imperio (1469-1714) , Manuel Tuñon de Lara, ed. (Barcelona, 1982), pp. 155-162.

3. J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms , Vol. II: Castilian Hegemony (1410-1516) , (Oxford, 1978), pp. 349-532, emphasizes the importance of tradition in the Monarchs' formulation of policy.

4. Kriegel, "L'expulsion des juifs."

5. For the conversion of the Muslims of Granada and Castile, see Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 69-82, and Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , II: 470-483. On the Mudejars and Moriscos under Carlos, see Ricardo García Cárcel, Orígenes de la Inquisición Española: el tribunal de Valencia, 1478-1530 (Barcelona, 1976), pp. 98-101, 116-132, and the still useful Pascual Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos españoles y su expulsión (Valencia, 1901), 1: 121-169.

6. José María Lacarra, "Introducción al estudio de los mudéjares aragoneses," in I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981),

pp. 17-28; Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174; Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 117-138; Boswell, Royal Treasure ; Bramon, Contra moros i jueus , pp. 68-91; Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 51-105; and Pierre Guichard et al., Nuestra Historia , vol. 3 (Valencia, 1980), pp. 13-108. Robert I. Burns, "Immigrants from Islam: The Crusaders' Use of Muslims as Settlers in Thirteenth Century Spain," American Historical Review 80 (1975): 21-42, demonstrates the economic importance of the Muslim population for the Christian conquerors.

7. The percentages of Mudejar population I have offered here are only approximations. For the Mudejars of Valencia, Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 64-70, traces the steady decline of their population. Utilizing the census of 1510, she arrives at a figure of 13, 056 Mudejar households out of 55, 631 households, or 23.4 percent of the population. However, she does not reveal how she arrived at such a figure. The census data given by Ricardo García Cárcel, "El censo de 1510 y la población valenciana de la primera mitad del siglo XVI," Saitabi 26 (1976): 171-188, indicates that usually no distinction was made between Muslim and Christian households, which leads one to question Barceló's precise figure. In 1502 the military estate estimated that the kingdom had a Muslim population of at least 22,000 households—ARV (Archivo del Reino de Valencia): C (Cancillería Real) 650: 242v—or 39.5 percent of the total population (55,631 households), which, although it seems a bit exaggerated, suggests that Barceló's estimate is too low. Lapeyre, Géographie , pp. 20-21, estimates a Morisco population in 1565 of 19,000 households, or 29 percent of the total. He also notes (pp. 29-30) that the emigration of a number of Muslims after the conversion of 1526 prevented a marked increase in the Morisco population by 1565. My own estimate of 30 percent, or approximately 17,000 Muslim households, is a rough compromise between the excessively high and low estimates of the military estate and Barceló. It also allows for a minimal increase in Muslim population to the level suggested by Lapeyre for 1565. The estimates for the Mudejars of Aragon and Catalonia come from Lapeyre, Géographie , pp. 96-99, and A. Domínguez Ortiz and B. Vincent, Historia de los moriscos (Madrid, 1978), p. 77.

8. On the supremacy of royal authority vis-à-vis the Mudejars, see Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174, and Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 30-31. ACA (Archivo de la Corona de Aragón): C 3567: 151v (8 February 1496): "Queriendo que aquellos pot set coffres nuestros no sean vexados"; ACA: C 3644: 147r (19 February 1489): "la dicha aliama que es nuestro patrimonio y cofre nuestro"; and ARV: C 134: 21r (23 November 1468): "quoniam sarraceni dicte aliame servi sunt camere nostre."

9. Jaume Vicens i Vives, Ferran II i la ciutat de Barcelona , 3 vols. (Barcelona, 1936-1937), esp. I: 365-424; García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 37-82; and Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, València en la crisi del segle XV (Barcelona, 1976).

10. Belenguer Cebrià, València , pp. 19-21. ARV: C 650: 251r-252v (6 July 1502): the viceroy chooses perhaps the worst time possible to conduct a general investigation of Mudejar aid to runaway slaves. See chap. 2.

11. Leopoldo Piles Ros, Estudio documental sobre el Bayle General de

Valencia, su autoridad y jurisdicción (Valencia, 1970), pp. 35-48. ARV: B (Bailía General) 1157: 388r-389r (1 March 1483) is a good example of the king's reliance on the bailiff general's advice. See text below.

12. The appointment of local bailiffs and their duties with respect to Muslim aljamas are found in ARV: C 307: 97v-99r, for Játiva; ARV: C 423: 64v-65v, and ARV: B 1156: 826r-827v, for Castellón de Játiva; and ARV: C 424: 35r-v, for the morería of Valencia.

13. ARV: C 141: 100v-101r; ARV C 127: 98v; ACA: C 3605: 31r-v; and ACA: C 3647: 53v-54r are examples of the governor acting as a royal deputy in Mudejar affairs. Piles Ros, Bayle General , pp. 114-115, discusses the conflict of interests between the governor and the bailiff general. The governor's jurisdiction over cases involving Mudejars will be discussed in chap. 5.

14. ARV: C 141: 100v-101r (5 November 1500).

15. ACA: C 3571: 85r-v (20 June 1493).

16. ACA: C 3647: 53v-54r (5 February 1490).

17. ACA: C 3605: 31r (8 July 1479) to Don Noffre de Rocasfull. ACA: C 3605: 31r-v is Fernando's command to the governor of Orihuela.

18. ACA: C 3638: 153r-v (27 December 1481).

19. ACA: C 3653: Iv-2r (23 October 1495).

20. ARV: C 304: 171r-173r (21 February 1481).

21. ARV: B 1157: 180v-181v (15 December 1481). ACA: C 3637: 135r-v (12 December 1481)—Fernando concedes to the aljama Valencia all privileges, immunities, and prerogatives his predecessors had granted to the aljamas of Játiva, Alcira, and Gandía.

22. ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496).

23. ACA: C 3644: 82r-83r (21 February 1488).

24. ACA: C 3571: 23v-24r (30 August 1492).

25. ARV: C 128: 169v-170v (21 February 1481).

26. ARV: C 127: 98r-v (6 April 1480); ARV: C 128: 117v-118r (2 January 1481); and ARV: C 131: 102v-104r (3 July 1483).

27. Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 144-145, and Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," p. 471, suggest a movement of Mudejars from seigneurial to royal lands because conditions were better in the latter. María del Carmen Barceló Torres, "La morería de Valencia en el reinado de Juan II," Saitabi 30 (1980): 53-71, shows that Juan II was able to reconstruct Valencia's morería after the sack of 1455. Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, La frontera amb l'Islam en el segle XIV: cristians i sarraïns al País Valencià (Barcelona, 1988), p. 15, notes royal attempts to restore or create new morerías in the fourteenth century. Burns, "Immigrants from Islam," discusses the earlier use of foreign Muslims as settlers.

28. Furs e ordinations fetes per los gloriosos reys de Aragó als regnicols del regne de València , Lambert Palmart, ed. (Valencia, 1482): King Martin, Rubric VI: 184r—"De sarracenis qui sine comptare se faciunt vassallos alterius"; King Juan II, Rubric XV: 239v-240r: "De sarrahins." Aureum opus regalium privilegorium civitatis et regni Valentie (1515): Alfonso V, 196v-197r: "De sarracenis baronum volentibus mutare eorum domicilia ad loca domini regis." On

the military obligations of Mudejar vassals in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, see Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 289-290 and chap. XII, passim; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 171-193; and Ferrer i Mallol, Frontera , pp. 33-35. Mudejars, however, did serve in the seigneurial armies against the Germanías , although these were extraordinary circumstances; see Ricardo García Cárcel, Las Germanías de Valencia (Barcelona, 1981), pp. 122-125, and Eulàlia Duran, Les Germanies als Països Catalans (Barcelona, 1982), pp. 180-196.

29. ARV: B 1158: 270v-271r: (14 August 1486). While there is much evidence of this kind, Jacqueline Guiral-Hadziiossif in her fine study, Valence: port méditerranéen au XVe siècle (1410-1525) (Paris, 1986), pp. 338-341, nonetheless maintains that fifteenth-century seigneurial Muslims were immobilized by their lords.

30. Gual Camarena, "Aportaciones," pp. 171-174; Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 244-245. Barceló Torres, Minorías , p. 52, challenges this view.

31. ARV: C 128: 8v-9v (30 May 1480).

32. ACA: C 3610: 124v (2 December 1492). ACA: C 3571: 172r-v(15 November 1494) disscusses the new arrangement for assessing the taxes to be paid by the Muslims of Borja's lower (i. e., original) morería and its upper (i. e., former judería ) morería .

33. ACA: C 3568: 3v-4v (2 July 1490).

34. ACA: C 3608: 167v (13 February 1484).

35. ARV: B 1157: 388r-389r (1 March 1483).

36. ARV: B 1160: 687v-688r (1 July 1493). ARV: C 129: 118r-v (5 July 1481) concerns the case of Muslim vassals of the lordship of Gaibiel, who "fugam comiserunt" (committed flight) by moving to the morería of Jérica without settling accounts with the señora of Gaibiel.

37. ARV: C 138: 72v-73v, 74r-75r (21 December 1496), and 113r-v (25 August 1497).

38. Cortes del Reinado de Fernando el Catolico , Ernest Belenguer Cebrià, ed. (Valencia, 1972), pp. 5-6.

39. ARV: C 650: 64r-v (15 October 1490), for Sellent, 80v-81r (22 August 1492), for Cuart, and 81v-82r (25 September 1492), for Turís.

40. ARV: C 129: 142v-143v (13 September 1481).

41. ACA: C 3655: 15v-16v (23 May 1499).

42. ACA: C 3610: 53r-v (12 July 1490). On the efforts of towns to attract Mudejar residents, see text below for Castellón de la Plana and Alcoy.

43. ARV: C 311: 44r-46v (16 September 1499), for Castellón de la Plana; and ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496), for Alcoy.

44. ARV: B 1161: 123v-124r (14 September 1495).

45. ARV: B 1158: 75v-76v (2 September 1485).

46. ARV: C 148: 61r-62r (13 August 1492).

47. ARV: C 148: 61v (see above)—"Reservant nos maior deliberacio axi sobre la residencia personal per part vostra pretesa contra lo dit moro." ARV: B 1160: 635r-v (12 May 1493). The lord of Pedralba uses the same argument against Muslims wishing to become royal vassals in Valencia.

48. ARV: B 1162: 367r (undated and incomplete).

49. ARV: B 1161: 508v-509r (17 October 1498) and 578v-579r (18 February 1499).

50. ARV: B 1160: 917r-v (7 October 1494).

51. On tensions between the towns and the nobility, see García Càcel, Germanías , pp. 56, 186-188. ARV: B 1161: 671r-v (28 September 1499). ARV: C 140: 82v-83v (16 September 1499) concerns the same case.

52. ARV: C 311: 44r-46v (16 September 1499).

53. ACA: C 3568: 3v-4v (1 July 1490).

54. ARV: C 650: 102v-103r (5 July 1493).

55. For instance, ARV: C 135: 194v-196r (19 April 1490). The knight Luis Joan filed suit against the Cardinal of Valencia because he thought the prelate had received homage from two Muslim vassals still indebted to him. It turned out that the Muslims had become royal vassals in Játiva.

56. ACA: C 3568: 5v-6r (2 July 1490).

57. ARV: C 304: 144v-145v (11 December 1480).

58. García Càrcel, Germanías , pp. 46-47; Antoni Furió and Ferran Garcia, "Dificultats agràries en la formació i consolidació del feudalisme al País Valencià," in La formació i expansió del feudalisme català , J. Portella i Comas, ed. (special volume of Estudi General , issue nos. 5-6, Girona, 1985-1986), pp. 306-307; Ramèn Ferrer Navarro, "La Plana: su estructura demográfica en el siglo XV," Cuadernos de Historia 5 (1975): 67-91; Fernando Arroyo Ilera, "Estructura demográfica de Segorbe y su comarca en el siglo XV," Hispania: Revista Española de Historia 112 (1969): 295-313.

59. ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r (19 February 1496)—Fernando's confirmation of Juan II's measures (1468).

60. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r (19 July 1480).

61. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r. ARV: C 305: 39v-40r (7 December 1481), and ARV: C 306: 77v-79v (26 March 1484) discuss details regarding the Muslims' carnicería (butcher shop).

62. ARV: B 1156: 826v-827v (19 July 1480); and ARV: C 423: 64v-65v (19 July 1480). Furs de Valencia , Germà Colon and Arcadi Garcia, eds., (Barcelona, 1970), I: 221; Llibre I: Rubrica III: 90 (1488). Fernando dissolves the office of bailiff of Castellón de Játiva and places the morería under the jurisdiction of the bailiff of Játiva.

63. ARV: C 304: 89v.

64. ARV: C 304: 144r-v (13 December 1480).

65. ARV: B 1159: 10r (2 April 1488).

66. ARV: B 1160: 745r-v (5 October 1493); 761v-762v (24 October 1493); and 780r-781r (4 December 1493).

67. ARV: B 1157: 115v-117v (26 September 1481). ARV: C 130: 113v-114r (10 December 1481). Fernando prohibits interference of the lieutenant governor in the affairs of the aljama of Castellón de Játiva, when Caldes and the aljama express their fear of his actions against them.

68. Gual Camarena, "Mudéjares valencianos," pp. 472-494, on the sack of the morería ; Barceló Torres, "Morería de Valencia," and José Hinojosa Montalvo, "Las relaciones entre los reinos de Valencia y Granada durante la primera

mitad del siglo XV," in Estudios de Historia de Valencia (Valencia, 1978), pp. 111-116. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , pp. 341-345.

69. These conclusions are based on licenses for travel abroad granted to Muslims found in ARV: C 707: 786v-918v.

70. ARV: B 1156: 343v-344v (4 October 1478)—Juan II's order that the aljama's creditors reduce the debts owed them; ARV: B 1158: 534r-v (6 February 1488)—Fernando confirms the said reduction of the aljama's debts and the aljama's payment of only an annual sum of 25 pounds. ARV: C 305: 65v-66r (15 December 1481), and ACA: C 3637: 135r-v (12 December 1481) are other confirmations of the aljama's privileges.

71. Barceló Torres, "Morería die Valencia," pp. 54-55.

72. Registers ARV: B 1220-12:23 contain documentation on Muslims swearing homage to the king in the morería of Valencia.

73. ACA: C 3566: 66r-v (24 March 1488)—Fernando licenses Çelim Alturmici of Almería and his family to enter his realms; Çelim is leaving Almería "por temor que ha tenido del Rey del dicho Reyno de Granada e de los moros de la dicha ciudat." ACA: C 3566: 159r (2 February 1489)—a similar license for Muslims from Baza.

74. ACA: C 3664: 294r-295r (23 September 1488).

75. See chap. 2 nn. 52-53.

76. See chap. 2 n. 54.

77. See chap. 2 nn. 52-53.

78. ARV: C 596: 91r (28 September 1491)—Játiva and Alcira; ARV: B 1160: 447v (25 May 1492)—Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 572r-v (29 November 1492)—Calatayud; ARV: B 1159: 156r-v (24 January 1489)—Alcira and Játiva; ARV: B 1160: 41v (5 March 1491)—Valencia; ARV: B 1160: 376v (23 December 1491)—Valencia.

79. ARV: B 1160: 18v (28 January 1491)—Vall de Uxó; ARV: B 1160: 354v-355r (26 November 1491)—Manises; ARV: B 1160: 424r (31 March 1492)—Novelda; ARV: B 1160: 424v (2 April 1492)—Valldigna; ARV: B 1160: 581r (24 December 1492)—Elche; ARV: B 1160: 634v-635r (12 March 1493)—Bétera; and ARV: B 1161: 320v-321r (30 September 1496)—Foya de Buñol. See chap. 2 n. 55.

80. ARV: C 148: 214r-v (4 September 1493).

81. ARV: C 596: 64v (24 October 1489). Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 159-161, document no. 45: a safe-conduct to Granadan Muslims going to settle on the lands of the Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza in the kingdom of Valencia.

82. ARV: C 596: 65r-v (24 November 1489).

83. ACA: C 3665: 216v (30 April 1490).

84. ACA: C 3610: 178r (21 March 1493). ARV: C 596: 119r-v (27 February 1493), and 121v (21 March 1493) treat the same question.

85. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 222-224, document no. 80: Granadan Muslims returning to Granada from North Africa are to be made royal captives, owing to the problem of coastal security.

86. ARV: B 1160: 519v (21 August 1492), in reference to previous practices.

87. Emilia Salvador, "Sobre la emigración mudéjar a Berbería. El tránsito legal a través del puerto de Valencia durante el primer cuarto del siglo XVI," Estudis 4 (1975): 39-45; Cortes , Belenguer Cebrià, ed., pp. 6, 70. See also Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns de la Corona catalano-aragonesa en el segle XIV: segregació i discriminació (Barcelona, 1987), pp. 150-183, who traces royal emigration policy until 1407 and shows that Pedro IV, despite the enactment of 1370 and the resistance of the nobility, still continued to grant emigration licenses to Mudejars.

88. ARV: C 659: 479r-480r (16 April 1479). Fernando confirms Juan II's restoration of this right to the bailiff general. See also Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence , p. 341, who notes that between 1421 and 1431 the bailiff general issued 118 emigration licenses, but suggests that such licensing promoted the establishment of "bridgeheads of overseas commerce" in North Africa.

89. ARV: C 307: 117v-118r (14 December 1486).

90. ARV: C 307: 116v-117v (14 December 1486)—Fernando reprimands the justice and jurates of Alicante for allowing Muslims to emigrate from their port in violation of the bailiff general's prerogatives; and ARV: MR 4570: 8r-12v (1486) records the issuing of 44 licenses for Mudejar emigration by the bailiff general "beyond the River Jijona."

91. ARV: C 650: 85r (11 December 1492).

92. ARV: B 1160: 351r-352r (22 November 1491). The bailiff general instructs his algutzir to expedite the embarcation of Maghriban Jews and Muslims on Venetian galleys in Tortosa; he is also to see to it that all Muslims of Valencia, Castile, or Granada who board the galleys pay their passage duties to the Crown.

93. Salvador, "Emigración," pp. 47-60.

94. ACA: C 3649: 252r-253r (5 January 1492).

95. ACA: C 3610: 191v (7 May 1493).

96. See chap. 2.

97. Pedro López Elum, "La población de la morería de Játiva (1493)," in Estudios de Historia de Valencia (Valencia, 1978), pp. 161-162, notes that of 382 Muslim households only 341 paid the besant . ARV: MR 4030: 6r (1498)—Murviedro's besant list notes a Muslim who moved out of his father's house to form his own household.

98. Some examples are ARV: B 1160: 194r-v (15 April 1491)—Amet Uçey and his son Yuçeff move from Gestaglar to Liria; ARV: C 154: 132r-v (13 June 1498)—Çuleymen Obecar and family move from Chova to Villarreal; and ARV: B 1160: 532v-533r (22 September 1492)—Ali and Yuçeff Perrello move from Castellnou to Valencia. For more on this, see my doctoral dissertation, "Between Convivencia and Crusade: The Muslim Minority of the Kingdom of Valencia during the Reign of Fernando 'el Católico'" (University of Toronto, 1987), tables 1 and 2, pp. 100-103.

99. Piles, "Moros de realengo," pp. 239-245; and Macho y Ortega, "Mudéjares aragoneses," pp. 165-174.

100. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 324-326, makes an important distinction between issue and problem , noting that although certain of the Mudejars' dis-

advantages were, for them, not issues , they were nevertheless problems that vitally affected them.

101. ACA: C 3609: 106v (16 February 1486)—"Item, per quant alguns barons stan circumvehins a les dites viles reals los quals nos es dit fan moltes vexacions als poblats de aquelles."

102. ARV: C 135: 183v-184v (29 March 1490).

103. ARV: C 311: 143v-144v (17 October 1500).

104. ARV: C 130: 129v-130r (29 December 1482). AMV: (Archivo Municipal de Valencia): g ³ (Cartas Missivas) 29: 116r-v (31 March 1479), and 160r (4 September 1479) concern complaints of lords that the jurats of Gandía are wrongly collecting the peyta from their vassals. ACA: C 3521: 21r-22r (30 August 1479)—the jurats of Tortosa try to collect taxes from the Muslims of nearby Benifallet.

105. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed.: King Martin, Rubric III, 180r: "Si juheu o sarrahi o altre infeel nafrara alcun crestia acordadament no defenentse, ordenam que muyra sens tot remey. E sil nafrara en cas de baralla pach les penes dobles en fur contengudes contra aquells qui nafren alcu." The Mudejar could defend himself against a Christian only at great legal risk to himself.

106. ARV: C 148: 108r-v (28 November 1492).

107. ARV: C 139: 249r-v (30 March 1497). ARV: C 317: 26v (13 November 1492)—the baron of Ayodar imprisons Çilim and Jael Roig, royal vassals in Jérica, and tries to extort feudal dues from them.

108. ARV: B 1161: 80r-v (23 May 1495).

109. ARV: B 1161: 570r (5 February 1499).

110. ARV: B 1156: 819v-820r (21 July 1480).

111. ARV: B 1162: 59v (13 June 1500).

112. ARV: B 1157: 93v-94v (22 August 1481).

113. ACA: C 3605: 135v (13 April 1482).

114. This conclusion is based on a reading of the relevant documentation. Christian offenders are almost never punished for crimes against Muslims.

115. ARV: B 1157: 212r-v (18 March 1482), and 388r-389r (1 March 1483).

116. ARV: C 596: 105v (20 February 1492); and ACA: C 3667: 267r-v (20 February 1492).

117. ARV: B 1160: 665r-v (18 May 1493).

118. ARV: B 1161: 569v-570r (4 February 1499).

119. ACA: C 3521: 51r-v (13 September 1479). The Christian officials of Tortosa are forcing local Muslims to stand guard in Tortosa's castle and are interfering in the aljama's elections.

120. ARV: C 128: 170v-172r (21 February 1481).

121. ARV: C 305: 71r.

122. ARV: C 126: 77r (13 October 1479); and ARV: C 128: 168v-169v (21 February 1481).

123. ARV: C 305: 71r.

124. ARV: B 1157: 266r-267r (28 June 1482), and 267r-v. ARV: B 1157: 426r-v (6 May 1483)—the officials of Murviedro compel the Muslims to pay exorbitant rates for the sisa on slaughtered meat.

125. ACA: C 3644: 147r-v (19 February 1489).

126. ACA: C 3568: 5r-v (2 July 1490).

127. ACA: C 3606: 79r-80r (8 February 1483). Fevollet seems to have worked in the Muslims' interests. ACA: C 3609: 106v (16 February 1486) finds Fevollet intervening to protect a Muslim of Játiva against the harassment of a Christian, Noffre Fillach.

128. ARV: B 1157: 556r-557r (6 February 1484).

129. ARV: C 135: 183r-v (29 March 1490).

130. ARV: C 137: 147r-148r (5 August 1494).

131. ACA: C 3665: 18v-19v (23 November 1486).

132. ARV: C 139: 94r-v (6 July 1495)—Dezpuig pleads his case, blaming Fevollet for advising the aljama not to pay him the 13 pounds 11s and asserting that the payment of the said quantity was established by orders of Alfonso V and Juan II. ARV: C 139: 174r-175r (9 January 1496)—the aljama counters with the argument that the kings had made no such provisons, adding "per quant lo dit balle ha mudat sa habitacio continua a Valencia que no esta james en Xativa e ... no tendria raho ... pera demanar dit present pux no habita en la dita ciutat de Xativa ni assestex per la dita morería en cosa alguna." ARV: C 140: 151r-v, 159v-160v (11 April 1500), and 179v-180r (29 May 1500)—the litigation continues and the positions of both parties are restated, and the rulings of various jurists are appealed by both parties. ARV: B 1158: 444r-v (26 June 1487) also deals with the case. One must also take into account the plague that hit Játiva in 1490 when considering the aljama's population decline.

133. ACA: C 3567: 98r (20 April 1494).

134. ACA: C 3607: 189r-v (30 July 1495).

135. ARV: C 132: 194r-195r (18 January 1485).

136. Vicens i Vives, Barcelona , I: 365-424, esp. p. 418, where Fernando concludes that "el servei de Deu havia de sobreposarse a tota altra classe de consideracions." Belenguer Cebrià, Valéncia , pp. 158-166, emphasizes that in Fernando's mind spiritual concerns outweighed all other considerations, economic or legal; and see García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 37-82.

137. Burns, Islam under the Crusaders , pp. 201-203 and chap. IX, passim; Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 261-267; and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 85-87.

138. ARV: C 650: 337v (23 April 1506): "puix la sglesia los [moros] tollera els permet tenir mesquites e refer aquelles com solament los prohebeixqua ferne de noves."

139. ARV: C 304: 88v-90r, the document that concerns the founding of the morería of Castellón de Játiva, makes no mention of a mosque; however, ACA: C 3650: 255v-259r specifically mentions a mosque for Juan II's new morería in Alcoy. Barceló Torres, Minorías , pp. 95-96, notes that not every Mudejar community had its own mosque. ACA: C 3650: 171v (16 February 1493): Fernando orders the investigation into the matter of the mosque of Castellón de Játiva.

140. ACA: C 3669: 129r (10 August 1498).

141. ARV: C 311: 24v-26r (31 July 1499); ARV: C 140: 49r-v (31 July 1499), 116r-117r (9 November 1499); and ARV: C 141: 4v-5r (18 November 1499).

142. See Cahen, Encyclopaedia of Islam (2 ed.), I: 187-188, on the adhan * . Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 261-267; and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 87-95. Furs e ordinations , Palmart, ed.: King Martin, Rubric XLVI: 178v-179r: "De sarrahins que la çala no sia cridada publicament," and King Alfonso, Rubric XXI: 221v: "De la çala." Aureum opus , 62r-v (Jaime II): "Quod in nullis locis invocetur seu proclametur per sarracenos alta voce çalla sub pena ultimi supplitii," and 67r (Jaime II): "Mandatur baiulo quod puniat sarracenos clamantes çabaçala."

143. García Cárcel, Inquisición , p. 117.

144. ARV: C 650: 336v-338v (24 April 1506).

145. Aureum opus , 183v-184r (Alfonso V): "Contra sarracenum blasfemantem de domino deo et beata virgine maria." ARV: MR (Maestre Racional) 948: 12r concerns the case of Ali Castellano, who "jura les parts insanes de nostre Senyor Deu"; and ARV: B 1157: 342r-v (26 November 1482) concerns a similar case.

146. Aureum opus , 56v-57r (Jaime II): "Et quod judei et sarraceni dum corpus Christi portant per civitateni teneantur genuaflectere vel se occultare sub pena ibi aposita." Furs , Colon and Garcia, eds., II: 81-82: Llibre I: Rubrica VIII: II: "Juheus ne serrahins no ... obren en los dies de les festes publicament dintre la ciutat ne de fora en alcuna part del regne de Valencia," See also Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 100-101.

147. ACA: C 3648: 58r-59r (18 September 1492). ACA: C 3565: 62r (8 May 1486) contains Fernando's previous command.

148. With respect to Ayora, n. 141. The Christians of the town made no objections to the Marqués's construction of a morería and mosque there. In Alcoy the Christians themselves asked for the new morería and mosque—see n.59.

149. ACA: C 3576: 145r-v (19 September 1498).

150. ARV: C 304: 89r (19 July 1480)—"deputamus locum ibidem ubi serraceni ... habitare possint ... extra versus locum depopulatum inter christianos se non inmiscendo"; and 144r (13 December 1480). On the question of separate Muslim quarters in the fourteenth century, see Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 1-7.

151. ARV: C 305: 71r-v. Here. Fernando was clearly disregarding previous royal legislation found in the Aureum opus , 240r (Martin I): "Quod nullus christianus possit habitare seu suum domicilium tenere intra clausuras morerie Valentie."

152. ARV: C 3565: 62r (8 May 1486); and ACA: C 3648: 58r-59r (18 September 1492).

153. ARV: B 1157: 266r-267v (28 June 1482).

154. ARV: C 650: 3r-4r (7 April 1488), and 56v (6 April 1489).

155. ACA: C 3667: 265v (25 February 1492).

156. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 330-332, and Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 41-60. ACA: C 3605: 149v (22 May 1482).

157. ARV: MR 92: 321r (23 January 1482)—payment to the public crier for the "crida Reyal per la dita ciutat e lochs acostumats de aquella per los senyals que los juheus e moros deven portar segons los furs e ordinacions Reyals per

que entre les crestians sien coneguts.'' ACA: C 3665: 20v-21r (5 December 1486).

158. For example, ARV: C 126: 40v-41v (11 September 1479); ARV: C 135: 102r (26 July 1488); ARV: C 140: 256v (7 January 1501); and ARV: C 308: 87v-88r (26 July 1488).

159. ACA: C 3567: 151r-v (8 February 1496).

160. ARV: B 123: 30v-31r (1488) contains a provision restricting the richness of Muslim clothing within the morería of Valencia, but no mention is made of special distinctive blue garb or of other senyals . García Cárcel, Inquisición , p. 100: in 1521 the Consell of Valencia was deliberating whether the Mudejars must "vaguen senaliats."

161. Aureum opus , 216r-v (Fernando II) and 230r-232r (Fernando II).

162. ARV: C 310: 167v (23 January 1498).

163. ARV: B 1156: 511v-512r. See also Ferrer i Mallol, Els sarraïns , pp. 12-14.

164. Boswell, Royal Treasure , pp. 70-72. ARV: B 123: 30r-v (1488).

165. ARV: B 123: 31r-v (1488).

166. ARV: B 123: 142r-v (1493). ARV: B 123: 263r-v (1499) is a reiteration of this provision.

167. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v (1492), 149r-150v (1494), 189r-191r (1496), 214v-215v (1498), and 286r-v (1502) contain the same command.

168. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v.

169. ARV: B 123: 108r-109v emphasizes the "gran dan e prejuhi als drets e regalies del dit molt alt Senyor Rey" that would result were Muslims to lodge in any inns other than the royal fonduk.

170. The documentation found in ARV: B 123 shows that these prohibitions had to be proclaimed every two years. While the regularity of these prohibitions can be attributed to the fact that the bailiwick and the fonduk of the morería were farmed out every two years, it still points to a persistent problem.

171. ARV: B 1433 (16 June 1503)—Ysabel Sanchez (406v), Lorens Garcia (412r), Isabel Lop (413v), Francesch Centelles (416r), Anthon Bernat (417r), Gil Sanxiz (420v), Joan de Gandia (422v), and Miguel de Boro (425v) all testify to the "bona fama e vida" of the Torralbis, a Mudejar family.

172. See chap. 3.

173. ARV: B 1431: 385r (14 June 1493).

174. ARV: B 1431: 278v-280r (6 February 1493)—the confessions of Alasdrach and Ali Alcayet.

175. ARV: B 1431: 92v-93r (10 June 1491)—"[Serra] era grandissim amich com a germa del dit Ubaydal Çentido e es grandissim amich de la germana del dit Ubaydal."

176. ARV: B 1431: 89v-90r (8 June 1491)—the testimony of Domingo Roda; and 92v—the defense challenges Domingo's testimony.

177. ARV: B 1431: 90v-91v (9 June 1491)—Bernat Canon and Johan de Bolea testify how they went to the processions with Abdalla Çentido and other Muslims.

178. Haim Beinart, "The Converso Community in 15th Century Spain," in The Sephardi Heritage , R. D. Barnett, ed., (London, 1971), I: 425-456, pro-

vides a fine discussion of the controversy surrounding the Conversos, although his comments on the Inquisition and the Spanish State should be read with caution. See also Angus MacKay, "Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile," Past and Present 55 (1972): 33-67; idem, "The Hispanic-Converso Predicament," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , 5th series, 35 (1985): 159-179; and Kriegel, "L'expulsion des juifs."

179. ACA: C 3612: 84r-v (18 March 1498).

180. Haim Beinart, Records of the Trails of the Spanish Inquisition in Ciudad Real , 4 vols. (Jerusalem, 1974-1983). A reading of these records gives one a good sense of Converso lifestyle and religiosity.

181. ACA: C 3567: 152r (8 February 1496).

182. See chap. 2 nn. 143-144.

183. ACA: C 3568: 71r (22 November 1493).

184. ARV: B 1161: 122v-123r (12 September 1495).

185. ARV: B 1220: V 5v-6r.

186. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 320-323, document no. 148.

187. ACA: C 3636: 54v-55r (2 January 1481). ACA: C 3523: 126v also treats this litigation.

188. ACA: C 3670: 24v-25r (11 April 1502).

189. García Cárcel, Inquisición , pp. 116-121, discusses the intellectual acrobatics of clergymen on the question of the validity of the forced conversion of the Mudejars by the Germanías ; see also, Boronat y Barrachina, Moriscos , I: 131-144. On the forced baptism of Jews, see Yitzhak Baer, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain , Louis Schoffman, trans. (Philadelphia, 1966), II: 95-110.

190. Robert I. Burns, "Christian-Muslim Confrontation: The Thirteenth-Century Dream of Conversion," in Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 80-108.

191. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 69-82; Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms , II: 470-483.

192. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , p. 228, document no. 84: "Despues que supe la forma que alla se tenia no pense menos de lo que veo.... Porque del arzobispo de Toledo, que nunca vio moros, ni los conocio, no me maravillo."

193. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 237, 240-241, document nos. 90 and 93: the royal assurances to the Mudejars of Ronda and Málaga; and pp. 228-229, 235-239, 244, and 250, document nos. 85, 88, 89, 91, 96, and 99: Cisneros's letters to the chapter of the church of Toledo giving his view of events.

194. José-Enrique López de Coca Castañer and Manuel Acién Almansa, "Los Mudéjares del obispado de Málaga (1485-1501)," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), pp. 339-341.

195. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 230-232, document no. 86.

196. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 307-309, document no. 139.

197. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 315-316, document no. 144.

198. Ladero Quesada, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 320-324, document no. 148.

199. See chap. 2.

200. Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, "Datos demográficos sobre los musulmanes de Granada y Castilla en el siglo XV," Anuario de Estudios Medievales 8 (1972-1973): 481-490; idem, "Los Mudéjares de Castilla en la Baja Edad Media," in Actas del I Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo (Madrid-Teruel, 1981), 349-390; and idem, Mudéjares de Castilla , pp. 90-94, 99-100, 124-125, 241-242, and 245-246, document nos. 3, 4, 5, 9, 25, 94, and 97.

201. López de Coca Castañer and Acién Almansa, "Mudéjares del obispado de Málaga," pp. 323-339; and Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, "La repoblación del Reino de Granada anterior a 1500," Hispania 28 (1968): 489-563.

202. ARV: B 1157: 322r-324v (16 October 1482).

203. ACA: C 3666: 48r (7 April 1491), for Mallorca; on the Inquisition's activities in Aragon, Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (New York, 1906), 1: 294.

204. See chap. 2. n. 157.

205. Lea, Inquisition , I: 294.