1. J. David Bolter, Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 11, 22.

2. Anthony Kenny, Descartes: A Study of his Philosophy (New York: Garland, 1968), 200-201.

3. Aram Vartanian, La Mettrie's 'L'homme machine': A Study in the Origins of an Idea (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), 14, 16, 22, 25. break

4. Cynthia Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 106-107.

5. Bolter, Turing's Man , 33.

6. Vartanian, La Mettrie's 'L'hoome machine ,' 132-134.

7. Howard Gardner, The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 20.

8. Bolter, Turing's Man , 13.

9. Gardner, Mind's New Science , 6; Miller quoted by Sherry Turkle, "Artificial Intelligence and Psychoanalysis: A New Alliance," in Stephen Graubard, ed., The Artificial Intelligence Debate: False Starts, Real Foundations (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988), 242.

10. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Stuart E. Dreyfus, "Making a Mind versus Modeling the Brain: Artificial Intelligence Back at a Branchpoint," in Graubard, ed., Artificial Intelligence Debate , 19.

11. Gardner, Mind's New Science , 141. On shifting trends within AI, see the essays in Graubard.

12. Anya Hurlbert and Tomaso Poggio, "Making Machines (and Artificial Intelligence) See," in Graubard, ed., Artificial Intelligence Debate , 238.

13. Konner, "On Human Nature: Love Among the Robots," The Sciences 27 (1987): 14. break