1 Taniyama Shigeru, Senzaiwakashu to sono shuhen , Taniyama Shigeru Chosakushu, vol. 3 (Kadokawa Shoten, 1982), p. 247.

2. NKBT 73:446-47, 458-60.

3. The following discussion owes much to Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 7-36.

4. Ibid., pp. 20-21.

3. The following discussion owes much to Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 7-36.

4. Ibid., pp. 20-21.

5. Reportedly Munemori vowed that the Taira would fight to the last man to carry out Kiyomori's dying wish—an injunction to his sons to capture Yoritomo, behead him, and hang the head over Kiyomori's grave before they perform his funeral. See lchiko, ed., Heike monogatari 1:452.

6. See Nagazumi Yasuaki and Shimada Isao, eds., Hogen monogatari, Heiji monogatari , Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei, vol. 31 (Iwanami Shoten, 1986), p. 181. To appease Sutoku's maligned spirit, a shrine for him was finally built in the fourth month in 1184 on the banks of the Kasuga River, at the site of the battle of the Hogen Disturbance.

7. Kyuan hyakushu includes one hundred waka poems composed by fourteen poets, including Sutoku and Shunzei. It is considered the best of the poems produced by the poetic circle under Sutoku's leadership and served as the basis for Senzaishu . See Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 19-20.

8. Some of these poems are included in Shunzei's collection of waka, Choshu eiso (Shunzei's Collection for Her Former Majesty, 1178), com-piled at the request of Princess Shokushi (d. 1201), daughter of Go-Shirakawa and a renowned waka poet.

9. Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 19-20.

10. Shokushikashu never became an imperial anthology owing to the death of Emperor Nijo in 1165.

11. Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , p. 11.

12. Ichiko, ed., Heike monogatari 2:94-97.

13. The choice of Sukemori is considered to have been a conciliatory gesture to placate Taira. See Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 28-30.

14. Ibid., pp. 25-26.

13. The choice of Sukemori is considered to have been a conciliatory gesture to placate Taira. See Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 28-30.

14. Ibid., pp. 25-26.

15. For instance, a poem by Taira Tokitada (the elder brother of Kiyomori's wife) and three poems by his younger brother, Chikamune, are

     included in Senzaishu and identified by the poet's name. Other poems by more prominent members of the Taira, however, are listed as anonymous: Tadanori, no. 66; Tsunemasa, nos. 199 and 245; Yukimori, no. 519; and Tsunemori, no. 667. All of these poets had been Shunzei's disciples.

16. The poem was originally included in Kyuan hyakushu , and later Shunzei selected it for inclusion in his Koraifuteisho (Poetic Styles Past and Present, 1197), which indicates that the poem was one of his favorites. See Kubota Jun and Matsuno Yoichi, eds., Senzaiwakashu (Kasama Shoin, 1970), pp. 44-45.

17. This poem was also included in both Kyuan hyakushu and Koraifuteisho . It is regarded as one of Shunzei's best poems, embodying the essence of yugen (feelings of mystic depth). See ibid., pp. 53-54.

16. The poem was originally included in Kyuan hyakushu , and later Shunzei selected it for inclusion in his Koraifuteisho (Poetic Styles Past and Present, 1197), which indicates that the poem was one of his favorites. See Kubota Jun and Matsuno Yoichi, eds., Senzaiwakashu (Kasama Shoin, 1970), pp. 44-45.

17. This poem was also included in both Kyuan hyakushu and Koraifuteisho . It is regarded as one of Shunzei's best poems, embodying the essence of yugen (feelings of mystic depth). See ibid., pp. 53-54.

18. Both Shiga and Mount Nagara are located in Omi. This poem is the one that Tadanori presumably entrusted to Shunzei before retreating from the Heian capital. See Ichiko, ed., Heike monogatari 2:94-97.

19. See Taniyama, Senzaiwakashu , pp. 195-97.

20. The anecdote is found in the entry on the seventeenth day of the sixth month in 1184. Fujiwara Mitsunaga (or Tokiwa no Genji Mitsunaga) heard the story from Taira Yorimori (1131-86), a brother of Kiyomori. See Komatsu Shigemi, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," in Genji monogatari emaki, Nezame monogatari emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 1 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), pp. 117-18.

21. Ibid., pp. 132-33.

22. See ibid., p. 127.

20. The anecdote is found in the entry on the seventeenth day of the sixth month in 1184. Fujiwara Mitsunaga (or Tokiwa no Genji Mitsunaga) heard the story from Taira Yorimori (1131-86), a brother of Kiyomori. See Komatsu Shigemi, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," in Genji monogatari emaki, Nezame monogatari emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 1 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), pp. 117-18.

21. Ibid., pp. 132-33.

22. See ibid., p. 127.

20. The anecdote is found in the entry on the seventeenth day of the sixth month in 1184. Fujiwara Mitsunaga (or Tokiwa no Genji Mitsunaga) heard the story from Taira Yorimori (1131-86), a brother of Kiyomori. See Komatsu Shigemi, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," in Genji monogatari emaki, Nezame monogatari emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 1 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), pp. 117-18.

21. Ibid., pp. 132-33.

22. See ibid., p. 127.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

23. Komatsu Shigemi, " Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," in Nenjugyoji emaki , ed. Komatsu Shigemi, Nihon Emaki Taisei, vol. 8 (Chuo Koronsha, 1977), p. 116.

24. See ibid., p. 106.

25. Motofusa, who is the elder brother of Kanezane, was a well-known expert in official matters. See ibid., p. 127.

26. Ibid., p. 109.

27. Ibid., p. 110.

28. Ibid., p. 114.

29. Ibid., p. 115.

30. Komatsu, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," p. 118.

31. Ibid., p. 125.

30. Komatsu, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," p. 118.

31. Ibid., p. 125.

32. See Komatsu, "Nenjugyoji emaki tanjo," p. 120.

33. See Komatsu, "Ocho emaki to Goshirakawa-in," p. 133.

34. See Tanaka Hiroshi, "Pilgrim Places: A Study of the Eighty-eight Sacred Precincts of the Shikoku Pilgrimage, Japan" (Ph.D. diss., Simon Fraser University, 1975), p. 12.

35. Saicho traveled to T'ang China during the years 804-5 and studied on Mount T'ien-t'ai. Upon his return to Japan he founded the Tendai sect on Mount Hiei. Kukai, a contemporary of Saicho, also studied in China

     from 804 to 806. Ennin, one of Saicho's disciples, is best known for his Nitto guho junrei gyoki (The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Dharma), an account of his sojourn in China from 838 to 847. Enchin stayed in China for six years, 853-58, studying on Mount T'ien-t'ai and in Ch'ang-an.

36. W. G. Aston, trans., Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 (Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1972), pp. 21-22.

37. Murayama Shuichi, Honji suijaku (Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1974), p. 149.

38. Aston, trans., Nihongi , pp. 115-16.

39. Shinma, Kayoshi , p. 53. Emperor Sutoku, who made only one pilgrimage to Kumano, is the sole exception during the insei period. The exact number of Go-Shirakawa's pilgrimages to Kumano is disputed; I have followed Shinma, who provides a detailed biographical chronology, pp. 290-360.

40. The years he did not go to Kumano are 1161, 1176, 1181-85 (the Genpei War period), and 1189.

41. The years in which two trips took place are 1167, 1168, 1169, 1171, 1173, 1174, 1175, and 1177. In the years 1167, 1169, and 1175, Go-Shirakawa's favorite consort, Kenshunmon-in, accompanied him on one of the two trips.

42. Shinma, Kayoshi , p. 54.

43. See Hashigawa Tadashi, Nihon bukkyo bunkashi no kenkyu (Chugai Shuppan Kabushiki Kaisha, 1924), pp. 261-63; and Murayama, Honji suijaku , p. 156. One of the memorable episodes in Heike monogatari relates the drowning of Taira Koremori (1158-84), a grandson of Kiyomori, off the shore of Nachi in 1184; see Ichiko, ed., Heike monogatari 2:326-31.

44. Murayama, Honji suijaku , p. 164.

45. An example of the extreme austerities endured by ascetics is found in the story of the priest Mongaku at the Nachi Falls in Kumano, who, in winter, repeatedly submerged himself in the pool of the waterfall; see Ichiko, ed., Heike monogatari 1:379-83.

46. Murayama, Honji suijaku , pp. 152-53.

47. See Miyaji Naokazu, Kumano sanzan no shiteki kenkyu (Kokumin Shinko Kenkyukai, 1954), pp. 462-67.

48. NKBT 73:460-63; the years were 1160, 1162, and 1169.

49. The figure in an ascetic's white robe illustrated on the ''Kumano mandala," preserved in Saikyoji Temple in Otsu City, is believed to be Emperor Go-Shirakawa on his pilgrimage to Kumano. See Shinma Shin'ichi, "Goshirakawa-in to bukkyo," Chusei bungaku ronso 3, no. 1 (1980): 11.

50. Anzu Motohiko, Shinto jiten (Osaka: Hori Shoten, 1968), p. 298.

51. NKBT 73:463-67.

52. Shinma, Kayoshi , p. 51. This ceremony of anointment, called kanjo , was performed in esoteric Buddhism. The rite conferred higher status to the recipient than did a regular tonsure. It sometimes was ad-ministered for special reasons such as to provide relief from illnesses or to prepare one for the next life.

53. NKBT 73:461-62. Minamoto Michiie (d. 1167) was the son of Sukekata. He died five years after accompanying Go-Shirakawa on this pilgrimage to Kumano. Kakusan, a priest from Onjoji Temple, served as the guide on this pilgrimage.

54. Ibid., p. 464.

53. NKBT 73:461-62. Minamoto Michiie (d. 1167) was the son of Sukekata. He died five years after accompanying Go-Shirakawa on this pilgrimage to Kumano. Kakusan, a priest from Onjoji Temple, served as the guide on this pilgrimage.

54. Ibid., p. 464.

55. Shirai Eiji and Toki Masanori, eds., Jinja jiten (Tokyodo Shuppan, 1979), p. 44.

56. Ibid., pp. 43-44.

55. Shirai Eiji and Toki Masanori, eds., Jinja jiten (Tokyodo Shuppan, 1979), p. 44.

56. Ibid., pp. 43-44.

57. Shinma, Kayoshi , p. 55.