1. Kayser, op. cit.

2. Charles Baudelaire, "On the Essence of Laughter," in The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, by Jonathan Mayne (London: Phaidon, 1964).

3. Nathanael West, quoted in Jay Martin, op. cit.

4. Nathanael West, Miss Lonelyhearts (New York: New Directions, 1946).

5. West, The Day of the Locust, op. cit.

6. Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol (New York: New Directions, 1944).

7. Konstantin Paustovsky, "Reminiscences of Babel," Partisan Review, vol. 28, nos. 3-4, (1960).

8. Isaac Babel, "Guy de Maupassant," Collected Stories (New York: Meridian, 1960).

9. Isaac Babel, "Kolyvushka," Lyubka the Cossack and Other Stories (New York: New American Library, 1964).

10. Guston, "Piero della Francesca," op. cit.

11. Guston, "Faith, Hope, and Impossibility," op. cit.