1. GM, 1 September 1918, p. 11.

2. For useful treatments of deference, see Howard Newby, "The Deferential Dialectic"; Patrick Joyce, Work, Society and Politics, chap. 3; J. G. A. Pocock, "The Classical Theory of Deference."

3. Michael Adas, "From Avoidance to Confrontation."

4. Satish Chandra, Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740; M. Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb.

5. Foster and Fawcett, The English Factories in India, 13:191.

6. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, and "Resistance without Protest and without Organization." James Scott and Benedict Kerkvliet, "Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance in Southeast Asia." Especially valuable in this collection is the essay by Michael Adas, "From Foot-dragging to Flight: The Evasive History of Peasant Avoidance Protest in South and Southeast Asia," pp. 64-86.

7. Ovington, A Voyage to Surat, p. 187.

8. John Fryer, John Fryer's East India and Persia, pp. 245-46.

9. Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, pp. 143-44, 151.

10. François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1:224.

11. Abu'l Fazl Allami, The A'in-i Akbari, pp. 166-67; Ram Prasad Khosla, Mughal Kingship and Nobility, p. 277; Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India," pp. 168-70.

12. Khosla, Mughal Kingship and Nobility, pp. 278-79.

13. M. De Thévenot, "Indian Travels of Thévenot," p. 27.

14. Desai, Surat Sonani Murat, pt. 3, p. 197.

15. John Jourdain, The Journal of John Jourdain, 1608-1617, p. 132.

16. William Hawkins, "The Journals of William Hawkins"; Thomas Roe, The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619. There are dozens of references to local gift giving in the records of the company.

17. Foster and Fawcett, English Factories in India, 3:205.

18. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers, p. 126.

19. Ibid., pp. 149-50.

20. Ibid., chap. 5; Karen Leonard, "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire"; see also Sanjay Subrahmanyam and C. A. Bayly, "Portfolio Capitalists and the Political Economy of Early Modern India."

21. Foster and Fawcett, English Factories in India, 13:190-92, 196-97, 205.

22. Algemen Rijarchief, quoted in Das Gupta, Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat, p. 129.

23. For a more complete picture of Surat's government and the various groups staking claims to the city's revenues, see Michelguglielmo Torri, "Social Groups and the Redistribution of Commercial Wealth."

24. Subramanian, "Capital and Crowd," pp. 205-38; also "Bombay and the West Coast in the 1740s," pp. 189-216; and Michelguglielmo Torri, "In the Deep Blue Sea." Torri has now demonstrated that the local elites who aligned themselves with the English during this period were extremely diverse and that not all Vaniyas sided with the company, in ''Surat during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century."

25. Das Gupta, "Trade and Politics in Eighteenth Century India"; Das Gupta, Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat, pp. 134-55.

26. For examples of the rhetoric of free trade, see Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India, pp. 138-39, 144, 163, 171; see also Torri, "In the Deep Blue Sea," pp. 269-73. For a discussion of these issues at the all-India level, see D. A. Washbrook, "Progress and Problems," esp. pp. 75-76.

27. Torri, "In the Deep Blue Sea," pp. 270-75; Subramanian, "Capital and Crowd," and "Bombay and the West Coast during the 1740s"; Leonard, "The 'Great Firm' Theory," pp. 160-63; Holden Furber, John Company at Work, pp. 218-19.

28. Furber, John Company at Work, pp. 216-22.

29. For instance, Torri, "Social Groups and the Redistribution of Commercial Wealth," p. 58.

30. K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East Company, 1660-1740, p. 125.

31. Furber, John Company at Work, p. 214; the reference to the abolition of taking gifts by company officials comes from a personal communication from Michelguglielmo Torri.

32. Surat Gazetteer, pp. 132-33n.

33. Subramanian, "Capital and Crowd," pp. 214-18; Rabitoy, "Sovereignty, Profits and Social Change," pp. 173-75.

34. Desai, Surat Sonani Murat, pt. 3, p. 196.

35. Thakorsingh, "Suratno Prachin Itihas," 1:233.

36. Rabitoy, "Sovereignty, Profits and Social Change," pp. 173-80.

37. This event is explored in great detail in Subramanian, "Capital and Crowd."

38. "Petition of the Shroffs and Mahazins of the City of Surat on the behalf of Themselves and Other Hindu Inhabitants," in Surat Factory Diary 33 (1795): 383.