1. I adapt the phrase from Randy Shilts's characterization of Gaetan Dugas in And the Band Played On: People, Politics, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).

2. Jonathan Mann, "Worldwide Epidemiology of AIDS," in The Global Impact of AIDS, ed. Alan F. Fleming, Manuel Carballo, David W. FitzSimons, Michael R. Gailey, and Jonathan Mann (New York: Alan R. Liss, 1992), 6.

3. Shilts, And the Band Played On, 580.

4. "China Seen Alert and Active on World Aids Day," China Daily, 2 Dec. 1991, p. 3.

5. Max Navarre, "Fighting the Victim Label," in AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism, ed. Douglas Crimp (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988), 143-146.

6. Sometimes, of course, the terminology is used not only to emphasize the plight of PWAs but also to underline the morally "innocent" status of, say, a baby, adolescent, or heterosexual adult with HIV.

7. There are suspicions that China has underreported the prevalence of HIV. See Philip Shenon, "After Years of Denial, Asia Faces Scourge of AIDS," New York Times, 8 Nov. 1992, p. A1: "Researchers say they believe that the number of Chinese infected with H.I.V. is much higher than the official figure released by the Government, which claims that only about 1,000 Chinese out of a population of 1.1 billion people carry the virus that causes AIDS. Because of intravenous drug use in China's southern provinces, H.I.V. infections are said to be growing at an explosive rate."

8. See Sander Gilman, "AIDS and Syphilis," in AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism, 87-107.

9. Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 1, no. 12 (1983): cover.

10. Charles M. Helmken, AIDS: Images for Survival (Washington: Shoshin Society, 1989), unpaginated.

11. Douglas Crimp and Adam Rolston, AIDS Demo Graphics (New York: Bay Press, 1990), and Douglas Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism.

12. See Richard Plant, The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals (New York: Henry Holt, 1986).

13. See Crimp and Rolston, AIDS Demo Graphics . See, for example, Jeff Nunokawa, "'All the Sad Young Men,'" Yale Journal of Criticism 4 (1991): 1-13.

14. Billy Howard, Epitaphs for the Living: Words and Images in the Time of AIDS (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1989).

15. Peter M. Bowen, "AIDS 101," in Writing AIDS: Gay Literature, Language, and Analysis, ed. Timothy F. Murphy and Suzanne Poirier (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 140-160.

16. Gary Washburn and Robert Davis, "AIDS Poster Debuts, Fans Controversy," Chicago Tribune, 21 Aug. 1990, sec. 2, p. 3.

17. Robert Davis, "Three Call Special City Council Meeting on 'Kiss' Poster," Chicago Tribune, 21 Aug. 1990, sec. 2, p. 3. A Chicago Tribune editorial challenged the worth of the poster, saying that its message--purportedly that AIDS was not limited to gay men--got lost in "an AIDS campaign designed to create controversy over gay encounters. If it was an attempt to counter homophobia, certainly the brouhaha has had the opposite effect" ("Kissing Doesn't Tell Much about AIDS," Chicago Tribune, 17 Aug. 1990, sec. 1, p. 22). Even some AIDS educators criticized the posters, though they did so anonymously, saying, "This poster does zip as far as AIDS education goes." One newspaper article even examined the claim that kissing doesn't kill and as evidence to the contrary reported the remote, theoretical, as yet unsubstantiated chance of HIV infection through kissing. See Jean Latz Griffin and Gary Washburn, "Experts Cast Doubt on AIDS Poster," Chicago Tribune, 17 Aug. 1990, sec. 1, p. 2.

18. This poster appears in Helmken, AIDS: Images for Survival .

19. Centers for Disease Control, "Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus to Patients during Exposure-prone Invasive Procedures," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 40 (1991): 1-9.

20. For these reasons I voted with a small minority against this policy proposal.

21. Charles Perrow and Mauro F. Guillén, The AIDS Disaster: The Failure of Organizations in New York and the Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).

22. Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 170-171. See also Fang Fu Ruan, Sex in China (New York: Plenum, 1991).

23. See Vincent E. Gil, "The Cut Sleeve Revisited: A Brief Ethnographic Interview with a Male Homosexual in Mainland China," Journal of Sex Research 29 (1992): 569-577.

24. "China Seen Alert and Active."