1. An early version of this chapter appeared as "How Mark Twain Survived Sam Clemens' Reformation," in American Literature 55 (October continue

      1983): 299-315, and was reprinted in On Mark Twain: The Best from American Literature , ed. Louis J. Budd and Edwin H. Cady (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987), pp. 259-75.

2. Dixon Wecter makes a similar observation about Clemens's susceptibility to Mary Fairbanks's ministrations and generalizes that "he enjoyed a touch of feminine domination all his life—believing ... that woman with her finer sensibilities was the true arbiter of taste, manners, and morals." Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1949), p. xxiii.

3. A year after their first meeting, Clemens explained to Olivia how he had resisted falling immediately in love with her: "I did have such a struggle, the first day I saw you at the St Nicholas [Hotel], to keep from loving you with all my heart! But you seemed to my bewildered vision, a visiting Spirit from the upper air—a something to worship , reverently & at a distance—& not a creature of common human clay, to be profaned by the love of such as I" (6 January 1869).

4. See Leon T. Dickinson, "Mark Twain's Revisions in Writing The Innocents Abroad ," American Literature 19 (1947): 139-57. For a later consideration of these changes see Robert H. Hirst, "The Making of The Innocents Abroad : 1867-1872," Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1975, pp. 112-67. Robert Regan has shown that Clemens's revisions did nothing to mitigate his indictment of the more sanctimonious of his fellow Quaker City passengers, the so-called pilgrims. In fact, Regan observes, "In the process of revising and expanding his travel letters to produce The Innocents Abroad , Mark Twain roughly doubled the number of attacks on the pilgrims and trebled their aggregate length." ''The Reprobate Elect in The Innocents Abroad ," American Literature 54 (May 1982): 257.

5. The letters quoted here are from Clemens to Charles Henry Webb (26 November 1870) and to Thomas Bailey Aldrich (27 January 1871), respectively. Writing of Harte's editorial suggestions in the letter to Webb, Clemens said, "I followed orders strictly." Hirst maintains that in doing so Clemens cut more than one thousand pages from the manuscript. For his account of Harte's role in the book's revision, see "The Making of The Innocents Abroad ," pp. 156-66.

6. Holograph letter in MTP.

7. Max Eastman defends the Langdons and their Elmira community from such charges in "Mark Twain's Elmira," Harper's Monthly Magazine 176 (1938): 629. Henry Nash Smith makes a related, more general, comment about the roots of Clemens's impulse to reform in Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 3. break

8. A few months later Olivia wrote Mary Fairbanks that she "felt proud and humble" to receive an encouraging letter from her, "proud that you should feel that I might help Mr. Clemens—Humble when I remembered how much I must strive to do, as a Christian woman, in order to accomplish what you believe me capable of accomplishing." Letter dated 15 January 1869; holograph in MTM.

9. Clipping in MTP.

10. Quoted in Smith and Bucci, ed., Mark Twain's Letters , Volume 2, p. 286n.

11. Cleveland Herald , 18 November 1868, p. 8; clipping in MTP.

12. "Personal Habits of the Siamese Twins," Packard's Monthly , n.s. 1 (1869): 249.

13. This claim is substantiated by a letter from Mrs. Langdon to Mrs. Fairbanks dated 25 November 1869. There Mrs. Langdon wrote, "It is just a twelve-month since Mr Clemens first talked with me of his love for Livia, now he seems so incorporated into our whole being that I seem hardly to remember when it was not so.... We are all increasingly attached to Mr. Clemens, every time he leaves us loving him better than when he came" (quoted in Wecter, Mark Twain to Mrs. Fairbanks , p. 112n).

14. Letter dated 13 November 1869; holograph in MTP.