1. Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1988); J. R. Hale, War and Society in Renaissance Europe, 1450-1620 (New York, 1985), 61-63; E. F. Jacob, Henry V and the Invasion of France (New York, 1966), 68; Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (New York, 1974), 30-33.

2. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, 1975).

3. Cited by Donald Wilcox, The Development of Florentine Humanist Historiography (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 90.

4. "Sileni Alcibiadis," in Adagiorum Chiliades, D. Erasmi Opera Omnia, ed. J. Leclercq, 10 vols. (Leiden, 1703-1706) = LB 2: 775DE: "Justum bellum appellant, cum ad exhauriendam opprimendamque rempublicam Principes inter se colludunt." Cf. "Tributum a Mortuis Exigere," LB 2: 338C, and Erasmus to Antoon van Bergen, 14 March 1514, in Opus Epistolarum D. Erasmi, ed. P. S. Allen, 12 vols. (Oxford, 1906-1963), Letter 288, 1.55-56, 1: 553.

5. J. H. Shennan, The Origins of the Modern European State, 1450-1725 (London, 1974), 37.

6. Budé, De Studio Litterarum (Paris, 1532), 13.

7. Tracy, The Politics of Erasmus, 67-68; AJ, 29 June-7 July 1529.

8. For example, the Emperor sought a special gift of 50,000 pounds in 1510: Maximilian to Margaret of Austria, 10 June 1510, LeGlay, Letter 213, 1:282-284; Margaret of Austria to Maximilian, July 1510, LeGlay, Letter 233, 1: 308-310; and Maximilian to Margaret of Austria, 18 August 1510, LeGlay, Letter 237, 1: 313-315.

9. See below, notes 83-90; HVH, 156 ^v -157, 198 ^v -199.

10. On the meaning of "exploicter," see Maximilian to Margaret of Austria, 21 May 1510, LeGlay, no. 206, 1: 269.

11. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 6-12. On the Zuider Zee channels, which had to be marked each year by Amsterdam's stroommeester or master of the current, see Ter Gouw, 4: 115-117.

12. Struick, 39-58; Wiesflecker, Kaiser Maximilian I, 2: 140-146, 3: 92-104; L. P Gachard, "Les Anciennes assemblées nationales de Belgique," Revue de Bruxelles 3 (1839): 16-17. Struick cautions against the view that Karel van Egmont should be considered a Renaissance version of Attila the Hun (6).

13. HVH 186-194 ^v ; J. S. Theissen De Regering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden (Amsterdam, 1922), 35-48; J. J. Kalma, Grote Pier van Kimswerd (Leeuwarden, 1970).

14. Struick, 230-231; Cuthbert Tunstall and Edward Ponynges to Henry VIII, 25 March 1516, in J. S. Brewer, ed., Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII (Reprint: Vaduz, 1965), 2:i.

15. AJ, 17-21 November 1527, 29 April 1524. E. M. ten Cate, "Onderhandelingen van het Hof te Brussel met de Munstersche Wederdopers Aangeknoopt," Doopsgesinde Bijdragen (1899).

16. Hadrianus Barlandus (d. 1535), Historia Rerum Gestarum a Brabantiae Ducibus (Frankfurt, 1585), 169; Ludwig Duncker, Fürst Rudolf der Tapfere von Anhalt und der Krieg gegen Herzog Karl von Geldern, 1507-1508 (Dessau, 1900), 37. For a simillar misinterpretation of events, see below, note 35.

17. See above, note 12.

18. Collection "Staten van Brabant," Algemeen Rijksarchief, Brussels.

19. Hermans, Hollandiae Gelriaeque Bellum, in Ant. Mathesis, Veteris Aevi Analecta (The Hague, 1738).

20. Cornelius Aurelius, Cronycke van Hollandt, Zeelandt en Vrieslant (Antwerp, 1530). R. Fruin, "De Zamensteller van de zogenaamde Divisie-Kroniek," in his Verspreide Geschriften, (The Hague, 1903), 7: 66-72.

21. On Snoy, see Robert de Graaf, Reyner Snoyaoudanus, a Bibliography (Nieuwkoop, 1968).

22. An archivist's note describes the anonymous author as ''een Amsterdamse schrijver en oogentuyge." In connection with a visit to Amsterdam in 1515 by Adriaan van Utrecht, the future Pope Adrian VI, the author (220) names the altar on which he said mass twice, and mentions that Adriaan "maecte costelicke boecken ende besonderling screef by seer coestelyck op dat boek van de hogen sinne"—a reference to Adrian's "Commentarius sive Expositiones in Proverbia Salamonis," a full text of which survives in manuscript but was never published in its entirety: Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, 15 vols. (Paris, 1909-1950), 1:461.

23. Hermans, Hollandiae Gelriaeque Bellum, 334.

24. "Ad Suam Bataviam," in Cornelis Aurelius, Batavia sive de Antiquo ezus Insulae Quam Rhenus  . . .  Facit Situ, ed. Bonaventura Vulcanius (Antwerp, 1586), 78. Translation mine.

25. Cornelius Aurelius, Batavia, 84-98: letters to Hendrik van Nassau, Stadholder of Holland; Jacob Lokhorst, burgrave of Leiden; and Jan Bennink, member of the Council of Holland.

26. Snoy, De Rebus Batavicis Libri XIII, 187.

27. Like his kinsman, Willem Hermans, Aurelius was an early friend and correspondent of Erasmus: see Allen, Opus Epistolarum D. Erasmi, vol. 1; and P. C. Molhuysen, "Cornelius Aurelius," Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis, n. s. 2 (1902): 1-28. Aurelius to Snoy, in Batavia, 49-50, says that he wrote this treatise at Snoy's request.

28. IJsselstein to Margaret, 2 March 1512, Van den Bergh, Letter 168, 3: 13-15. Spinelly's report, 13 January 1513, in Brewer, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1:i, no. 1594. IJsselstein was apparently popular in Dordrecht, which had supported the war against Guelders: AJ, 29 December 1523, the pensionaris of Dordrecht speaks up in behalf of Hoogstraten, "prodens ita dordracensium bonum favorem ad Florentium comitem de Buren."

29. HVH, 143 ^v , 151, 169.

30. See above, note 16.

31. HVH, 142 ^v -143, 160 ^v , 162 ^v , 167.

32. Contrast HVH, 166 ^v , with Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 139-146.

33. HVH, 162 ^v .

34. Velius, Chronyk van Hoorn, ed. Sebastian Centen (Hoorn, 1740), 196.

35. HVH, 164 ^v ; cf. 185, regarding a six-week truce in Friesland ending 4 May 1517: "This truce was made to the disadvantage of our land. And it is to be supposed that some lords made this truce without the knowledge of the King of Spain [Charles], because they did not

love our land, and in order that the war in Friesland should last longer, and our portion of the land suffer more harm." Theissen, De Regering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 48: the truce in question was concluded in conjunction with the Treaty of Cambrai (11 March 1517, between Francis I, Maximilian, and Archduke Charles), which is not mentioned by the author of the "Historie van Hollant."

36. HVH, 187 ^v -188, has Nassau stationing cavalry in Schoonhoven (on the Lek) and Haarlem, and parcelling out four "banners" of infantry (about 900 men) to Edam, Monnikendam, Hoorn, and Uutdam. Aurelius, Cronycke van Hollandt, Zeelandt en Vrieslant, sig. Ee 5 ^v , concurs, but also mentions that Medemblik, where the Black Band landed, had "300 foreign troops" within its walls.

37. HVH, 191 ^v .

38. Tracy, The Politics of Erasmus, 96-107.

39. D. S. van Zuider, "De Plundering van Den Haag door Maarten van Rossum 6-9 Maart 1528," Die Haghe (1911): 130-152. The reference is to Hortensius, Secessionum Civilium Ultrajectinarum et Bellorum ab Anno 1524 Historia (Basel, 1546), and Heuterus, Rerum Austriacarum Libri XV (Antwerp, 1584).

40. Maximilian to Margaret of Austria, 29 April 1509, LeGlay, Letter 100, 1: 130-133. Deputies to Low Countries parliaments were not alone in harboring such suspicions: Marongiu ( Il Partamento in Italia, 296) notes that Duke Charles of Savoy assured the stati of Piedmont (1518) that the troops he was recruiting were not meant to attack his subjects.

41. Margaret of Austria to Maximilian, [April 1512], Van den Bergh, Letter 179, 3: 32-34; the same text is given in LeGlay, Letter 380, 1:504-507. See also Gachard, "Anciennes assemblées nationales de Belgique," 23-24.

42. Margaret of Austria to Maximilian, July 1510, LeGlay, Letter 233, 1: 308-310, and n.d., Letter 302, 1: 394; Maximilian to Margaret, 29 September 1512, Letter 413, 2: 40-42.

43. Margaret to Maximilian, 18 March 1512, LeGlay, Letter 377, 18 March 1512, 1:501-502; 20 August 1512, LeGlay, Letter 402, 2: 23-25; and 15 December 1512, Van den Bergh, Letter 184, 3: 58-60.

44. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 311-315; Theissen, De Regering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 74-84.

45. Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," Table 1, 108-109.

46. AJ, 25 October 1523, 20 November 1527 RSH, 18 June 1535 (Hoogstraten's bande d'ordonnance ). AJ, 25 September, 3 October, 5-

12, 17 December 1523; cf. 9 December 1522, 31 March 1528; RSH, 31 March, 16 June 1528, 26 March, 3 April 1533, 20 September 1534; Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 287. Masons earned five or six stuivers per day in Haarlem and Leiden between 1525 and 1530 (Noordegraaf, Hollands Welvaren, Tables 4d and 4e, 69-70).

47. AJ, 3, 9, 20, 25 October 1523.

48. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 286.

49. The Dutch word staet (from the French état ) can mean a prospective or retrospective budget summary (see Aud. 650 for examples of both kinds), or, in this case, budget for a bede .

50. AJ, 28 December 1523; cf. 9 January 1524.

51. AJ, 18 January 1524; the burgomaster was Robrecht Jacobszoon.

52. HVH, 218-218; AJ, 3 October 1523.

53. AJ, 31 December 1523.

54. Margaret to Charles V, 21 February 1524, Lanz, Correspondenz des Kaisers Karls V, Letter 49, 1: 89-90; the ninth of Gattinara's "ten commandments for war," Henne, Histoire de Belgique sous le Règne de Charles V, 1: 316-322; Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 288-289.

55. The other two cities with voting rights in the States of Brabant, Leuven and Brussels, were farther removed from the fighting, and had refused to pay for the war in 1512: Margaret to Maximilian, April 1512, Van den Bergh, Letter 179, 3:32-34 = LeGlay, Letter 380, 1:504-507.

56. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 289-295.

57. AJ, 19 February; 1, 13, 15 April; 12, 12, 20 May; 4, 7 June; 13 August 1524; 1, 31 May; 1 June 1525.

58. In a discussion among cities involved in the Baltic trade, the men of Antwerp said that a Baltic war would be "worse for us [meaning all those assembled] than three French wars": AJ, 18 January 1524.

59. AJ, 28 December 1523. Cf. Theissen, De Regering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 35-48: Duke Albert of Saxony received Holland's claim to Friesland in payment for a campaign he had conducted for Maximilian; his son, Duke George, sold it back to the Habsburg government in 1515.

60. AJ, 7, 11 March 1523.

61. HVH , 217 ^v -218 ^v . AJ, 15, 20, 25 October 1523; cf. 25 September 1523.

62. H. F. K. van Nierop, Van Ridders tot Regenten, 45-46; AFR, 48, 76, 86-87.

63. Using RSH, AJ, and GVR, one can find eighteen occasions between 1522 and 1530 when the towns were divided on a government

proposal. Dordrecht voted initially with the government seventeen times, Haarlem fourteen, Amsterdam twelve, Leiden four, Delft three, and Gouda two. Cf. Mary of Hungary to Assendelft, 20 September 1554 (Aud. 1646:3): the Regent finds it strange that those resisting a new bede request include the men of Dordrecht, "qui sont accoustumez a donner example aux aultres."

64. HVR, 17 January 1519: Stadtholder Hendrik van Nassau reminds Haarlem's deputies of the "contract" their city had made with the Duke of Saxony, in order to obtain a favorable rate of gratie . The city had two-thirds gratie on its ordinaris bede at this time: Tracy, "Taxation System of the County of Holland," 79-80.

65. For the leper poor law of 1525, see J. A. van Houtte, An Economic Histroy of the Low Countries (New York, 1977), 128-129, and [William Marshal], The Forme and Maner of Subvention for Pore People at Hypres (London, 1535; reproduction Amsterdam, 1974), a translation of the Ieper ordinance. For discussion in the States of Holland, see AJ, 18-27 February 1529; RSH, 4 September, 20 November 1527 (copies of the Ieper ordinances are distributed), 3 March 1528, 16 March 1529.

66. See Chapter 5, notes 100, 101.

67. GVR, 7 April 1524; AJ 10 September, 9 December 1523, 28 January, 14 February, 1 April 1524.

68. GVR, 28 September 1528, 6 November 1529, 8 January, 11 July 1530, 7, January 1531, 27 January, 3 July 1533, 13 April 1537; AJ, 1-6 December 1527, 14 January 1531.

69. See Chapter 1, note 28. Assendelft to Hoogstraten, 22 February 1540, Aud. 1528, two cities have still not consented to a levy of 2,000 pounds for gratuities (bribes), "ende zal nietternin den ommeslach terstont hebben voertganck als geconsenteert  . . .  by tmeerderdeel"; Council of Holland to Mary of Hungary, 26 May 1544, Aud. 1646: 1, the nobles have not agreed to a special tax that bears on the countryside, and people will "murmur" because one of the four cities which agreed, Delft, is now exempt from all beden because of a recent fire, and thus the majority is questionable.

70. AFR, 52, note 84.

71. Ruysch Janszoon's importance is suggested by the fact that a dagvaart of the States was postponed because he forgot to come: AJ, 3 November 1523; Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, I, sub nomine .

72. On décharges, see the references in AFR .

73. AJ, 7 March, 20 October 1523.

74. AJ, 25 October 1523. The Audienceur was head of the government chancery.

75. AJ, 3, 20 October, 21-29, 31 December 1523, 25-28 January, 8, 10, 14 February, 9 April 1524. Hoogstraten pledged his credit to the service of the state on numerous occasions and claimed he had not always been reimbursed: AFR, 113-114.

76. HVH, 219.

77. AJ, 6-11, 27 June 1525; cf. 23 March 1528.

78. AJ, 21 November 1523, 5 May, 19 June 1524; but cf. AJ, 28 January 1524, Castre conducted a raid through the Veluwe district of Guelders.

79. Struik, Gelre en Habsburg, 311-315; Theissen, De Regering van Karel V in de Noordelijke Nederlanden, 74-84. On the strategic significance of the acquisition of Friesland and Utrecht, see AJ, 21 December 1523, 9 February 1528.

80. HVH 249-249 ^v ; AJ, 23 September 1527. See chapter 3, note 39.

81. AJ, 22, 23 March 1528.

82. RSH, 13, 31 March 1528; AJ, 14-16, 17 April 1528. On Renneberg, see Leo Peters, Wilhelm von Renneberg, ein Rheinischer Edelherr zwischen den Konfessionellen Fronten (Kempen, 1979).

83. AJ, 1-6, 19-23 December 1527, 24 January 1528.

84. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 290-291; for efforts to breach the tax exemption enjoyed by the feudal enclaves, see Chapter 5.

85. RSH, 16 February, 25 July 1528. Council of Holland to Hoogstraten, 6 December 1527, and 27 February 1528, Aud. 1524; AJ, 23 March 1528; Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 290-291.

86. AJ, 22 March 1528; RSH, 28 February, 1, 13 March 1528.

87. AJ, 22-23 March 1528; cf. 25-28 January 1524.

88. Struick, Gelre en Habsburg, 313-323.

89. Tracy, "The Taxation System of the County of Holland," 111, Table 3, items n-q, four sales of renten totalling 96,000 pounds.

90. AJ, 16-27 August, 7 September 1528; RSH, 12-19 September 1528.

91. AJ, 30 April 1528.

92. AJ, 1 June 1525.

93. RSH, 7 May, 18 July 1528; AJ, 20, 25 October, 21-29 December 1523, 10, 14-15 February 1524; Council of Holland to Hoogstraten, 9 July 1528 (Aud. 1524).

94. See Chapter 3, note 75.

95. Council of Holland to Hoogstraten 9 July 1528 (Aud. 1524). There are, however, no further references to the Treasurer of War's accounts.

96. Among the members of Amsterdam's vroedschap in the 1520s,

Heyman Jacobszoon van Ouder Amstel had served as castellan of Muiden in 1508 ( HVH, 166), Goosen Janszoon Recalf had served as admiral of the Zuider Zee in 1523 ( AJ, 13 March 1523), and Meester Pieter Colijn was one of the masters of the muster appointed by the States (see above, note 93): on these men, see the entries in J. E. Elias, De Vroedschap van Amsterdam, 1578-1795, 2 vols. (Amsterdam, 1963).