1. Chandos Bruce [Marquess of Ailesbury], A History of Savernake Forest (Devizes: Charles Woodward, 1962), 82.

2. Ibid., 83-86.

3. Stephen Daniels, "The Political Iconography of Woodland in Later Geor-

gian England," in The Iconography of Landscape , ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 45.

4. Bruce, History of Savernake Forest , 86.

5. Ibid., 87-92; Peggy Walvin, Savernake Forest (Cheltenham: privately printed, 1976), 35-36.

6. Chandos Bruce [Marquess of Ailesbury], The Wardens of Savernake Forest (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949), 301-2.

7. Bruce, History of Savernake Forest , 92.

8. Ibid.; Bruce, Wardens of Savernake Forest , 315-29.

9. Bruce, Wardens of Savernake Forest , 334.

10. Bruce, History of Savernake Forest , 94-96; Walvin, Savernake Forest , 39.

11. A coppice is a wood where mainly broad-leaved trees grow out of the stumps or "stools" left from previous cuttings. Standards are trees intended for timber and allowed to grow to maturity, planted within a coppice.

12. F. T. Evans, "Wood Since the Industrial Revolution: A Strategic Retreat?" HT 7 (1982): 47, points out that armored ships until the 1890s usually had hardwood planks behind the armor.

13. Victorians did not always make this distinction between the terms arboriculture and silviculture (then usually spelled sylviculture ); some tended to use arboriculture for any systematic forestry aimed at maximizing utility, whether or not the plantation was conceived of as a collection of individual trees or an abstract unit. However, when comparing continental practices with their own, they usually had this distinction in mind.

14. Roger Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape (London: Faber and Faber, 1967), 42.

15. Reprinted in TRSAS 22 (1909): 97-103.

16. A. C. Forbes, English Estate Forestry (London: Arnold, 1904), 30. Evans, "Wood," 40, notes that, according to a Forestry Commission census in 1924, fewer than half of Britain's three million acres of woodland were reasonably productive, and 27 percent produced nothing.

17. John Croumbie Brown, Modern Forest Economy (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1884), 1-2; Richard Grove, "Origins of Western Environmentalism," Scientific American 267 (July 1992): 46, comments on Brown's career.

18. James Brown, The Forester (Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons, 1847; 2d ed., 1851); subsequent page references are to the 2d ed.

19. Ibid., 10.

20. Ibid., 6-11.

21. John Simpson, The New Forestry (Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford, 1900), 7-13, thought that there was no chance that British forestry could be put on a rational basis unless the conflict between silviculture and game preserving could be resolved.

22. H. L. Edlin, Trees, Woods, and Man , 3d revised ed. (London: Collins, 1970), 120-21; Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape , 47; Eoin Neeson, A History of Irish Forestry (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1991), 139; William Addison, Portrait of Epping Forest (London: Hale, 1977), 43; N. D. G. James, A History of English Forestry (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), 190-91; William Linnard,

Welsh Woods and Forests: History and Utilization (Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, 1982), 141, 145; Colin Tubbs, The New Forest: An Ecological History (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1968), 193-96.

23. Forbes, English Estate Forestry , 35.

24. John Simpson, British Woods and their Owners (Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford, 1909), 11, 32.

25. A. C. Forbes, "Is British Forestry Progressive ?" TRSAS 15 (1898): 44-45.

26. James, History of English Forestry , 176-77.

27. Brown, Forester , 1-3.

28. Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, This Fissured Land (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), 118-19.

29. R. W. Phipps, "Across the Watershed of Eastern Ontario" [from a section of his "Report on Forestry," 1884], Journal of Forest History (9 October 1965): 4-8. Robert Bell, "The Forests of Canada," British Association for the Advancement of Science 54 (1884): 856-60, described the explosive effect (''almost incredible") of fire where gummy tops of conifers were left to accumulate and dry out; see also George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature , ed. David Lowenthal (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965), 233-35.

30. Three works focus on the impact of resource exploitation on New Brunswick's political, social, and economic institutions: Graeme Wynn, Timber Colony, A Historical Geography of Early Nineteenth Century New Brunswick (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981); Arthur Lower, Great Britain's Woodyard: British North America and the Timber Trade, 1763-1867 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973); R. Peter Gillis and Thomas Roach, Lost Initiatives (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986). For the ecological effects of resource exploitation on the eastern United States, see William Cronon's pioneering work, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983), including the bibliographical essay, and Jamie Eves, "Shrunk to a Comparative Rivulet: Deforestation, Stream Flow, and Rural Milling in Nineteenth Century Maine," Technology and Culture 33 (1992):38-65. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), provides a broad survey of the effects of European biological imperialism from 900-1900; see also the articles in Richard Tucker and John Richards, eds., Global Deforestation and the Nineteenth-Century World Economy (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press Policy Studies, 1983).

31. Barrie Trinder, ed., Industrial Archaeology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), 668.

32. Richard C. Davis, ed., Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History , vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan, 1983), 350-61; Peter Rutledge, "Steam Power for Loggers," Journal of Forest History 14 (April 1970): 18-29; Ken Drushka, Working in the Woods (Madeira Park, B.C. : Harbour Publishing, 1992), 61-73.

33. Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape , 59.

34. Or so Lord Lovat, Chairman of the Forestry Commission, maintained: Times (8 July 1920), 11.

35. Christopher Hussey, The Picturesque (London: Putnam's Sons, 1927), 36, 141.

36. John Ruskin, "The Poetry of Architecture," (1837-38), in The Works of John Ruskin , vol. 1, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn (London: Allen, 1903), 102-3.

37. Times (17 September 1920), 9.

38. Daniels, "Political," 51; anyone familiar with Daniels's work will notice how much this section owes to his discussion of woodland as political iconography.

39. John Grigor, Arboriculture , 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1881), 208-10; Edlin, Trees Woods, and Man , 119; Mark Anderson, A History of Scottish Forestry , vol. 1 (London: Nelson, 1967), 585-94; A. C. O'Dell and K. Walton, The Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Edinburgh: Nelson, 1962), 148-49; R. N. Millman, The Making of the Scottish Landscape (London: Batsford, 1975), 142-44.

40. L. Dudley Stamp, Man and the Land (London: Collins, 1955), 193.

41. Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (Toronto: Random House, 1995), 56.

42. Robert Pogue Harrison, Forests: The Shadow of Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 93; see also Schama, Landscape and Memory , chapter 3, "The Liberties of the Greenwood."

43. R. Cole Harris, P. Roulston and C. D. Freitas, "The Settlement of Mono Township," Canadian Geographer 14 (1975): 1-17.

44. George Rolleston, "The Modification of the External Aspects of Organic Nature Produced by Man's Interference," Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 49 (1879): 336.

45. Ibid., 320-33, 391-92.

46. See for example, "Afforestation of Waste Lands in Denmark, Holland, France, and Germany," TRSAS 22 (1909): 207-211.

47. Quoted in Neeson, History of Irish Forestry , 112; Peter Anderson Graham, Reclaiming the Waste (London: Country Life , 1916), 120-21; see also the comment of William Schlich, BPP , Coast Erosion and Afforestation, 2d Report (on Afforestation) of the RC on Coast Erosion, and the Reclamation of Tidal Lands, and Afforestation, 14 (1909): q. 19112. [Sometimes the s is added to Knockboy, sometimes not.]

48. Sheila Pim, The Wood and the Trees (Kilkenny: Boethius Press, 1984), 135-36; Neeson, History of Irish Forestry , 110-14, 119-21.

49. Testimony of J. P. Pye, BPP , Report of Departmental Committee on Irish Forestry 23 (1908): qq. 1771-1810.

50. Ibid., q. 1771.

51. T. Summerbell, Afforestation. The Unemployed and the Land (London: I. L. P. Publication, 1908), 3-13.

52. "Afforestation Conference in London," Quarterly Journal of Forestry 1 (1907): 373-74.

53. BPP , RC on Coast Erosion, 14 (1909); Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape , 50-51.

54. Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape , 138-41.

55. Ibid., 61; Tubbs, New Forest , 86-87.

56. Miles, Forestry in the English Landscape , 72.

57. C. E. M. Joad, The Untutored Townsman's Invasion of the Country (London: Faber and Faber, 1945), 136-37.

58. Nan Fairbrother, New Lives, New Landscapes (New York: Knopf, 1970), 23, 122-27, 232, 250, 335-36.

59. Oliver Rackham, Trees and Woodlands in the British Landscape , rev. ed. (London: Dent, 1990), 104-5, 190-92; M. E. D. Poore, "Agriculture, Forestry and the Future of the Landscape," in The English Landscape , ed. S. R. Woodell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 191-201.

60. D. O. Baylis, "Recreational Potential of Welsh Forests," in Environmental Aspects of Plantation Forestry in Wales , ed. J. E. Good (Grange-Over-Sands, Cumbria: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 1987), 52.

61. Robert Arvill, Man and Environment , 3d ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), 56.

62. Literature on this subject is steadily expanding; the following is only a sample: essays in Good, ed., Environmental Aspects of Plantation Forestry ; essays, especially those by S. J. Essex and T. G. Williams, C. Watkins, G. F. Peterken, C. Lavers and R. Haines-Young, N. Allott, M. Brennen, P. Mills, and A. Eacrett in Ecological Effects of Afforestation , ed. Charles Watkins (Wallingford: C. A. B. International, 1993); H. L. Wallace, J. E. Good, and T. G. Williams, "The Effects of Afforestation on Upland Plant Communities: An Application of the British National Vegetation Classification." Journal of Applied Ecology 29 (1992): 180-94; Charles Watkins, Nature Conservation and the New Lowland Forests (Peterborough: Nature Conservancy Council, 1991).

63. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (1949; reprint, New York: Ballentine Books, 1970), 240.