1. Uchida, Desert Exile , 103-4; Anonymous [name withheld from publication], "Diary," October-November 1942, Topaz, JERS.

2. Suzuki, Ministry , 170.

3. Interview with Kenji Fujii, Hayward, Calif., August 31, 1989; notes in possession of the author.

4. Okubo, Citizen 13660 , 117-20.

5. "Train Monitor and Car Capt. Suggestions," mimeographed sheet, Topaz; provided by Kenji Fujii to the author.

6. Interview with Tad Fujita, Berkeley, October 28, 1987, AWC.

7. War Relocation Authority, Evacuated People , table 5, page 17; Topaz Times , October 10, 1942; Topaz , 35; Millard County Chronicle , September 24, 1942. Figures on Santa Anita are from "The Number of Japanese Sent to Relocation Projects," December 5, 1942, JERS.

8. Interview with K. Morgan Yamanaka, San Francisco, May 11, 1988, AWC.

9. Anonymous, "Diary," October-November 1942, JERS; Topaz files, September 17, 1942, WRA, RG 210.

10. Kawakami, "Camp Memories," 27.

11. Okubo, Citizen 13660 , 123.

12. Ken Verdoia, transcript of Topaz , a KUED-TV production (Salt Lake City, 1987), 23.

13. Conversation with Faith Terasawa, San Francisco, November 6, 1987.

14. Topaz files, September 17, 1942, WRA, RG 210.

15. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 12; Roscoe E. Bell, "Relocation Center Life, Topaz, Utah, 1942-1945," ML.

16. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 13.

17. Millard County Chronicle , October 15, 1942.

18. Interview by Wendy Walker with Roger Walker, January 1983, for Jane Beckwith's high school class, Delta, Utah; copy in possession of the author.

19. Trek , December 1942.

20. Claud H. Pratt, Ogden, Utah, "Topaz Relocation Center," April 1983, prepared for Jane Beckwith's high school class project, Delta, Utah; copy in possession of the author.

21. Uchida, Desert Exile , 110-11; Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 13.

22. Bell, "Relocation Center Life," ML.

23. As reported by Jane Beckwith, who interviewed Roper for a high school class project.

24. Verdoia, Topaz transcript, 25-26; Anonymous, "Diary," October-November 1942, JERS.

25. Telephone conversation with Evelyn Hodges Lewis, Wellsville, Utah, August 30, 1990.

26. Interview with Tom Kawaguchi, San Francisco, November 5, 1987, AWC.

27. Kawakami, "Camp Memories," 27.

28. Interview with Maya Nagata Aikawa, Oakland, November 4, 1987, AWC.

29. Interview with Lee Suyemoto, Newton, Mass., June 21, 1988, AWC.

30. Okubo, Citizen 13660 , 127-32; Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 13. The Delta mortuary recorded 156 (including stillbirths). Okubo stated that the dead were cremated in Salt Lake City and the ashes held for burial after the war ended.

31. Uchida, Desert Exile , 110.

32. Topaz files, February 4, 1943, WRA, RG 210.

33. Anonymous, "Diary," JERS; Topaz files, September 17, 1942, WRA, RG 210; Yasuo William Abiko, "Central Utah War Relocation Project, Topaz Center, 1942-1945," copy of manuscript given to the author by Jane Beckwith.

34. Telephone conversation with Kenji Fujii, Hayward, February 26, 1990.

35. Comment by Jane Beckwith, Delta, July 21, 1987.

36. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 43, compiled from the War Relocation Authority, Evacuated People , tables 3, 4, and 8. Table 37a on page 100 of Evacuated People lists a total of 8,232 and gives the breakdown by sex as of January 1, 1943. The Topaz Times , January 30, 1943, gives a slightly larger figure. Of the ten camps, only Granada was smaller, according to Evacuated People , 20.

37. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 14.

38. Bell, ''Relocation Center Life," ML; telephone conversation with Paul Bell, University Park, Pa., September 24, 1990, and with Roscoe Bell and Gladys Bell, Woodburn, Oreg., October 25, 1990.

39. Bell, "Relocation Center Life," ML.

40. Sekerak, "A Teacher at Topaz," 39; telephone conversation with Eleanor Sekerak and Emil Sekerak, Castro Valley, Calif., October 3, 1990.

41. Hochiyama, "Administration," JERS.

42. War Relocation Authority, WRA , 1.

43. Conversations with Paul Bell, University Park, Pa., September 24, 1990, and Eleanor Sekerak and Emil Sekerak, Castro Valley, Calif., October 3, 1990.

44. Pratt, "Utah Relocation Center." "Sox" Kitashima remembered how, in 1992, she still exchanged Christmas cards with him.

45. Hochiyama, "Administration," JERS.

46. Uchida, Desert Exile , 110.

47. Hochiyama, "Administration," JERS. The changed opinion of Ernst is documented in Hoffman's Community Analysis Newsletter No. 7 for week ending June 3, 1944, CA Reports.

48. Conversation with Eleanor Sekerak, Castro Valley, Calif., October 3, 1990.

49. Information on Ernst and Hoffman came from conversations with Roscoe Bell, Woodburn, Oreg., October 25, 1990, and Eleanor Sekerak, Castro Valley, Calif., October 3, 1990, and also from a letter to the author from Oscar Hoffman of Abilene, Kans., October 10, 1990.

50. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 15.

51. Conversation with Eleanor Sekerak, Castro Valley, Calif., October 3, 1990, and letter from Oscar Hoffman, Abilene, Kans., October 10, 1990.

52. Hochiyama, "Administration," JERS.

53. Pratt, "Topaz Relocation Center."

54. Ibid.

55. Fumi Hayashi appended her comments to a rough draft of this manuscript, returned to me in October 1989, and Michi Kobi commu-

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nicated her sentiments to me in a letter at the same time. Hoffman's letter of October 10, 1990, contained his assessment of the role. Neither Hoffman nor his predecessor, anthropologist Weston LaBarre, had misgivings about undertaking the position of community analyst, but later scholars have tended to see the analysts as "company spies," which many may have been, however inadvertently. See Oscar F. Hoffman, "Closing Report of the Community Analysis Section," September 1, 1945, CA Reports.

56. "Welcome to Topaz," printed at Topaz in 1942.

57. Section 3, "The Profile of the Community," from Hoffman, "Closing Report," September 1, 1945, ca Reports.

58. Verdoia, Topaz transcript, 30.

59. Conversation with Roscoe Bell, Woodburn, Oreg., October 25, 1990.

60. Papanikolas, Peoples of Utah , 336-37; Masaoka, They Call Me Moses Masaoka , chaps. 1-2.

61. Papanikolas, Peoples of Utah, 339 .

62. Ibid., 337-40.

63. Ibid., 352.

64. Ibid., 343, 350, 352.

65. Conversation with Masi Nihei, San Francisco, September 1, 1989.

66. Papanikolas, Peoples of Utah , 352-53.

67. Ibid., 354-55. Eleanor Roosevelt persuaded the president to allow families to withdraw $100 a month, and this subsidy sustained Alice Kasai and her children.

68. Papanikolas, Peoples of Utah , 357.

69. In the Delta area water for irrigation was divided at the first of the year on the basis of a "call" system. The total amount available was divided on the basis of the number of shares an individual or company held. The water was stored in reservoirs until it was needed and then allotted by acre-feet to the shareholders. Topaz was supplied by the Abraham and Deseret Water Company shares. Telephone conversation with Roger Walker, Delta, Utah, November 27, 1990.

70. Interview by Jane Beckwith with Homer U. Petersen, Delta, Utah, May 1983; copy in possession of the author; Millard County Chronicle , May 28 and June 25, 1942.

71. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 11; Millard County Chronicle , June 25 and August 2, 1942.

72. Verdoia, Topaz transcript, 19-20.

73. Millard County Chronicle , June 25 and August 6, 1942.

74. Anonymous, "Diary," October 2, 1942, JERS.

75. Suzuki, Ministry , 19.

76. Topaz files, September 11, 1942, WRA, RG 210.

77. Bell, "Relocation Center Life," ML.

78. Okihiro, Cane Fires , 214-24.

79. Bell, "Relocation Center Life," ML.

80. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 14.

81. Topaz files, September 26, 1942, WRA, RG 210.

82. Anonymous, "Diary," October 2, 1942, JERS.

83. O'Brien, College Nisei .

84. War Relocation Authority, WRA , 30-31; Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 17.

85. Papanikolas, Peoples of Utah , 358.

86. Topaz files, October 7, 1942, WRA, RG 210; Ruth Griffin, "Relocation," Trek , June 1943, ML.

87. Topaz Files, October 7, 1942, WRA, RG 210.

88. War Relocation Authority, WRA , 37.

89. See Taylor, "Leaving the Camps," 4.

90. Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps , 51.

91. Abiko, "Central Utah."

92. War Relocation Authority, WRA , 51-53; Warren Watanabe, "First Annual Report—September 1942-September 1943," November 20, 1943, JERS; and Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps , 50-51.

93. Arrington, Price of Prejudice , 18.

94. "Relocation," Trek , June 1943, ML; Taylor, "Leaving the Camps."

95. Interview with Jane Beckwith, Delta, Utah, July 21, 1987; quotation from the Millard County Chronicle , October 15, 1942.

96. Jane Beckwith recalled that Yasuda paid $52 as monthly rent for himself and his family.

97. Anonymous, "Diary," October 2-December 9, 1942, JERS.

98. Watanabe, "First Annual Report," November 20, 1943, JERS.

99. Salt Lake Tribune , October 5, 1943.

100. Interview with Harry H. L. Kitano, Los Angeles, September 20, 1987, AWC.

101. George Sugihara, "Survey of Seasonal Work Leaves from Topaz," October 9-November 15, 1943, JERS.

102. War Relocation Authority, WRA , 52; Daniels, Concentration Camps, U.S.A ., 110-11; Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps , 51.

103. Oscar F. Hoffman, "Resident Attitudes Toward Relocation," February 1, 1944, CA Reports.