1. Saperstein, The Works of R. Isaac b. Yedaiah, 479-480.

2. Ibid., 481-482.

3. Ibid., 483-484.

1. Saperstein, The Works of R. Isaac b. Yedaiah, 479-480.

2. Ibid., 481-482.

3. Ibid., 483-484.

1. Saperstein, The Works of R. Isaac b. Yedaiah, 479-480.

2. Ibid., 481-482.

3. Ibid., 483-484.

4. On the Tortosa disputation, see Baron, A Social and Religious History, IX, 87-94, and Baer, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, II, 170-243.

5. On Rabbi Moses, see the recent collection of valuable essays edited by Isadore Twersky, Rabbi Moses Nahmanides ( Ramban ) : Explorations in His Religious and Literary Virtuosity (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), and the literature cited there, 1, n. 1.

6. Twersky, Rabbi Moses Nahmanides, 3.

7. On these incidents and the role of Rabbi Moses, see Baer, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, I, 96-110, and Daniel Jeremy Silver, Maimonidean Criticism and the Maimonidean Controversy, 1180-1240 (Leiden, 1965); David Berger, Nahmanides' Attitude toward Secular Learning and continue

      Its Bearing on His Stance during the Maimonidean Controversy (unpub. masters thesis; Columbia Univ., 1965); Azriel Shohat, "Concerning the First Controversy on the Writings of Maimonides" (Hebrew), Zion XXXVI (1971): 27-60.

8. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 305.

9. Isa. 52:13.

10. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 311.

11. Sifre, Nizavim * , 308.

12. T. B., Hullin, 91b.

13. II Chron. 17:6.

14. Exod. 8:16.

15. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 312.

16. Ibid., 303.

17. Ibid.

15. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 312.

16. Ibid., 303.

17. Ibid.

15. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 312.

16. Ibid., 303.

17. Ibid.

18. Baer, "The Disputations of R. Yehiel of Paris and of Nahmanides," 186. See the discussion above, in chap. 5.

19. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 306. For the Jewish dating of Jesus two centuries prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, see Abraham ibn Daud, Sefer ha-Qabbalah, ed. Gerson D. Coehn (Philadelphia, 1967), 15-16 (Hebrew text) and 20-21 (English translation). Rabbi Moses rebuts in similar fashion the proof advanced from Gen. 49:10 and rabbinic exegesis on that verse—see Chavel, Kitvei, I, 305.

20. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 306.

21. Zech. 9:10.

22. Jer. 31:34.

23. Isa. 11:9.

24. Ibid., 2:4.

25. Ibid., 11:4. The translation has been altered to fit the sense of the midrash.

23. Isa. 11:9.

24. Ibid., 2:4.

25. Ibid., 11:4. The translation has been altered to fit the sense of the midrash.

23. Isa. 11:9.

24. Ibid., 2:4.

25. Ibid., 11:4. The translation has been altered to fit the sense of the midrash.

26. Midrash Tehilim, ed. Solomon Buber (Vilna, 1891), 13a.

27. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 311.

28. Ibid., 306.

29. Ibid., 308.

27. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 311.

28. Ibid., 306.

29. Ibid., 308.

27. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 311.

28. Ibid., 306.

29. Ibid., 308.

30. Baer, "The Disputations of R. Yehiel of Paris and of Nahmanides," 187.

31. Bernard Septimus, " 'Open Rebuke and Concealed Love': Nahmanides and the Andalusian Tradition," in Rabbi Moses Nahmanides, 12-13.

32. Ibid., 21-22.

31. Bernard Septimus, " 'Open Rebuke and Concealed Love': Nahmanides and the Andalusian Tradition," in Rabbi Moses Nahmanides, 12-13.

32. Ibid., 21-22.

33. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 308.

34. Ibid., 306.

33. Chavel, Kitvei, I, 308.

34. Ibid., 306.

35. Baer, "The Disputations of R. Yehiel of Paris and of Nahmanides," 187; Chavel, Kitvei, I, 316.

36. Ibid., 319.

37. Ibid., 309-310. break

35. Baer, "The Disputations of R. Yehiel of Paris and of Nahmanides," 187; Chavel, Kitvei, I, 316.

36. Ibid., 319.

37. Ibid., 309-310. break

35. Baer, "The Disputations of R. Yehiel of Paris and of Nahmanides," 187; Chavel, Kitvei, I, 316.

36. Ibid., 319.

37. Ibid., 309-310. break

38. Judah Rosenthal, "A Religious Disputation between a Scholar Named Menahem and the Apostate and Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani" (Hebrew), Hagut'Ivrit ba-Amerika III (1974): 62. For further details, see Joel E. Rembaum, "A Reevaluation of a Medieval Polemical Manuscript," AJS Review V (1980): 81-99, and Robert Chazan, "A Medieval Hebrew Polemical Mélange," Hebrew Union College Annual LI (1980): 89-110.

39. It is worth noting in passing the later explicit repudiation of Nahmanides' position by Isaac Abravanel—see his Sefer Yeshu'ot Meshiho * (Konigsberg, 1861), 17a-b.

40. Later in the century, in the mid-1280s, the Latin account of a disputation in Majorca makes reference to the earlier Barcelona confrontation. The Christian participant asks whether there is a record available of the earlier Barcelona discussion and is told that the record is extant and is disseminated widely throughout the Jewish world. See Ora Limor, The Disputation of Majorca 1286: A Critical Edition and Introduction (2 vols.; Jerusalem, 1984), II, 54.

41. The Mahazik * Emunah is available in one sole manuscript, Ms. Vat. 271. It has been described at length in Renan, Les rabbins français, pp. 565-569. Brief sections were transcribed by Abraham Berliner in Ha-Mazkir XVI (1876): 42-43.

42. Isa. 44:18.

43. Isa. 59:19.

44. Mahazik Emunah, 2d.

45. At this point, a number of lines are illegible.

46. I have not been able to decipher this word.

47. Again, a number of lines are illegible.

48. Mahazik Emunah, 3a-c. break

49. Lev. 26:12.

50. This aggadah is found in the Sifra to Lev. 26:12; the entire passage is in the Mahazik * Emunah, 16c-d.

51. Mahazik Emunah, 16d.

52. We might further note that the fourteenth-century Isaac Lattes, generally well informed on this period, says in his comments on Friar Paul that "at that time [the time of Friar Paul] Rabbi Mordechai ben Joseph was there—he composed against him [Friar Paul] the book Mahazik Emunah." See Neubauer, Medieval Jewish Chronicles, II, 238.

53. Gen. 15:18.

54. Deut. 19:8.

55. Isa. 2:2.

56. I am unable to decipher this word.

57. Isa. 2:3.

58. Isa. 11:11

59. Isa. 35:3.

60. Isa. 35:10.

61. Isa. 40:2.

62. Isa. 40:29.

63. Isa. 40:31.

64. Lev. 26:6.

65. Isa. 11:6.

66. Mahazik Emunah, 9c-d. break

67. I am unable to decipher this word.

68. Isa. 9:5.

69. T. B., Sanhedrin, 94b.

70. Exod. 20:2.

71. Exod. 20:3.

72. Deut. 6:13.

73. Deut. 10:20.

74. Lev. 19:12.

75. Exod. 22:27.

76. Leviticus Rabbah, 9:7.

77. Ibid.

76. Leviticus Rabbah, 9:7.

77. Ibid.

78. Dan. 12:2.

79. T. B., Succah, 52a.

80. Ps. 104:35.

81. I have omitted the digression discussed above.

82. Deut. 16:3.

83. Jer. 16:14-15; T. B., Berakhot, 12b-13a.

84. Gen. 35:10.

85. Mahazik * Emunah, 16c-d. break

      For rabbinic materials on this issue, see W. D. Davies, Torah in the Messianic Age and/or the Age to Come (Philadelphia, 1952 ; Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph Series ), 50-83. For medieval Christian and Jewish perspectives, see Berger, The Jewish-Christian Debate, 355-361.