1. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Experience," in Essays and Lectures (New York: New American Library, 1983), p. 476.

2. Emmanuel Levinas, "No Identity," in Robert Bernasconi (ed.), Collected Philosophical Papers (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987), p. 148; "Sans Identité," L'Humanisme de l'Autre Homme (Paris: Fata Morgana, 1972), p. 95. Also see his book Autrement Qu'Être ou au delà de l'Essence (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974), p. 10, where he spells out a similar indictment: "A la réduction transcendentale de Husserl une mise entre parenthèses suffit-elle? Une façon d'écrire, de se commettre avec le monde qui colle comme l'encre aux mains qui l'écartent?"

3. Wallace Stevens, "Notes toward a Supreme Fiction," in The Collected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954), I, ll. 5-6.

4. René Char, "Feuillets d'Hypnos," Oeuvres Complètes (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 216.

5. Char, "Aversions," La Nu Perdu, Oeuvres Complètes , p. 473.

6. Walter Benjamin, Ursprung des Deutschen Trauerspiels , in Rolf Tiedemann and Hermann Schweppenhäuser (eds.), Gesammelte Schriften (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1972), vol. 1, p. 330.

7. Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970), p. 265. Hereafter this text will be designated by the abbreviation Crisis . For the original German, see Die continue

Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften und die Transzendentale Phänomenologie, Gesammelte Werke , vol. 6, ed. by Walter Biemel (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), p. 269. Hereafter, this text will be designated by the word Krisis .

8. Ibid., p. 290 in the English, p. 337 in the original German.

7. Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970), p. 265. Hereafter this text will be designated by the abbreviation Crisis . For the original German, see Die continue

Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften und die Transzendentale Phänomenologie, Gesammelte Werke , vol. 6, ed. by Walter Biemel (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962), p. 269. Hereafter, this text will be designated by the word Krisis .

8. Ibid., p. 290 in the English, p. 337 in the original German.

9. Husserl, "The Vienna Lecture," in Crisis , p. 277. For the German, see "Krisis," Gesammelte Werke , vol. 6, p. 322.

10. Husserl, "The Vienna Lecture," Crisis , p. 297. For the German, see Krisis , pp. 345-46.

11. Husserl, Crisis , p. 341; Krisis , p. 275.

12. Husserl, Crisis , p. 338; Krisis , p. 272.

13. Husserl, "The Vienna Lecture," in Crisis , p. 298; pp. 346 in the German.

14. Husserl, Crisis , p. 151; Krisis , p. 154.

15. Husserl, "The Vienna Lecture," in Crisis , p. 285; pp. 331-32 in the German.

16. Husserl, Crisis , p. 56; Krisis , p. 57.

17. Husserl, Cartesian Meditations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969), §15, p. 35. Also see §15, p. 37, where Husserl speaks of a "non-participant on-looker." This text will hereafter be designated by the abbreviation "CM."

18. Ibid., §2, p. 6, and §1, p. 2.

17. Husserl, Cartesian Meditations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969), §15, p. 35. Also see §15, p. 37, where Husserl speaks of a "non-participant on-looker." This text will hereafter be designated by the abbreviation "CM."

18. Ibid., §2, p. 6, and §1, p. 2.

19. Theodor Adorno, Against Epistemology: A Metacritique (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982). For the German, see Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie: Studien über Husserl und die Phänomenologischen Antinomien (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1972). See also his dialectically intricate analysis in "Subject and Object," in A. Arato and E. Gebhardt(eds.), The Frankfurt School Reader (New York: Continuum, 1987), pp. 497-511.

20. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 133.

21. Ibid., p. 134.

20. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 133.

21. Ibid., p. 134.

22. Adorno, "Husserl and the Problem of Idealism," in Vermischte Scriften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1986), vol. 20, part 1, p. 124.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 121. In Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence , (Boston: Kluwer, 1991), Levinas also challenges Husserl along these same lines, referring (p. 29) to Husserl's assumption of an "immobile eternity."

22. Adorno, "Husserl and the Problem of Idealism," in Vermischte Scriften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1986), vol. 20, part 1, p. 124.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 121. In Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence , (Boston: Kluwer, 1991), Levinas also challenges Husserl along these same lines, referring (p. 29) to Husserl's assumption of an "immobile eternity."

22. Adorno, "Husserl and the Problem of Idealism," in Vermischte Scriften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1986), vol. 20, part 1, p. 124.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid., p. 121. In Otherwise Than Being, or Beyond Essence , (Boston: Kluwer, 1991), Levinas also challenges Husserl along these same lines, referring (p. 29) to Husserl's assumption of an "immobile eternity."

25. Husserl, "Prolegomena zur reinen Logik," Logische Untersuchungen , vol. 1 (Halle: Niemeyer, 1922, 1928), p. 64.

26. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 197; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie , p. 200.

27. Adorno, Against Epistemology , pp. 144-45; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie , pp. 149-50.

28. Ibid.

27. Adorno, Against Epistemology , pp. 144-45; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie , pp. 149-50.

28. Ibid.

29. Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from a Damaged Life (London: New Left Books, Verso Editions, 1978), p. 247; Minima Moralia: Reflexionen aus dem Beschädigten Leben, Gesammelte Schriften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1951), vol. 4, p. 281.

30. Husserl, Ideas I: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology , trans. by W. R. Boyce-Gibson (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1969), p. 39. break

31. Husserl, CM, p. 68.

32. Husserl, Ideas , §19, pp. 75-76.

33. Ibid., §33, p. 102.

32. Husserl, Ideas , §19, pp. 75-76.

33. Ibid., §33, p. 102.

34. Jacques Derrida, "Force and Signification," in Writing and Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), p. 28.

35. Stephane Mallarmé, "Quant au Livre," Oeuvres Complètes (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1945), p. 386: "Les mots, d'eux-mêmes, s'exaltent à mainte facette reconnue la plus rare ou valant pour l'esprit, centre de suspens vibratoire; qui les perçoit indépendamment de la suite ordinaire, projetés, en parois de grotte, tant que dure leur mobilité ou principe, étant ce qui ne se dit pas du discours: prompts tous, avant extinction, à une réciprocité de feux distante ou présentée de biais comme contingence."

36. Levinas, Time and the Other (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1987), p. 64; Le Temps et l'Autre (Paris: Fata Morgana, Presses Universitaires de France, 1979), p. 92.

37. Ibid.

36. Levinas, Time and the Other (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1987), p. 64; Le Temps et l'Autre (Paris: Fata Morgana, Presses Universitaires de France, 1979), p. 92.

37. Ibid.

38. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 45; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheories , p. 52.

39. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 20; Autrement Qu'être , pp. 24-25.

40. See Husserl, CM, §44, p. 96; Ideas , §33, p. 102, and §124, p. 320.

41. Husserl, Ideas , §92, p. 246.

42. Ibid., §124, p. 320.

43. Ibid. Also see Husserl, Ideas §66, pp. 175-76 (on "Faithful Expression of the Clearly Given: Unambiguous Terms"), and §84, pp. 224-26 ("Note on Terminology").

41. Husserl, Ideas , §92, p. 246.

42. Ibid., §124, p. 320.

43. Ibid. Also see Husserl, Ideas §66, pp. 175-76 (on "Faithful Expression of the Clearly Given: Unambiguous Terms"), and §84, pp. 224-26 ("Note on Terminology").

41. Husserl, Ideas , §92, p. 246.

42. Ibid., §124, p. 320.

43. Ibid. Also see Husserl, Ideas §66, pp. 175-76 (on "Faithful Expression of the Clearly Given: Unambiguous Terms"), and §84, pp. 224-26 ("Note on Terminology").

44. Derrida, "Force and Signification," in Writing and Difference , p. 27.

45. Ibid.

44. Derrida, "Force and Signification," in Writing and Difference , p. 27.

45. Ibid.

46. Derrida, " 'Genesis and Structure' and Phenomenology," in Writing and Difference , pp. 154-68.

47. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 152; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheories , p. 157.

48. Levinas, En Découvrant l'Existence avec Husserl et Heidegger (Paris: Vrin, 1949).

49. Husserl, Ideas , §92, p. 248.

50. Husserl, "Second Investigation," in Logical Investigations (New York: Humanities Press, 1970), vol. 1, §15, p. 368. Also see his Ideas , §43, pp. 122-24.

51. Husserl, "First Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §17, p. 300. Husserl's attack on the picture theory of meaning is mainly located in §17-§23, pp. 299-311.

52. Husserl, "First Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §19, p. 304.

53. Husserl, "Sixth Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §4, p. 680.

54. Husserl, "Fifth Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §11, p. 559. Also see §12-§14 and other parts of §11, pp. 557-69.

55. Husserl, CM, §38, p. 79. break

56. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 136; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnisstheorie , p. 141. Also see p. 143 in the English translation and p. 148 in the original German text.

57. Stevens, "Tatoo," The Collected Poems , p. 81.

58. Levinas, "Diachrony and Representation," in Time and the Other , p. 99; Le Temps et l'Autre , p. 92.

59. Ibid.

58. Levinas, "Diachrony and Representation," in Time and the Other , p. 99; Le Temps et l'Autre , p. 92.

59. Ibid.

60. Martin Heidegger, An Introduction to Metaphysics (New York: Double-day, 1961), p. 99. Italics added.

61. Husserl, "Fifth Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §38, p. 640.

62. Levinas, Le Temps et l'Autre , p. 11; Time and the Other , p. 33.

63. For a more elaborate discussion of this matter, see my The Opening of Vision: Nihilism and the Postmodern Situation (New York: Routledge, 1988).

64. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 196; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnisstheorie , p. 199. The phrase also appears on p. 216 in the English edition and on p. 219 in the German.

65. Emerson, "Circles," in Essays and Lectures , p. 403.

66. Emerson, "Nature," in Essays and Lectures , p. 9.

67. Husserl, "Second Investigation," in Logical Investigations , §21, p. 380.

68. Adorno, Minima Moralia , §98, p. 151.

69. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 151; Zur Metakritik der Erkenntnistheorie , p. 156.

70. Levinas broaches a similar criticism, puzzling over the "shining forth" of signification. See Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 66; Autrement Qu'être , p. 83.

71. Husserl, "Third Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §6, p. 445.

72. Husserl, Ideas , §31, p. 97.

73. Husserl, "Prolegomenon," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §50, p. 191.

74. Husserl, Ideas , §46, p. 132.

75. Ibid.

74. Husserl, Ideas , §46, p. 132.

75. Ibid.

76. Husserl, Ideas , §78, p. 204. For Adorno's discussion of Husserlian "evidence," see Against Epistemology , pp. 56-57; Zur Metakritik , pp. 62-64.

77. Husserl, Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §6, p. 61.

78. Ibid., §51, p. 195.

79. Ibid., §62, p. 226. Also see his CM, §4, p. 10, and §5, pp. 12 and 14.

77. Husserl, Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §6, p. 61.

78. Ibid., §51, p. 195.

79. Ibid., §62, p. 226. Also see his CM, §4, p. 10, and §5, pp. 12 and 14.

77. Husserl, Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §6, p. 61.

78. Ibid., §51, p. 195.

79. Ibid., §62, p. 226. Also see his CM, §4, p. 10, and §5, pp. 12 and 14.

80. Husserl, Ideas , §88, p. 240.

81. Husserl, CM, §27, p. 60.

82. Ibid., §5, p. 12.

81. Husserl, CM, §27, p. 60.

82. Ibid., §5, p. 12.

83. Husserl, Ideas , §24, p. 83; Ideen , p. 43. For Adorno's discussion of this principle, see Against Epistemology , pp. 136-37; Zur Metakritik , pp. 141-42.

84. Husserl, CM, §15, p. 36.

85. Ibid., §15, p. 35.

84. Husserl, CM, §15, p. 36.

85. Ibid., §15, p. 35.

86. See Husserl, Ideas , §42, p. 121: "Ein Erlebnis schattet sich nicht ab." ("Lived experience is without any shadows.")

87. Ibid., §6, pp. 15-16. On apodeictic evidence, see also "Third Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §6, pp. 444-46. break

86. See Husserl, Ideas , §42, p. 121: "Ein Erlebnis schattet sich nicht ab." ("Lived experience is without any shadows.")

87. Ibid., §6, pp. 15-16. On apodeictic evidence, see also "Third Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §6, pp. 444-46. break

88. Husserl, "Prolegomenon to Pure Logic," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §63, p. 227.

89. On conflicts in what is seen, see Husserl, "Sixth Investigation," in Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §38-§39, pp. 764-70, and the appendix to this investigation, pp. 864-67. Also see Ideas , §19, p. 76.

90. Husserl, "Prolegomenon to Pure Logic," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §51, p. 196.

91. Ibid., §40, p. 159. Also see §49, pp. 187-88; §50, pp. 189-93; and §51, pp. 193-96.

90. Husserl, "Prolegomenon to Pure Logic," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, §51, p. 196.

91. Ibid., §40, p. 159. Also see §49, pp. 187-88; §50, pp. 189-93; and §51, pp. 193-96.

92. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 100; Zur Metakritik , pp. 106-7.

93. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 38; Autrement Qu'être , p. 49. Also see, on the logic of the intricate interconnections among intentionality, truth, time, memory, and representation, p. 29 in the English translation and p. 36 in the original French.

94. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , pp. 132-33; Autrement Qu'être , pp. 169-70.

95. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 133; Autrement Qu'être , pp. 169-70.

96. Husserl, "Preface," in Logical Investigations , vol. 1, p. xv. Also see p. 49.

97. Husserl, Ideas , §3, p. 50.

98. Husserl, CM, §34, pp. 70-71. Also see p. 72. Also see Ideas , §4, pp. 50-51. Adorno discusses eidetic variation in Against Epistemology , pp. 49, 117-23; Zur Metakritik , pp. 56, 123-29.

99. Husserl, Ideas , §70, p. 184; Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und Phänomenologische Philosophie , erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie, Gesammelte Werke , vol. 3 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950), p. 132.

100. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 207; Zur Metakritik , p. 210.

101. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 150; Zur Metakritik , p. 155.

102. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 190; Zur Metakritik , p. 193.

103. Ibid.

102. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 190; Zur Metakritik , p. 193.

103. Ibid.

104. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 189; Zur Metakritik , p. 193.

105. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 37; Autrement Qu'être , pp. 47-48.

106. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 30; Autrement Qu'être , p. 38.

107. Husserl, Ideas , §121, p. 314.

108. Husserl, CM, §8, pp. 18-19.

109. Ibid., §11, p. 25. Italics added.

110. Ibid., §44, p. 98. Italics added.

108. Husserl, CM, §8, pp. 18-19.

109. Ibid., §11, p. 25. Italics added.

110. Ibid., §44, p. 98. Italics added.

108. Husserl, CM, §8, pp. 18-19.

109. Ibid., §11, p. 25. Italics added.

110. Ibid., §44, p. 98. Italics added.

111. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 63; Autrement Qu'être , p. 86.

112. Levinas, Otherwise Than Being , p. 101; Autrement Qu'être , pp. 128-29.

113. Husserl, Ideas , §37, p. 111.

114. Ibid., §27, p. 93.

115. Ibid., §121, p. 314.

113. Husserl, Ideas , §37, p. 111.

114. Ibid., §27, p. 93.

115. Ibid., §121, p. 314.

113. Husserl, Ideas , §37, p. 111.

114. Ibid., §27, p. 93.

115. Ibid., §121, p. 314.

116. Husserl, "Fifth Investigation," Logical Investigations , vol. 2, §27, pp. 609-10.

117. See my chapter, in this book, on "Gestalt, Gestell, Geviert" (chapter 4). break

118. Salvatore S. Nigro, "The Secretary," in Rosario Villari (ed.), Baroque Personae (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 12995), p. 94.

119. Husserl, CM, §44, p. 94.

120. Husserl, Ideas , §137, p. 353.

121. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 61; Zur Metakritik , p. 68.

122. Adorno, Against Epistemology , p. 83; Zur Metakritik , p. 90.

123. Husserl, CM, §54, p. 118. Also see §50, pp. 108 and 111, and §55, p. 124

124. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Visible and the Invisible (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968), p. 248; Le visible et L'invisible (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), p. 301.

125. Novalis, Fragment 285, in Friedrich Schlegel, Philosophical Fragments (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), p. 58.

126. T. S. Eliot, "The Hollow Men," in Collected Poems 1909-1962 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, Inc., 1963), p. 81.