1. Vitry and Brière, L'Eglise abbatiale, 61, suggested that the jambs of all three portals looked as if their restorations predated the nineteenth century. The archeological examination has, in part, verified their conclusion, but it was also necessary to distinguish between the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century work, for without doubt, both periods left their mark on the jambs. On this question, see also Blum, "Lateral Portals," 200-206.

2. As noted, the measurement of 29.5 cm. equals the length of the Roman foot. The

3. See above, Chapter 2, n. 42.

4. Guilhermy, ms. 6121, p. 62; von Borries, "Die Westportale," 88.

5. See Crosby and Blum, "Le Portail central," 242-43. According to Guilhermy, ms. 1621, p. 62, all eight heads of the virgins on the jambs were redone in 1840, as well as a number of hands. He also reported that the restorer followed the indications provided by the original vestiges to determine whether they should be bareheaded or veiled.

6. Morrison attributed the cropping to the 1770-1771 restorations. See above, Chapter 2, n. 25.

7. Similar alterations and cropping occurred in the west portals of Chartres cathedral. Accommodations required during the assemblage and installation of the sculpture are especially noticeable in the south tympanum.

8. The parallels continue in the crossed legs of the Atlantids but cease in the matter of the large head that dwarfs the body. In addition, the ornament flanking his body lies on the background plane rather than forming a frame or niche. For an illustration, see Arturo C. Quintavalle, Romanico Padano, Civiltà d'Occidente (Florence, 1969), 292, fig. 133.

9. See Jurgis Baltrušaitis, "Villes sur arcatures," Urbanisme et architecture. Etudes écrites et publiées en l'honneur de Pierre Lavadan (Paris, 1954): 31-40.

10. At Saint-Denis, other examples of monsters occur on the middle capital of the left embrasure of the south portal, west facade; on the corbel attached to the southeastern face of the engaged compound pier, north wall of the western bays; and on the southeastern hemicycle pier in the crypt (recut in the nineteenth century).

11. On the motif, see Crosby, Apostle Bas-Relief, 35.

12. Guilhermy, ms. 6121, p. 61.

13. Von Borries, "Die Westportale," 92, condemned the entire figure as a replacement.

14. Guilhermy, ms. 6121, p. 62.

15. Camille Enlart, Manuel d'archéologie francaise 3, Le Costume (Paris, 1916), 606.

16. Guilhermy, ms. 6121, pp. 49-50. Divided in two, with modern bases and capitals added, the original shaft from which the colonnette now on the right jamb of the central portal was molded was transferred to the Musée de Cluny from the Louvre in 1955 (inv. no. L.S. RF 45253). There it joined the column (inv. no. 19576) from which the modern shaft now on the left jamb of the portal was molded. See Marcel

17. Guillaume Le Gentil de la Galaisière, "Observations sur plusieurs monumens gothiques ... sur lesquels sont gravés les signes du zodiaque et quelques hiéroglyphes egyptiens relatifs à la religion d'Isis," Histoire de l'Académie royale des Sciences, 1788 ... (Paris, 1791): 397-438, pls. XVII-XVIII. More recently May Vieillard-Troïekouroff, "Les Zodiaques parisiens sculptés d'après Le Gentil de la Galaisière, astronome du XVIIIe siècle," Mémoires de la Société nationale des Antiquaires de France 4, 9e ser., 1968 (Paris, 1969): 161-94, figs. 8-9. Von Borries, "Die Westportale," 36-37, also mentioned the drawings.

18. The fragment in question (Musée de Cluny, inv. no. 11659a) formed the lower half of the colonnette pictured in the engravings published by Le Gentil de la Galaisière on the left jamb of the right portal and illustrated in Stoddard, West Portals, pl. VI 2 (right). Both show the face of the fragment originally oriented to the west. Not pictured by Stoddard, the right or south face of that segment is particularly attractive and less restored. The vertical rinceau is inhabited by three nude figures wielding

19. The Cluny reserve has three more fragments of the colonnettes used in the altar jubés, one of which appears to have been entirely a nineteenth-century fabrication. Le Gentil's engraving of the left portal shows the original location for two of the fragments on the left jamb of the left portal. The best preserved of the two (inv. no. 11569b) is illustrated in Stoddard, West Portals, pl. VI 2 (left). In the 1970s all colonnette fragments from Saint-Denis were moved from Paris to the Cluny reserve at Château Ecouen, north of Paris. Although now stripped of all nineteenth-century additions, the shafts had been heavily and clumsily restored, newly carved insets added to the ends, their designs continued onto the uncarved back surfaces, and bases and capitals added.

20. For an analysis of this type of ornamentation, see Crosby, Apostle Bas-Relief.

21. For illustrations of those decorated shafts, see Stoddard, West Portals, pls. XII-XVIII, XXVI, XXIX, XXXVII. The motif of the inhabited vine or scrolls also has affinities with the capitals from Saint-Etienne and La Daurade in Toulouse; ibid., pl. XXXI. The origins of the motif, however, are usually traced to England or Germany: Lawrence Stone, Sculpture in Britain. The Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1955), 62; Fritz Saxl, English Sculptures of the Twelfth Century, ed. H. Swarzenski (Boston, 1952), n. 4, fig. 25; and George Zarnecki, Janet Holt, and Tristram Holland, eds., English Romanesque Art 1066-1200 (London, 1984), 215, cat. nos. 184-185; 217, cat. no. 189.

22. Von Borries, "Die Westportale," 19-20, like all earlier scholars, assumed that lintels originally existed under all three portals. Also see above, Chapter 2, n. 25.

23. The problems involved in a discussion of the statue-columns that originally decorated all three portals are so complicated that brief mention of them would be meaningless. I hold to the opinion that they were finished and in place for the dedication of 9 June 1140. As an integral and perhaps the most original part of the portal sculpture, they will ultimately receive the attention they deserve. See Gerson, West Facade, 140-61; and Crosby (1987), 192-201.

24. The carved columns that Debret substituted for the statue-columns were severely criticized in "Rapport sur la restauration de l'église royale de S ^t Denis," June 1841, fol. 5v, in Dossier de l'Administration 1841-1876, Paris, Archives de la Commission des Monuments historiques. In defending his choice of patterns as appropriate to a twelfth-century facade, Debret wrote that he had visited Chartres in 1837 and made

25. Stoddard, West Portals, 4, 57, pls. III-IV.

26. Ibid., 6, pl. VI, fig. 2. As noted above, the two colonnettes that Stoddard cited as the only remnants of the hypothetical decoration on the intercolonnettes of the embrasures were fragments of those pictured by Le Gentil de la Galaisière on the left jambs of the north and south portals (see above, n. 17).

27. Possibly the surviving vestiges belonged to a frieze of monsters and grotesques such as those intertwining across the embrasures behind the consoles that support the statue-columns of the Porte des Valois in the north transept.

28. For enlarged illustrations, see Crosby (1987), 402-403, figs. K.28-29.

29. On the development of the continuous capital, see John B. Cameron, "The Early Gothic Continuous Capital and Its Precursors," Gesta 15 (1976): 143-50.

30. For other illustrations of the abacus friezes, see Crosby (1987), K.25 a-e.