1. I am also inclined to believe that one important role played by metaphor is to lead towards mathematization. Often, what is crucial about a successful metaphor is that the source domain of the metaphor has a formal description that the target domain shares.

2. Thomas Kuhn (1957: 231) writes in a similar vein that "unlike Kepler's continue

Laws, which are the astronomical culmination of the Copernican Revolution, the Newtonian universe is a product of more than Copernicus' innovation. . . . Our problem now becomes larger than the Copernican Revolution proper."

3. It is also worth noting the influence of Neoplatonism in Copernicus's reasoning. A great portion of his argumentation, and also Kepler's, draws heavily on the Neoplatonic tradition.

4. Johannes Kepler, On the Motions of Mars (Prague, 1609).

5. This result is first achieved in Kepler's Third Law, which relates the orbital velocities of the planets in different orbits. This law was published ten years later than the first two, in Harmonies of the World (1619).

6. A similar point can be made about other theorists of this era. Kepler, for example, attempted to develop an explanation of planetary motion in terms of a combination of magnetism and another force called the anima motrix . As Kuhn (1957: 246) writes, "Few of Kepler's successors took his physical theory . . . as seriously as they took his mathematical description of the planetary orbits." Kuhn also explores the mechanisms discussed by Borelli and Hooke, which likewise contribute little to the understanding of planetary orbits.

7. Einstein's picture of space-time might be viewed as explaining gravitation in terms of curvature of space-time, but now it is that curvature that is fundamental and unexplained.

8. One sees this perhaps most clearly in the notable gap between the expressed desire of writers like Hobbes and Leibniz to give a precise "calculus" of thought and the somewhat loose characterization of relationships between kinds of mental states that Hobbes gives in Leviathan .

9. Descartes quite explicitly treats the body as a machine in Dioptrics, Treatise on Man, On the Human Body, The Passions of the Soul, and book 5 of the Discourse on Method . In this last work, he argues that humans are distinguished from animals by the fact that they have two capacities that cannot be duplicated by mechanical means: namely, language and general reasoning (AT VI.56-57).

10. Much of subsequent continental philosophy has emerged precisely from disagreements that writers like Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Derrida had with Husserl's account of intentionality, and so Husserl's work on that subject is perhaps the most important background reading for studying continental philosophy, in addition to its intrinsic interest for the student of intentionality.

11. Note that the issue here is one framed wholly in terms of the relations between the intentional characters of different intentional states, and not their veridicality. The nature of the modality recollection also implies additional felicity conditions that regard veridicality as well: to be a completely felicitous recollection of a perceptual experience of Y , it is not enough that the experience be founded on a previous perceptual gestalt; it must also be the case that that perceptual gestalt was in the right relationship to Y to be a successful seeing of Y .