1. The problem of and solution to degeneration was, however, discussed by Alfred Ploetz, the second co-founder of German eugenics, in his work, Die Tüchtigkeit unsrer Rasse published in 1895. Ploetz's book, the first treatise on Rassenhygiene as such, did not, however, receive widespread attention until after the Krupp competition of 1900.

2. From what he inherited from his father, his wife's wealth, and the money he saved during the time he worked as a practicing physician, Schallmayer was able to live comfortably as an independent scholar. His situation improved still further in 1903 after winning 10,000 marks in the Krupp Contest.

3. Apparently there is some confusion in the historical literature concerning just which Krupp sponsored the Preisausschreiben of 1900. Some historians have not bothered to tell their readers whether it was Alfred Krupp or his son, Friedrich Alfred, who donated the money for continue

the contest. See Poliakov, The Aryan Myth , 294, and Zmarzlik, "Sozialdarwinismus in Deutschland," 264. Several scholars, following the incorrect lead provided by Conrad-Martius in Utopien der Menschenzüchtung , 74, wrongly believe the donor to have been Alfred Krupp. See Alfred Kelly, The Descent of Darwin , 107; Graham, "Science and Values," 1135; Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism , 148; Bolle, "Darwinismus und Zeitgeist," 166.

4. There is an enormous literature dealing with various aspects of the rise and legacy of the House of Krupp. Much of it, however, is not very recent or very critical. The best comprehensive work appears to be that William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1968). Other family histories include Norbert Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps. The Rise, Fall, and Comeback of Germany's Industrial Family (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1959), and Gert von Klass, Krupps: The Story of an Industrial Empire , trans. James Cleugh (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1954).

5. Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 3-24.

6. Ibid., 39-44. Also see Manchester, The Arms of Krupp , 63-93.

5. Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 3-24.

6. Ibid., 39-44. Also see Manchester, The Arms of Krupp , 63-93.

7. Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 49-50.

8. Manchester, The Arms of Krupp , 152-53.

9. Ibid., 152, 158; Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 59-62, 65; Joachim Schlacht, "Die Kruppsiedlungen—Wohnungsbau im Interesse eines Industriekonzerns," in Kapitalistischer Städtebau , ed. Hans G. Helms and Jörn Janssen (Neuwied and Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand, 1970), 95-111.

8. Manchester, The Arms of Krupp , 152-53.

9. Ibid., 152, 158; Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 59-62, 65; Joachim Schlacht, "Die Kruppsiedlungen—Wohnungsbau im Interesse eines Industriekonzerns," in Kapitalistischer Städtebau , ed. Hans G. Helms and Jörn Janssen (Neuwied and Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand, 1970), 95-111.

10. Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 65.

11. Manchester, The Arms of Krupp , 258-259. Allegedly the marine biologists Anton Dohrn and Otto Zacharias conceded that Krupp had collected thirty-three new species of marine animals.

12. Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps , 91. This version of the story is contested by Manchester who suggests that Krupp made the initial overture to Dohrn and that Dohrn, considering the Naples Station to be a place for professional biologists, wanted no part of Krupp.

13. Günter Wendel, Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft 1911-1914 (Berlin-East: Akademie, 1975), 47.

14. The famous Virchow-Haeckel debate took place in Munich on September 22, 1877. Virchow's entire address is reprinted in Rudolf Virchow, The Freedom of Science in the Modern State , 2d ed. (London: John Murray, 1878). For a discussion of the debate, see Kelly, Descent of Darwin , 58-61.

15. For a discussion of the early reception of Darwinism by German Social Democratic intellectuals, see Zmarzlik, "Sozialdarwinismus in Deutschland"; Bolle, "Darwinismus und Zeitgeist"; and especially continue

Hans-Josef Steinberg, Sozialismus und deutsche Sozialdemokratie (Bonn-Bad Godesberg: J. H. W. Dietz, 1976), 45-51.

16. Ernst Haeckel, Freedom in Science and Teaching (New York: D. Appleton, 1879), 90-93.

17. Ziegler to Haeckel, 4 October 1899, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus Jena, Best. A-Abt. 1 No n 0005. The correspondence between Krupp and Haeckel begins in 1901, and they apparently first met in August 1902. The antiSocial Democratic and pro-National Liberal intent behind the contest is clearly visible in a rambling "Niederschrift" written by Krupp in January 1900. Krupp-Archiv Essen, IX-d-244, and correspondence in III-D-159. I am indebted to Jeff Johnson, who provided me with his notes from the Krupp-Archiv.

18. Heinrich Ernst Ziegler, "Einleitung zu dem Sammelwerke Natur und Staat" in Natur und Staat: Beiträge zur naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaftslehre (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1903), 1-2.

19. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 2-3.

20. Ibid., 4; Heinrich Ernst Ziegler, Die Vererbungslehre in der Biologie und in der Soziologie (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1918), Vorwort, xiii-xiv; Wilhelm Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese in ihrer soziologischen und politischen Bedeutung , 2d ed. (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1910), Vorwort, viii.

19. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 2-3.

20. Ibid., 4; Heinrich Ernst Ziegler, Die Vererbungslehre in der Biologie und in der Soziologie (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1918), Vorwort, xiii-xiv; Wilhelm Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese in ihrer soziologischen und politischen Bedeutung , 2d ed. (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1910), Vorwort, viii.

21. Ziegler, die Vererbungslehre , Vorwort, xii.

22. Heinrich Ernst Ziegler, Die Naturwissenschaft und die socialdemokratische Theorie, ihr Verhältnis dargelegt auf Grund der Werke von Darwin und Bebel (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1893), 23.

23. August Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus (Frankfurt am Main: Marxistische Blätter, 1977), 10-11. Bebel states that Ziegler is "most probably" a National Liberal.

24. Karl Diehl, "Johannes Conrad," Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 104 (1915), 757-758.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

25. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 4.

26. Ibid., 7.

27. Ibid., 20.

28. Ibid., 21.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid., 18.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid., 19.

33. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 6.

34. Ibid., 15-16.

35. Ibid., 9.

33. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 6.

34. Ibid., 15-16.

35. Ibid., 9.

33. Ziegler, "Einleitung," 6.

34. Ibid., 15-16.

35. Ibid., 9.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

36. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 380-381.

37. Ibid., x. break

38. Ibid., 3. For the intrusion of other mechanisms into Darwin's theory, see chap. 1.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid., 95-96.

41. Ibid., 32.

42. For an excellent discussion of Neo-Lamarckism see Peter J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), esp. chap. 4; Idem., Evolution: The History of an Idea (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1984), 243-265.

43. A brief discussion of Davenport's scientific training is offered in Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 63-64; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 50-51. The only major German eugenicists with a training in genetics were Fritz Lenz and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer. Lenz attended Weismann's courses while the former was studying at Freiburg. Other genetically-trained biologists who were involved in the German eugenics movement during the Weimar years include Erwin Baur, Richard Goldschmidt, Carl Correns, and Heinrich Poll. Paul Weindling, "Weimar Eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Social Context," Annals of Science 42 (1985): 304.

44. Ibid., 63.

45. Ibid., 59.

46. Ibid., 62.

43. A brief discussion of Davenport's scientific training is offered in Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 63-64; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 50-51. The only major German eugenicists with a training in genetics were Fritz Lenz and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer. Lenz attended Weismann's courses while the former was studying at Freiburg. Other genetically-trained biologists who were involved in the German eugenics movement during the Weimar years include Erwin Baur, Richard Goldschmidt, Carl Correns, and Heinrich Poll. Paul Weindling, "Weimar Eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Social Context," Annals of Science 42 (1985): 304.

44. Ibid., 63.

45. Ibid., 59.

46. Ibid., 62.

43. A brief discussion of Davenport's scientific training is offered in Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 63-64; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 50-51. The only major German eugenicists with a training in genetics were Fritz Lenz and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer. Lenz attended Weismann's courses while the former was studying at Freiburg. Other genetically-trained biologists who were involved in the German eugenics movement during the Weimar years include Erwin Baur, Richard Goldschmidt, Carl Correns, and Heinrich Poll. Paul Weindling, "Weimar Eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Social Context," Annals of Science 42 (1985): 304.

44. Ibid., 63.

45. Ibid., 59.

46. Ibid., 62.

43. A brief discussion of Davenport's scientific training is offered in Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 63-64; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 50-51. The only major German eugenicists with a training in genetics were Fritz Lenz and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer. Lenz attended Weismann's courses while the former was studying at Freiburg. Other genetically-trained biologists who were involved in the German eugenics movement during the Weimar years include Erwin Baur, Richard Goldschmidt, Carl Correns, and Heinrich Poll. Paul Weindling, "Weimar Eugenics: The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics in Social Context," Annals of Science 42 (1985): 304.

44. Ibid., 63.

45. Ibid., 59.

46. Ibid., 62.

47. August Weismann, "On the Duration of Life," in Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Problems , 9-10.

48. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 236.

49. Ibid., 242.

50. Ibid., 89-94.

51. Ibid., 76.

52. Ibid., 214.

48. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 236.

49. Ibid., 242.

50. Ibid., 89-94.

51. Ibid., 76.

52. Ibid., 214.

48. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 236.

49. Ibid., 242.

50. Ibid., 89-94.

51. Ibid., 76.

52. Ibid., 214.

48. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 236.

49. Ibid., 242.

50. Ibid., 89-94.

51. Ibid., 76.

52. Ibid., 214.

48. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 236.

49. Ibid., 242.

50. Ibid., 89-94.

51. Ibid., 76.

52. Ibid., 214.

53. Otto Seeck, author of Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt (reprint; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1966) was considered by Schallmayer to be part of a small, but expanding group of researchers who had come to view "history from the standpoint of biological selection." Also included in this group was Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau, Francis Galton, Théodule Armand Ribot, and Georges Vacher de Lapouge. See Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 181.

54. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 185.

55. Ibid., 193-211. break

54. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 185.

55. Ibid., 193-211. break

56. Wilhelm Schallmayer, "Kultur und Entartung," Monatsschrift für soziale Medizin und Hygiene 1 (1906): 488. Using information from another author, Schallmayer argued that out of a sample of 387 Germans, 75 percent had a cranial capacity of over 1300 cc whereas of 108 Chinese, 92 percent had over 1300 cc. Whereas 8 percent of the white race had a cranial capacity of less than 1200 cc, only 2 percent of the yellow race measured less than 1200 cc. On this same point regarding the high intelligence of the Chinese see Wilhelm Schallmayer, "Die Erbentwicklung bei Völkern als theoretisches und praktisches Problem," Menschheitsziele (1907): 93.

57. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 196-197 n. Schallmayer's high regard for the biological efficiency of the Chinese later became mixed with fear, as discussions of the "yellow peril" became more numerous in Germany after the turn of the century. See chap. 5.

58. Ibid., 245. "Nach den Grundsätzen, die sich aus der Descendenzlehre ableiten lassen, ist es also die höchste Aufgabe der inneren Politik, der sich alle andere Aufgaben unterzuordnen haben, innerhalb der Bevölkerung die Daseinsbedingungen so zu gestalten, wie es das Machtbedürfnis im internationalen Daseinskampf erfordert."

59. Ibid., 246-247.

60. Ibid., 247-248.

61. Ibid., 248.

57. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 196-197 n. Schallmayer's high regard for the biological efficiency of the Chinese later became mixed with fear, as discussions of the "yellow peril" became more numerous in Germany after the turn of the century. See chap. 5.

58. Ibid., 245. "Nach den Grundsätzen, die sich aus der Descendenzlehre ableiten lassen, ist es also die höchste Aufgabe der inneren Politik, der sich alle andere Aufgaben unterzuordnen haben, innerhalb der Bevölkerung die Daseinsbedingungen so zu gestalten, wie es das Machtbedürfnis im internationalen Daseinskampf erfordert."

59. Ibid., 246-247.

60. Ibid., 247-248.

61. Ibid., 248.

57. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 196-197 n. Schallmayer's high regard for the biological efficiency of the Chinese later became mixed with fear, as discussions of the "yellow peril" became more numerous in Germany after the turn of the century. See chap. 5.

58. Ibid., 245. "Nach den Grundsätzen, die sich aus der Descendenzlehre ableiten lassen, ist es also die höchste Aufgabe der inneren Politik, der sich alle andere Aufgaben unterzuordnen haben, innerhalb der Bevölkerung die Daseinsbedingungen so zu gestalten, wie es das Machtbedürfnis im internationalen Daseinskampf erfordert."

59. Ibid., 246-247.

60. Ibid., 247-248.

61. Ibid., 248.

57. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 196-197 n. Schallmayer's high regard for the biological efficiency of the Chinese later became mixed with fear, as discussions of the "yellow peril" became more numerous in Germany after the turn of the century. See chap. 5.

58. Ibid., 245. "Nach den Grundsätzen, die sich aus der Descendenzlehre ableiten lassen, ist es also die höchste Aufgabe der inneren Politik, der sich alle andere Aufgaben unterzuordnen haben, innerhalb der Bevölkerung die Daseinsbedingungen so zu gestalten, wie es das Machtbedürfnis im internationalen Daseinskampf erfordert."

59. Ibid., 246-247.

60. Ibid., 247-248.

61. Ibid., 248.

57. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 196-197 n. Schallmayer's high regard for the biological efficiency of the Chinese later became mixed with fear, as discussions of the "yellow peril" became more numerous in Germany after the turn of the century. See chap. 5.

58. Ibid., 245. "Nach den Grundsätzen, die sich aus der Descendenzlehre ableiten lassen, ist es also die höchste Aufgabe der inneren Politik, der sich alle andere Aufgaben unterzuordnen haben, innerhalb der Bevölkerung die Daseinsbedingungen so zu gestalten, wie es das Machtbedürfnis im internationalen Daseinskampf erfordert."

59. Ibid., 246-247.

60. Ibid., 247-248.

61. Ibid., 248.

62. Fritz Krupp committed suicide in 1902 after reports of his homosexual activities were leaked to the German press.

63. Schallmayer, "Auslese beim Menschen: Eine Erwiderung," Zeitschrift für philosophische Kritik 129 (1907): 143; Wilhelm Schallmayer, Beiträge zu einer Nationalbiologie (Jena: Hermann Constenoble, 1905), 251.

64. For a discussion of the German intellectuals' relationship to political parties, see chap. 1.

65. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 368-375.

66. Ibid., 324.

67. Ibid., 373.

68. Ibid. Perhaps Schallmayer's clearest position on his views regarding meritocracy can be found in his article entitled, "Rassehygiene und Sozialismus," Die neue Zeit 25 (1906-07): 735. "Mein soziales Ideal ist eine Gesellschaftsordnung, die man als Leistungsaristokratie bezeichnen kann. Demokratisch und sozialistisch ist dieses Ideal insofern, als es die Forderung enthält, die äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend in jeder Hinsicht so viel wie nur irgend möglich gleich zu gestalten, dann aber die Personen, die unter den gleichen äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen mehr leisten, entsprechend besser zu stellen, an continue

Ehren, Einkommen und generativen Chancen; dies alles jedoch mit solchen Modificationen, daß dadurch die Gleichheit der äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend nicht beeinträchtigt wird." For a discussion of Pearson, see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 24.

65. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 368-375.

66. Ibid., 324.

67. Ibid., 373.

68. Ibid. Perhaps Schallmayer's clearest position on his views regarding meritocracy can be found in his article entitled, "Rassehygiene und Sozialismus," Die neue Zeit 25 (1906-07): 735. "Mein soziales Ideal ist eine Gesellschaftsordnung, die man als Leistungsaristokratie bezeichnen kann. Demokratisch und sozialistisch ist dieses Ideal insofern, als es die Forderung enthält, die äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend in jeder Hinsicht so viel wie nur irgend möglich gleich zu gestalten, dann aber die Personen, die unter den gleichen äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen mehr leisten, entsprechend besser zu stellen, an continue

Ehren, Einkommen und generativen Chancen; dies alles jedoch mit solchen Modificationen, daß dadurch die Gleichheit der äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend nicht beeinträchtigt wird." For a discussion of Pearson, see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 24.

65. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 368-375.

66. Ibid., 324.

67. Ibid., 373.

68. Ibid. Perhaps Schallmayer's clearest position on his views regarding meritocracy can be found in his article entitled, "Rassehygiene und Sozialismus," Die neue Zeit 25 (1906-07): 735. "Mein soziales Ideal ist eine Gesellschaftsordnung, die man als Leistungsaristokratie bezeichnen kann. Demokratisch und sozialistisch ist dieses Ideal insofern, als es die Forderung enthält, die äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend in jeder Hinsicht so viel wie nur irgend möglich gleich zu gestalten, dann aber die Personen, die unter den gleichen äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen mehr leisten, entsprechend besser zu stellen, an continue

Ehren, Einkommen und generativen Chancen; dies alles jedoch mit solchen Modificationen, daß dadurch die Gleichheit der äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend nicht beeinträchtigt wird." For a discussion of Pearson, see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 24.

65. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 368-375.

66. Ibid., 324.

67. Ibid., 373.

68. Ibid. Perhaps Schallmayer's clearest position on his views regarding meritocracy can be found in his article entitled, "Rassehygiene und Sozialismus," Die neue Zeit 25 (1906-07): 735. "Mein soziales Ideal ist eine Gesellschaftsordnung, die man als Leistungsaristokratie bezeichnen kann. Demokratisch und sozialistisch ist dieses Ideal insofern, als es die Forderung enthält, die äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend in jeder Hinsicht so viel wie nur irgend möglich gleich zu gestalten, dann aber die Personen, die unter den gleichen äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen mehr leisten, entsprechend besser zu stellen, an continue

Ehren, Einkommen und generativen Chancen; dies alles jedoch mit solchen Modificationen, daß dadurch die Gleichheit der äusseren Wettbewerbsbedingungen für die Jugend nicht beeinträchtigt wird." For a discussion of Pearson, see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics , 24.

69. There was also another important category in Schallmayer's overall schema: Bevölkerungspolitik (population policy). This category will be discussed at length in chap. 5.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.

70. Schallmayer, Vererbung und Auslese , 1st ed., 297-298.

71. Ibid., 303.

72. Ibid., 90. In Germany the demand for mandatory sanctions in the area of negative eugenics grew louder during the stormy years of the late Weimar republic. The 1933 sterilization law ended this tradition of voluntarism once and for all. For more details, see the Epilogue.

73. Ibid., 338.

74. Ibid., 338-339.

75. Ibid., 354.

76. Ibid., 360-361. Schallmayer was referring to the attempt to pass eugenic legislation in the state of North Dakota. He praised an already existing law in Michigan that prohibited the mentally ill and "idiots" from marrying. This same statute also forced those who married while being infected with venereal disease to pay a heavy fine.

77. Ibid., 345-346.

78. Ibid., 346.