1. Suzanne Gordon, "Prisoners of Work: What Ever Happened to Leisure?" Boston Globe Magazine (August 20, 1989), 16-17, 39 ff.

2. Tamar Lewin, "Ailing Parent: Women's Burden Grows," New York Times (November 14, 1989), A1, B12.

3. Steffan Linder, The Harried Leisure Class (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). break

4. Arlie Russell Hochschild with Anne Machung, The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking, 1989).

5. Hanna Papanek, "Men, Women, and Work: Reflections on the Two-Person Career," American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 4 (1973): 852-72; Arlie Hochschild, "Inside the Clockwork of Male Careers," in Women and the Power to Change , ed. Florence Howe (New York: McGraw Hill, 1975), 47-80.

6. Gordon, "Prisoners of Work"; and Hochschild and Machung, The Second Shift , 110 ff.; Gideon Kunda, Engineering Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); and Lane Gerber, Married to Their Careers (London: Tavistock, 1983), 59, 66 ff.

7. Fred Best, Flexible Life Scheduling (New York: Praeger, 1980); Marlis Buchmann, The Script of Life in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).

8. Malcolm Morrison, "Work and Retirement in the Aging Society," Daedalus , no. 115 (Winter 1986): 272; "Flexible Distribution of Work and Leisure: Potentials for the Aging," in Aging and Income , ed. B. Herzog (New York: Human Sciences Press, 1978), 95-127; and Hilda Kahne, Reconceiving Part-Time Work: New Perspectives for Older Workers and Women (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Allenheld, 1985).

9. Bernice Neugarten and Dail Neugarten, "Age in the Aging Society," Daedalus , no. 115 (Winter 1986): 33, 46.

10. Karl Hinrichs, William Roche, and Carmen Sirianni, eds., Working Time in Transition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).

11. Jeremy Rifkin, Time Wars (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1987); Michael Young, The Metronomic Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988); Barry Schwartz, Queuing and Waiting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), 2; and "Fast Times," on "48 Hours" (CBS Television, March 8, 1990). Also see Eviatar Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1981), for the best general sociological introduction to time.

12. Laura Leeta-Guy and Juliet Schor, "Is There a Time Squeeze? Estimates of Market and Non-Market Hours in the United States, 1969-1987" (unpublished paper, Department of Economics, Harvard University, November 1989). See also Lou Harris, "Americans Working More; Playing Less," The Harris Survey , no. 105 (1985); and Nancy Gibbs, "The Rat Race: How America Has Run Out of Time," Time (April 24, 1989): 58-67.

13. Buchmann, Script of Life , 70-76.

14. Kathleen Gerson, Hard Choices (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), and her chapter in this volume; also see the case of Kathryn Colby, in Rand Jack and Dana Crowley Jack, Moral Vision and Professional Decisions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), chapter 5.

15. Young, Metronomic Society , 261.

16. Interviews conducted by Carmen Sirianni and Alise Young, March 1988; Gretl Meier, Job Sharing (Kalamazoo, Mich.: Upjohn Institute, 1978); Barney Olmsted and Suzanne Smith, The Job Sharing Handbook (New York: Penguin, 1983); Kathy English, Options at Work: Case Study Series , vol. 1 (1988-1989).

17. Felice Schwartz, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," Har - soft

vard Business Review (January-February 1989): 65-76; also see Margaret Hennig's response in the May-June issue, and Vicki Smith, Kathleen Gerson, Carmen Sirianni, and Peter Stein, "Can Sociologists Contribute to the 'Mommy Track' Debate?" (panel discussion at the Eastern Sociological Society annual meeting, Boston, May 24, 1990).

18. Eileen Applebaum, "Restructuring Work: Temporary, Part-Time and At-Home Employment," in Computer Chips and Paper Clips , vol. 2, ed. Heidi Hartmenn (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987).

19. In addition to Hochschild, with Machung, The Second Shift , see Sara Fenstermaker Berk, The Gender Factory (New York: Plenum, 1985), and Joseph Pleck, Working Wives, Working Husbands (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage 1985).

20. Nancy Gibbs, "The Rat Race," 61; and Peter Hammond, quoted in Gibbs.

21. See Ulla Weigelt, "On the Road to a Society of Free Choice: Working Time Policy in Sweden," in Working Time in Transition , ed. Hinrichs, Roche, and Sirianni; and Sirianni's elaboration of the Rehn model in "The Self-Management of Time in Postindustrial Society" in the same volume.

22. Buchmann, Script of Life ; and Martin Kohli, "The World We Forgot: An Historical Review of the Life Course," in Later Life: The Social Psychology of Aging , ed. Victor Marshall (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1985), 271-303.

23. Clifford Geertz, "Person, Time and Conduct in Bali," in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 360-411; Pierre Bourdieu, "The Attitude of the Algerian Peasant Towards Time," in Mediterranean Countrymen , ed. J. Pitt-Rivers (Paris: Mouton, 1963), 55-62.

24. Albert Hirschmann, "An Alternative Explanation of Contemporary Harriedness," Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (November 1973): 634-37.

25. Benjamin Hunnicut, Work without End (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).