1. "Coke for Breakfast," True Love (December 1959): 20+.

2. David Riesman, "Permissiveness and Sex Roles," Marriage and Family Living 21 (1959): 211-217; David Riesman, Robert J. Potter, and Jeanne Watson, "Sociability, Permissiveness, and Equality," in Riesman, Abundance for What? (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1964).

3. By contrast, when a like sample was queried a decade later, the continue

results were drastically different: parents provided the prime frame of reference only for insurance policies and for 16-year-olds' choice of automobiles. Friends were prepotent for the great majority of items. Paul Gilkison, "Teen-Agers' Perceptions of Buying Frames of Reference: A Decade in Retrospect," Journal of Retailing 49 (Summer 1973): 25-37.

4. David Riesman and Howard Roseborough, "Careers and Consumer Behavior," in Lincoln H. Clark, ed., Consumer Behavior , II (New York: NYU Press, 1955). Vance Packard's muckraking The Waste Makers (New York: McKay, 1960) devoted a chapter to the role of advertisers in solemnizing domesticity in the baby boom and their effort to reach teenagers.

5. "The Exploding Youth Market—Do Ad Men Understand Teen-Agers," Printer's Ink 272 (July 29, 1960): 20-26. A pulp magazine, intriguingly, claims that young-singles resorts date from this period and were a product of prosperity. "So the boys went. And they did enjoy themselves. And the girls went, too. And they enjoyed themselves. It has been going on ever since." "Where and How to find a Man," True Love (December 1961): 35.

6. Janet L. Wolff, What Makes Women Buy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958), 267.

7. "The Fortune Survey," Fortune 35 (January 1947): 5-16.

8. On the relevance of this experience, see W. S. Woytinsky, "Postwar Economic Perspectives: I. Experience After World War I," Social Security Bulletin 8 (December 1945): 18-29.

9. Elmo Roper, "The Fortune Consumer Outlook," Fortune 37 (April 1948): 5.

10. The Black Market (New York: Rinehart & Company, 1952); George Katona, "The Human Factor in Economic Affairs," in Angus Campbell and Philip E. Converse, eds., The Human Meaning of Social Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), 229-262; Reuben Hill, Family Development in Three Generations (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1970); Bert G. Hickman, Growth and Stability in the Postwar Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1960), 254-255, 323-325.

11. Janet Austrian Fisher, "The Economics of an Aging Population" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1950), 72, 76.

12. "A Case Study: The 1948-1949 Recession," in National Bureau of Economic Research, Policies to Combat Recession (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), 27-53.

13. Hickman, Growth and Stability , 161.

14. Ibid. , 408 and passim . break

13. Hickman, Growth and Stability , 161.

14. Ibid. , 408 and passim . break

15. Clinard, Black Market ; Irwin Friend, "Individuals' Demand Deposits, June 1942-43," Survey of Current Business 24 (June 1944): 18, 20; Friend, "Personal Saving in the Postwar Period," Survey of Current Business 29 (September 1949): 9-23.

16. "A National Survey of Liquid Assets," Federal Reserve Bulletin 32 (1946): 574-580; Fisher, "Economics of an Aging Population," 155-156.

17. "National Survey of Liquid Assets," 717; "Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin 33 (1947): 654.

18. "1949 Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin 35 (1949): 639 and passim ; see also the comparable surveys for 1946, 1947, and 1948 published seriatim in the Federal Reserve Bulletin ; George Katona and Janet A. Fisher, "Postwar Changes in the Income of Identical Consumer United," in National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth , vol. 13 (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1951), 94-97; Hickman, Growth and Stability , 254-255, 323-325; George Katona, "The Human Factor in Economic Affairs," 256 and passim .

19. George Katona and Eva Mueller, Consumer Attitudes and Demand, 1950-1952 (Ann Arbor: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 1953), 40.

20. George Katona and Eva Mueller, Consumer Expenditures 1953-1956 (Ann Arbor: Survey ResearchCenter, University of Michigan, n.d.), 23.

21. "1954 Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin 40 (1954): 249; Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 1960 Survey of Consumer Finances (Ann Arbor: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 1961), 222, 239.

22. Katona and Mueller, Consumer Expenditures 1953-1956 , 27.

23. Gary Hendricks and Kenwood C. Youmans, Consumer Durables and Installment Debt: A Study of American Households (Institute for Survey Research, University of Michigan, 1972), 6; F. Thomas Juster, Household Capital Formation and Financing 1897-1962 (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1966), 65-67; U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Consumer Installment Credit , II (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1957), 232-233; Federal Reserve Bulletin 37 (1951): 1517; Federal Reserve Bulletin 42 (1956): 702; Wharton School and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes, and Savings , XVIII (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957), 14, 26; United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Consumer Expenditures 1960-61 , Supplement 2, Part A (Bureau of Labor Statistics Report 237-38 [Washington: USGPO, 1946]), 4-8, 23-25. break

24. Census Housing 1956, part 1, 18, 26-28; "1957 Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin 43 (1958): 539; Louis J. Paradiso and Clement Winston, "Consumer Expenditure-Income Patterns," Survey of Current Business 35 (September 1955): 23-32; H. S. Houthakker and Lester D. Taylor, Consumer Demand in the United States, 1929-1970 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), chap. 4.

25. Alice Kessler-Harris, Out of Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

26. Calculated from United States, Employment and Training Report of the President (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1979), 295. An excellent overview treating trends from 1940 to the mid-1950s is Gertrude Bancroft, The American Labor Force: Its Growth and Changing Composition (Census Monograph Series [New York: John Wiley, 1958]), chap. 5.

27. Mary M. Schweitzer, "World War II and Female Labor Force Participation Rates," Journal of Economic History 40 (1980): 89-95.

28. USNCHS Series 21-2, 32-33.

29. Citations to articles on juvenile delinquency in Reader's Guide expressed as a ratio to total pages rose to 40 per 1,000 pages in the 1943-1945 volume, declined to 12 in 1949-1951 and 14 in 1951-1953, and then took off: 47 in 1953-1955, 46 in 1955-1957, and a peak of 51 in the next two-year period, followed by a slight decline to 45, and then a sharp reduction back to its late-1930s level.

30. "Conditions Conducive to Youth Crime," Congressional Digest 33 (1954): 291+.

31. William Graebner, "Outlawing Teenage Populism: The Campaign against Secret Societies in the American High School, 1900-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 411-437.

32. United States, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, Hearings , part 8 (1955), 85.

33. H. H. Remmers and D. H. Radler, The American Teenager (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1957), 106; R. D. Franklin and H. H. Remmers, Youth's Attitude toward Courtship and Marriage (The Purdue Opinion Panel, vol. 20, no. 2; n. p., 1961), 4, 6.

34. "Self-Portrait: The Teen-Type Magazine," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 338 (November 1961): 15.

35. Ibid. , 20.

36. Ibid. , 21.

34. "Self-Portrait: The Teen-Type Magazine," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 338 (November 1961): 15.

35. Ibid. , 20.

36. Ibid. , 21.

34. "Self-Portrait: The Teen-Type Magazine," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 338 (November 1961): 15.

35. Ibid. , 20.

36. Ibid. , 21.

37. Elliot H. Drisko, "Parent-Teenage Codes" (Ed.D. Project, Teacher's College, Columbia University, 1960), passim ; Ruth Carson, "A Code for Teen-Agers," Parents 34 (November 1959): 48+; Martha Grayson McDonald, "But Mom, All the Other Kids Do It!" Parents 40 continue

(October 1965): 66+. A copy of the Philadelphia Parents' Council's social code for their teenage children, reproduced in Parents 30 (December 1955): 48-49, says gingerly about dating: "Home should not be forgotten as a possible place for dating. Public entertainment puts a strain on a boy's allowance. Parents could cooperate by providing an agreeable measure of privacy."

38. James B. Conant, The American High School Today (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), 37.

39. Census, Historical Statistics : I, 368; Census 1950-1, 1-210; Census, 1960-1, 1-37.

40. Beverly Duncan, Family Factors and School Dropout: 1920-1960 (Cooperative Research Project No. 2258 [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965], processed), chap. 3; Beverly Duncan, "Trends in Output and Distribution of Schooling," in Eleanor Bernert Sheldon and Wilbert E. Moore, eds., Indicators of Social Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1968), 601-672.

41. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Digest of Educational Statistics (Washington, D.C.: USGPO, 1965), 13. The trend accelerated through the 1960s.

42. Ralph H. Turner, The Social Context of Ambition (San Francisco: Chandler Publishing Company, 1964); James S. Coleman, The Adolescent Society (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961); C. Wayne Gordon, The Social System of the High School (Glencoe: The Free Press).

43. Graebner, "Outlawing Teenage Populism," 429.

44. "The School Class as a Social System: Some of Its Functions in American Society," Harvard Educational Review 29 (1959): 297-318, quotation at 314.

45. Computed from machine-readable data from Minnesota State Polls. See Appendix 4.

46. Samuel H. Lowrie, "Sex Differences and Age of Initial Dating," Social Forces 30 (1952): 456-461; and "Factors Involved in the Frequency of Dating," Marriage and Family Living 18 (1956): 46-51.

47. Ernest A. Smith, American Youth Culture (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), chap. 9; Samuel Harlan Lowrie, "Dating Theories and Student Responses," American Sociological Review 16 (1951): 334-340.

48. Computed from Roper Commercial Poll 15, Roper Center Archive, University of Connecticut, Storrs; Elizabeth Douvan, Adolescent Girls (n.p., n.d., but evidently 1956 or 1957, processed), 62. The questions were not identically phrased, but the gist was similar enough that we can make the comparisons with some comfort in view of the size of the differences. The 1939 poll asked about "different ideas from either one or both of your parents" about a variety of matters, continue

while the 1956 poll asked, "What disagreements do you have with your parents?" Each then proceeded with a list that included how often and where to go out; how late to stay out; and what opposite-sex friends are appropriate. Sampling methodology had changed between the survey dates. A large and carefully conducted poll from the state of Washington in 1948 shows that only about 8 percent of high school boys and girls said that they "often quarrel" or "always scrap" about the time of returning from dates or other evening activities. Forty-eight percent of the boys and 69 percent of the girls said they had more or less formal understandings about dating with their parents. L. J. Elias, High School Youth Look at Their Problems (Pullman: The College Bookstore, 1949), 20-22.

49. William A. Westley and Frederick Elkin, "The Protective Environment and Adolescent Socialization," Social Forces 35 (1957): 243-249; David Riesman, "Permissiveness and Sex Roles," Marriage and Family Living 21 (1959): 211-217; Margaret Mead, "Problems of the Late Adolescent and Youth Adult," in Children and Youth in the 1960s: Survey Papers (Washington, D.C.: Golden Anniversary White House Conference on Children and Youth, 1960).

50. For some details as seen by the girls themselves, see Coleman, The Adolescent Society , chaps. 4, 5; Douvan, Adolescent Girls , 98-101.

51. Coleman, The Adolescent Society , 43-50; Harold R. Phelps and John E. Horrocks, "Factors Influencing Informal Groups of Adolescents," Child Development 29 (1958): 70-86.

52. Arthur M. Vener, "Adolescent Orientation to Clothing: A Social-Psychological Interpretation" (Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1957), 92-96, 109-112. Vener's study was administered to 782 public school students in Lansing, Michigan. Neither sex nor grade seems to have affected the conclusions I draw here.

53. Margaret Mooney Marini, "The Transition to Adulthood: Sex Differences in Educational Attainment and Age at Marriage," American Sociological Review 43 (1978): 498-499; and see Paul Ronald Voss, "Social Determinants of Age at First Marriage in the United States" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1975).

54. Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Rebellion in a High School (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), 110-129. The study was carried out in the high school of a small logging and sawmill town.

55. Ibid. , 128-129.

54. Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Rebellion in a High School (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), 110-129. The study was carried out in the high school of a small logging and sawmill town.

55. Ibid. , 128-129.

56. Robert J. Havighurst et al., Growing Up in River City (New York: John Wiley, 1962), 119, 129.

57. Clark E. Vincent, "Socialization Data in Research on Young Marriers," Acta Sociologica 8 (1965): 118-127.

58. St. Paul Central High School Times , March 14, 1954. break

59. Franklin and Remmers, Youth's Attitude toward Courtship , 4-6.

60. Carlfred Broderick, "Social-Sexual Development in a Suburban Community," Journal of Sex Research 2 (1966): 1-24.

61. A large and methodologically excellent national survey conducted between 1966 and 1970, here mingling the responses of 12- to-17-year-olds of both genders, found about this degree of remaining socioeconomic difference by parental income and parental education. USNCHS, Series 11-153, 29.

62. Carlfred B. Broderick, "Social Heterosexual Development among Urban Negroes and Whites," Journal of Marriage and the Family 27 (1975): 200-203. USNCHS, Series 11-153, 29, finds a small excess of white daters that can easily be explained by the greater income of white parents and the greater propensity to date on the part of those from more prosperous families.

63. Warren Breed, "Sex, Class and Socialization in Dating," Marriage and Family Living 18 (1956): 137-144.

64. Joseph E. Lantagne, "Interests of 4,000 High School Pupils in Problems of Marriage and Parenthood," Research Quarterly 29 (1958): 410-412. These interests were still rather pressing among college students. Lantagne, "Comparative Analysis of Items of Interest in Marriage and Parenthood of 4,000 Students in Junior and Senior Colleges," ibid. , 27 (1956): 198-201.

65. Remmers and Radler, American Teenager , 80-85.

66. On this theme, see "I Was Looking for Dates," True Confessions (October 1957): 40+.

67. An excellent 1941 St. Louis high school study found that 24 percent of the senior boys and 8 percent of the senior girls were then going steady. Helen Moore Priester, "The Reported Dating Practices of One Hundred Six High School Seniors in an Urban Community" (M.A. essay, Cornell University, 1941), 41.

68. Lowrie's nonrepresentative 1948 high school junior and senior sample, gathered in middle-class urban areas, found that about half the boys and six-tenths of the girls who had dated before age 17 had gone steady before age 17. By age 19, about three-quarters of the boys who had dated had gone steady, as had eight in ten of the girls who had dated. Samuel Harman Lowrie, "Sex Differences and Age of Initial Dating," 456-461; Lowrie, "Factors Involved in the Frequency of Dating," 46-51.

69. Hazel Gaudet Erskine, "The Polls: Morality," Public Opinion Quarterly 30 (1966): 676.

70. Beth L. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1988), 53.

71. Goldie Ruth Kaback and Margaret Albrecht," Going Steady. . . . continue

It's Not What It Used to Be," Parents 30 (July 1955): 37+. And see the letters in Abigail Wood, "Young Living," Seventeen (May 1963): 157+.

72. Elmer W. Bock and Lee Burchinal, "Social Status, Heterosexual Relations and Expected Ages of Marriage," Journal of Genetic Psychology 101 (1962): 43-51.

73. Claire Cox, The Upbeat Generation (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962), 37-38 and passim ; "Teens on a Roaring Pajama Party," Personal Romances (December 1959): 18.

74. Smith, American Youth Culture , 201; William J. Cameron and William F. Kunkel, "High School Dating: A Study in Variation," Marriage and Family Living 22 (1960): 74-76; Charles D. Bolton, "Mate Selection as the Development of a Relationship," Marriage and Family Living 23 (1961): 238. See also Evelyn Mills Duvall, "Adolescent Love as a Reflection of Teen-Agers' Search for Identity," Journal of Marriage and the Family 26 (1964): 226-229.

75. John Richard Crist, "High School Dating as a Behavior System" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, 1951), 242-243.

76. Quoted in Marion Le Count, "A Study of Certain Boy-Girl Relationships in a Group of High School Seniors" (Ed.D. project, Columbia University, Teachers' College, 1950), 159-160; and see Eugene J. Kanin, "Male Aggression in Dating-Courtship Relationships," American Journal of Sociology 63 (1957): 200.

77. Douvan, Adolescent Girls , 108-109.

78. Robert D. Herman, "The 'Going Steady' Complex: A Re-Examination," Marriage and Family Living 17 (1955): 36-40; Breed, "Sex, Class and Socialization," 139.

79. Ira L. Reiss, "Sexual Codes in Teenage Culture," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 338 (November 1961): 55.

80. Mead, "Problems of the Late Adolescent and Young Adult," 3-11; Svend Riemer, "Courtship for Security," Sociology and Social Research 45 (1961): 423-429; Ann Hartman, "Who Do I Love?" True Love (December 1961): 23.

81. The Times , October 31, 1952; February 6, 1953.

82. Clarkfield (Minn.) High School Clarkette , March 15, 1951; May 1953.

83. Le Count, "Boy-Girl Relationships," 273.

84. Ibid. , 273-274.

85. Ibid. , 165.

83. Le Count, "Boy-Girl Relationships," 273.

84. Ibid. , 273-274.

85. Ibid. , 165.

83. Le Count, "Boy-Girl Relationships," 273.

84. Ibid. , 273-274.

85. Ibid. , 165.

86. Remmers and Radler, The American Teenager , 80-85, based on a national poll from 1956-57; Elias, High School Youth , 38.

87. Le Count, "Boy-Girl Relationships," 166. break

88. Crist, "High School Dating," 312.

89. Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat , 55-56.

90. Elizabeth Douvan and Joseph Adelson, The Adolescent Experience (New York: Wiley, 1966), 408-411.

91. The draw of marriage, often for reason of pregnancy, constituted a substantial portion of young women who did drop out before graduation—as much as one in four in small cities, according to one study. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, School and Early Employment Experiences of Youth (Bulletin No. 1277, 1960), 66-69; David Segal and Oscar J. Schwarm, Retention in High Schools in Large Cities (United States Office of Education, Bulletin No. 15, 1957), 14.

92. On the whole, what small variation there was here paralleled going steady and overt marriage plans.

93. "I Want to Get Married," True Confessions 69 (December 1961): 19.

94. For a concerned parental response to the link of going steady with marriage, see Evelyn Seeley Stewart, "Why Teens Marry in Haste," Parents 37 (November 1962): 51+.

95. The Roosevelt Standard , October 14, 1954.

96. For girls, these elements of the adolescent social structure mattered a good deal more than such a critical life course variable from the adult perspective as pace of promotion through school. For boys, however, grade progress mattered rather more. Inferences from data reported in Marion F. Shaycroft et al., The Identification, Development, and Utilization of Human Talents: Studies of a Complete Age Group—Age 15 (Cooperative Research Project No. 566 [Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Project Talent Office, 1963]), D-37.

97. Alan E. Bayer, "Early Dating and Early Marriage," Journal of Marriage and the Family 30 (November 1968): 628-632.

98. Harriet B. Presser, "Age at Menarche, Socio-Sexual Behavior, and Fertility," Social Biology 25 (1978): 100.

99. Mate Selection: A Study of Complementary Needs (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), 15.

100. "Marriage—Your Most Dangerous Decision," Personal Romances (October 1956): 20+. And see Luther E. Woodward, "Do Opposites Attract?" True Romances 51 (August 1950): 35.

101. Winch, Mate Selection , 287, xv.

102. "Is He a Man or a Boy?" True Love Stories 66 (September 1956): 41.

103. Census 1960-3, tables 1, 2.

104. For an instance, see Hilda Holland, comp., Why Are You Single? (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1949), which assumes that singlehood stems from psychological blockage. break

105. Case #5180, National Growth of American Families Single Women Study, 1955, verbatim text file. See Appendix 4.

106. These inferences are based on the individual- and family-income-by-age data in Census, Trends in Income , based on the annual Current Population Survey income survey, and on Federal Reserve Board, "Survey of Consumer Finances," an annual sample survey published in installment in the Federal Reserve Bulletin. The latter provides tabulations for most years on income class by family life-cycle stage.

107. George Gallup, ed., The Gallup Polls, passim ; Lee Rainwater, What Money Buys (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 53, and chap. 3 in general.

108. Calculated from Gallup Polls 377-K and 516-K; Henry F. Pringle, "What Do the Women of America Think About Money?" Ladies' Home Journal 55 (April 1938): 14; The Roper Organization, "Public Opinion Service News Release," July 23, 1949; Gallup, ed., The Gallup Poll , II, 904.

109. Peter Lindert, Fertility and Scarcity in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 161.

110. John Modell, Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., and Douglas Strong, "The Timing of Marriage in the Transition to Adulthood," in John Demos and Sarane Spence Boocock, eds., Turning Points (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), S130-S133.

111. Marvin B. Sussman and Lee Burchinal, "Parental Aid to Married Children: Implications for Family Functioning," Marriage and Family Living 24 (1962): 320-332; Maureen Daly, "Subsidized Marriage," in Maureen Daly, ed., Profile of Youth (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1951), 194-205.

112. "Everybody's Getting Married Except Me!" True Love (January 1963): 56-57; and see Abigail Wood, "Young Living," Seventeen (December 1962): 79+.

113. Reuben Hill, "Campus Values in Mate Selection," Journal of Home Economics 37 (1945): 554-558; John W. Hudson and Lura F. Henze, "Campus Values in Mate Selection: A Replication," Journal of Marriage and the Family 31 (1969): 772-775; John C. Flanagan, "A Study of Factors Determining Family Size in a Selected Professional Group," Genetic Psychology Monographs 25 (1942): 3-99; computations from AIPO 377.

114. What we are comparing is of course not strictly comparable. Although the ideals and behaviors are entirely contemporaneous, they are not the ideals and behaviors of the same people. Only single people are at risk of marrying for the first time. Unmarried individuals, net of their youthfulness, generally held somewhat older mar- soft

riage norms; but younger persons, net of the marital status, tended toward younger marriage ideals.

115. This statement applies a technique described in John Modell, Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr., and Theodore Hershberg, "Transitions to Adulthood in Historical Perspective," Journal of Family Histor y 1 (1976): 7-32, to data in Dennis Hogan, Transitions and Social Change (New York Academic Press, 1981), 38-39, 52-53, 59.

116. Hogan, Transitions and Social Change , 44-61, 83; Margaret Mooney Marini, "Determinants of the Timing of the Transition to Adulthood" (Battelle Human Affairs Research Center Population Study Center Report, 1981), 23-25, 35, and table 3; Stanley Lebergott, "The Labor Force and Marriages and Endogenous Factors," in James S. Duesenberry et al. , eds., The Brookings Quarterly Econometric Model of the United States (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), 361. For a normative account, see Jeanne Sakol, What About Teen-Age Marriage? (New York: Julian Messner, 1961), chap. 5.

117. "Cradle Snatcher," True Love Stories 68 (October 1957): 5.

118. The ratio of IIIA deferments to inductions rose from 0.45 in 1952 to 0.48, 0.52, 0.60, and to 0.70 in 1956 and 1957. The ratio rose again even more sharply, reaching 0.81, then slightly exceeding unity, finishing the decade at 1.21. Computed from annual numbers of Annual Reports of the Selective Service System .

119. Census 1950-2, 100; Census 1960-5, 21-24.

120. "Components of Temporal Variation in American Fertility," in R. W. Hiorns, ed., Demographic Patterns in Developed Societies (London: Taylor & Francis, 1980), 40; Ryder, "Recent Trends and Group Differences in Fertility," in Charles Westoff, ed., Toward the End of Growth (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973).

121. "A Model of Fertility Planning Status," Demography 15 (1978): 455.

122. Census 1960-3, table 36; Census 1970-1, table 29; Margaret Mooney Marini, "Effects of the Timing of Marriage and First Birth on the Spacing of Subsequent Births," Demography 18 (1981): 543.

123. Judith Blake and Jorge H. del Pinal, "The Childlessness Option: Recent American Views of Nonparenthood," in Gerry E. Hendershot and Paul J. Placek, eds., Predicting Fertility (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1981), 235-264.

124. Adoptions of nonrelatives, in fact, outpaced even the growth of births during the baby boom, a pattern that did not reverse when fertility rates finally turned down late in the 1950s. U.S. Children's Bureau, Statistical Series no. 14, Adoption of Children 1951 , 13; no. 39, Adoptions of Children in the United States and Its Territories 1955, 12; no. continue

51, Child Welfare Statistics 1957 , 30; no. 88, Supplement to Child Welfare Statistics—1966: Adoption in 1966 , 4.

125. The next several pages are drawn from a close textual analysis, by myself and John Campbell (now of the University of Arizona), of the quite open-ended questionnaires gathered from single women 18 to 24 years old in 1955 by the National Growth of American Families Survey. See Appendix 4. Modell and Campbell, "Family Ideology and Family Values in the 'Baby Boom': A Secondary Analysis of the 1955 Growth of American Families Survey of Single Women" (Technical Report No. 5 [Minneapolis: Minnesota Family Study Center, 1984], processed); Judith Modell, "Phrasing and Planning: A Rhetorical Analysis of Women's Statements about Family Formation," in David Kertzer, ed., Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle , vol. 2 (Westport, Conn.: JAI Press, 1986), 237-266.

126. Based on computations from a larger national survey of both men and women carried out in 1953, also based on open-ended responses (N = 970) but coded by an earlier investigator. The study is the Survey of Consumer Attitudes and Behavior, Fall 1953 (SRC613). See Appendix 4.

127. Case #5156.

128. Case #5152.

129. Robert O. Blood and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (New York: The Free Press, 1960), 105.

130. Ibid. , 112.

129. Robert O. Blood and Donald M. Wolfe, Husbands and Wives (New York: The Free Press, 1960), 105.

130. Ibid. , 112.

131. U.S., Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 1977, U.S. Working Women: A Databook (1977), 23; Linda J. Waite, "Working Wives: 1940-1960," American Sociological Review 41 (1976): 65-80.

132. Richard A. Easterlin, Birth and Fortune (New York: Basic Books, 1980); Victor R. Fuchs, How We Live (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983).