1. In fact, nearer fifteen years, if one counts the period of "wartime" prohibition in 1919; but that was largely a distraction from the main event. In this chapter, I use "prohibition" for general reference, but "Prohibition" for the period of constitutional prohibition in the United States.

2. The term of all work used by the Drys in their propaganda for any alcoholic drink whatever. It helped inspire this definition by Ambrose Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary (1906): " WINE ; n ., Fermented grape juice known to the Womens' Christian Union as 'liquor', sometimes as 'rum'. Wine, madam, is God's next best gift to man."

3. See the poem excitedly anticipating the production of wine in Georgia written by John Wesley's brother Samuel, quoted on pp. 45-46, above.

4. Herbert Asbury, The Great Illusions. An Informal History of Prohibition (Garden City, N.Y., 1950), p. 15.

5. John Kobler, Ardent Spirits: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (New York, 1973), p 41-42.

6. In the South, the fear of the combination of alcohol and blacks powerfully aided prohibition (Clarence Gohdes, Scuppernong: North Carolina's Grape and Its Wines [Durham, N.C., 1982], p. 52).

7. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , pp. 50- 51.

8. John Allen Krout, The Origins of Prohibition (New York, 1925), p. 90.

9. Ibid., p. 263.

8. John Allen Krout, The Origins of Prohibition (New York, 1925), p. 90.

9. Ibid., p. 263.

10. Quoted in Alice Felt Tyler, Freedom's Ferment; Phases of American Social History to 1860 (Minneapolis, 1944), p. 323.

11. Asbury, Great Illusion , pp. 12-13.

12. Tyler, Freedom's Ferment , p. 372.

13. Wines and Vines 67 (July 1986): 22.

14. W.J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic (New York, 1979), pp. 107-10.

15. Gallus Thomann, Liquor Laws of the United States (New York, 1885), pp. 113, 136, 141,196.

16. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , pp. 60, 62.

17. Ibid., pp. 70-73.

16. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , pp. 60, 62.

17. Ibid., pp. 70-73.

18. Virginius Dabney, Dry Messiah: The Life of Bishop Cannon (New York, 1949), P- 6.

19. Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn (1884), ch. 5.

20. The word is of disputed etymology, though it is usually attributed to an English workingman named Dicky Turner in 1833; some explanations hold that Turner was a stammerer; others, that the initial "tee" is an intensifier. Yet another holds that it came from putting a T before the names of total abstainers on the membership list of a New York temperance society (Ernest H. Cherrington, Tile Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America [Westerville, Ohio, 1920], p. 83). All seem to agree that "tee" has nothing whatever to do with tea-drinking, though that is an easy and obvious confusion to make (Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians [London, 1971], pp. 125, 126).

21. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , pp. 56- 57.

22. Ibid., pp. 84-85.

21. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , pp. 56- 57.

22. Ibid., pp. 84-85.

23. Of the principle of the Maine Law, John Stuart Mill wrote that "there is no violation of liberty which it would not justify" (On Liberty [1859], ch. 4).

24. Asbury, Great Illusion , p. 60.

25. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , p. 356.

26. Ibid., p. 90.

25. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , p. 356.

26. Ibid., p. 90.

27. Thomann, Liquor Laws , p. 211.

28. Alcohol had been untaxed till then except just after the Revolution (when the tax provoked the so-called "Whiskey Rebellion") and, briefly, during and after the War of 1812.

29. Gilman M. Ostrander, The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848-1933 (Berkeley, 1957), pp. 71-72. I may add that my own grandmother, early in this century, organized a chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Anaheim, where once the innocent Germans had made wine without thought of giving offense to any Christian.

30. Ibid., p. 132.

29. Gilman M. Ostrander, The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848-1933 (Berkeley, 1957), pp. 71-72. I may add that my own grandmother, early in this century, organized a chapter of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Anaheim, where once the innocent Germans had made wine without thought of giving offense to any Christian.

30. Ibid., p. 132.

31. Dabney, Dry Messiah , pp. 98-99, 102.

32. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , p. 157.

33. Dabney, Dry Messiah , p. 57.

34. Asbury, Great Illusion , pp. 100- 101.

35. Ibid., p. 122.

34. Asbury, Great Illusion , pp. 100- 101.

35. Ibid., p. 122.

36. Kobler, Ardent Spirits , p. 197.

37. Asbury, Great Illusion , p. 128.

38. Ibid., p. 136.

37. Asbury, Great Illusion , p. 128.

38. Ibid., p. 136.

39. The National Prohibition Act may be found in United States Statutes at Large , 66th Cong., 41 (1919-21): part 1, 305-23; Hoover's phrase is in his speech accepting the presidential nomination in 1928: see Hoover's Memoirs, 1920-1933 (New York, 1952), p. 201.

40. Thomann, Liquor Laws , p. 161.

41. The California Grape Protective Association, formed by Andrea Sbarboro of Italian Swiss Colony and others to fight the prohibition movement, was not organized until 1908 (John R. Meers, "The California Wine and Grape Industry and Prohibition," California Historical Society Quarterly 46 [1967]: 21).

42. United States Statutes at Large , 41: part 1, 307-23.

43. In the first year there were only 1,512 Prohibition agents for the entire country, and at no time were there more than 3,000 (Kobler, Ardent Spirits , p. 270).

44. Ernest H. Cherrington, ed., Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem (Westerville, Ohio), 6 (1930): 2877.

45. The wine produced in California and stored under the Prohibition agency's bond rose from 17,000,000 gallons in 1920 to 40,000,000 gallons in 1924. Many arrests for illegal sales of wine from this source seem to have been made: see Kenneth D. Rose, "San Francisco and Prohibition in 1924: Wettest in the West," California History 65 (1986): 289.

46. Leon Adams, The Wines of America , 3d ed. (New York, 1985), p. 25.

47. Ostrander, Prohibition Movement in California , p. 179.

48. Ruth Teiser and Catherine Harroun, Winemaking in California (New York, 1983), p. 182; Ostrander, Prohibition Movement in California , p. 180.

49. Dabney, Dry Messiah , p. 304.

50. Adams, Wines of America, 1st ed ., p. 27.

51. Alice Tisdale Hobart, The Cup and tile Sword (Indianapolis, 1942), p. 60.

52. Ruth Teiser and Catherine Harroun, "The Volstead Act, Rebirth, and Boom," in Doris Muscatine, Maynard A. Amerine, and Bob Thompson, eds., The University of California/ Sotheby Book of California Wine (Berkeley, 1984), p. 57; Ostrander, Prohibition Movement in California , p. 181.

53. Philip Wagner, American Wines and Wine-Making (New York, 1956), pp. 51 - 52.

54. Frank Schoonmaker, Encyclopedia of Wine (New York, 1964), pp. 358-67.

55. The Concord grape, useless for good winemaking, already dominated in eastern vineyards before Prohibition; but Prohibition greatly confirmed and extended that dominance.

56. New York Times , 28 April 1929, sec. 3.

57. The guess of the Wickersham Commission, appointed to inquire into the enforcement of the Prohibition laws, was that home production of wine averaged 111,000,000 gallons annually from 1922 through 1929 ( National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement [Washington, D.C., 1931], 1: 128).

58. Thomann, Liquor Laws , pp. 187-88.

59. Adams, Wines of America , 1st ed., pp. 30-31.

60. To take one from a vast number of descriptions, here is a passage from D. H. Lawrence's novel, St. Mawr (1925); the characters are Americans: "Lou and her mother lunched at the Hotel d'Angleterre [in Havana], and Mrs. Witt watched transfixed while a couple of her countrymen, a stout successful man and his wife, lunched abroad. They had cocktails—then lobster—and a bottle of hock—then a bottle of champagne—then a half-bottle of port—And Mrs. Witt rose in haste as the liqueurs came. For that successful man and his wife had gone on imbibing with a sort of fixed and deliberate will, apparently tasting nothing, but saying to themselves: Now we're drinking Rhine wine! Now we're drinking 1912 Champagne. Yah, Prohibition! Thou canst not put it over me."