The Oceans Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology "indexC"

C

Calanus:
1. abundance correlated with herring catches, 906–907
2. abundance correlated with whale catches, 905
3. biology of, in the Gulf of Maine, 864
4. feeding mechanism, 886–887
5. oxygen consumption by, 853, 870, 873
6. reproduction, 322–323, 903
7. vertical migrations, 836–837
Calcareous material in Sediments (see also Calcium carbonate) :
1. organisms contributing to, 950
Calcareous oozes (see also Pelagic sediments), 972
1. areas covered by, 975, 977, 978
Calcite, 998, 1027
Calcium, 178, 179
1. deposition by animals, 304–306, 853–855
2. deposition by plants, 290, 301, 855
Calcium Carbonate:
1. factors controlling organic precipitation, 999, 1000
2. inorganic precipitation, 208, 998
3. percentage in sediments, 998–1008
  1. as function of depth, 1004, 1005
  2. distribution, 1002–1008
  3. factors controlling, 1007, 1008
4. solubility, 205–208
5. solution near bottom, 1001
6. supply to sediments, 1000
California Current, 724–727
1. annual variation of temperature, 131, 132
2. comparison with Peru Current, 725
3. off Southern California, 454
Canyons:
1. sediments in, 1024, 1026
2. submarine:
  1. character, 39–41
  2. formation, 41, 42
Carbon, 179
1. cycle of, 916
2. in sediments, 1010, 1011
3. organic, 248–251
4. ratio to nitrogen, 1010
Carbon dioxide:
1. as a limiting factor, 768
2. as a measure of production, 768
3. distribution, 208–210
4. exchange with atmosphere, 203
5. importance to deposition of calcium carbonate, 1000, 1001
6. methods of determination, 192, 193
7. partial pressure, 201–203
8. solubility, 190, 191, 202
9. system, 197–202
10. utilization of, by plants, 768
Carbonic acid, dissociation consta,nts of, 199, 204, 205
Carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, 236, 237, 931
Caribbean Sea:
1. bottom topography, 35
2. currents, 641, 642
3. oxygen content, 640
4. water masses, 638, 641
Ceratium (see Dinoflagellates)
Chaetognatha:
1. as indicator species, 863
2. reproduction, 322
3. synopsis, 308
“Challenger,” dredging by, 805–807, 809
Chemical transformations, importance of to sediments, 952
China Sea, 735
Chitin, 289
Chlorine, 175
Chlorine-equivalent, 52
Chlorinity, 51, 52
1. units for expressing, 51
Chlorosity, 52
1. factors, 167
Chordata, synopsis of, 312–314
Circulation:
1. Bjerknes' theorem, 460–462
2. deep water, 745–755
3. thermal, 507–509
4. thermohaline, 509–510
5. transverse:
  1. Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 618–620
  2. caused by upwelling, 501
  3. Equatorial Countercurrent, 635, 636, 711
  4. Gulf Stream, 676
Circulation (water movements), biological significance of, 273–274
Clay minerals, 988–990
1. base exchange, 988, 990
2. flocculation, 958, 990
3. groups of, 989
4. origin, 990
Cl-ratio, 167
Coccolith ooze, 973
Coccolithophoridae, 301
Coelenterata:
1. reproduction, 319–320
2. synopsis, 306
Collection of:
1. bacteria, 383
2. benthos, 374
3. nekton, 376
4. plankton, 376–383
Color of animals, 824–830
1. changes, 825–827
2. of deep-sea animals, 826–829
3. of surface oceanic animals, 827
4. protective, 826
Color of sediments, 967–969
1. continental shelf, 1023
2. deep-sea, 978, 979
Color of the sea, 88, 89
Color of water, biological causes of, 289, 783–784
Compensation depth, 779
1. in various areas, 780
Compensation point, 778
Composition of foraminiferal tests, 991
Composition of marine organisms:
1. average, 230
2. body fluids, 232
3. concentration of elements, 233
4. elements reported, 228, 229
5. ratios O: C: N: P, 236, 237
6. skeletal material, 231
Composition of river water, 214–216
Composition of sea water, 165–174
1. constancy, 165–168
2. influenced by exchange with atmosphere, 212, 213
3. influenced by freezing, 216–219
4. influenced by rivers, 213–216
5. tables, 166, 173, 176, 177
Composition of sediments, 971, 972
Compressibility, 68
Concentrations, 158
1. conservative, 158
2. non-conservative, 159
3. units for reporting, 169, 171
Conductivity :
1. electrical, 71, 72
2. thermal (see also Eddy conductivity), 60, 61
Continental shelf:
1. average inclination, 21
2. extension, 20, 21
3. formation, 24, 25, 1019
4. sediments on, 1018–1023
Continental slope, inclination of, 22
Continuity, equation of, 423–426
1. used for finding layer of no motion, 457
Convergence, 419, 420
1. caused by winds, 500–503
2. regions of, 139, 140
3. vertical motion derived from, 425
Copepoda (see also Calanus):
1. as food for fish, 892, 907
2. as food of whales, 905
3. as grazers, 772, 901
4. food of, 901
5. reproduction, 322, 323, 903
6. synopsis, 309

― 1065 ―

Coral-reefs:
1. formation of, 854–855
2. organisms of, 855
Corals:
1. reproduction of, 319
2. systematic position of, 306
“Core method,” 146
Cores of sediments:
1. apparatus for obtaining, 345–347
2. compaction, 1037
3. relation between water content and particle size, 994
4. stratification in, 1038, 1039
Coring apparatus, 345–347
Corioli's force, 433–438
1. importance to ocean currents, 390
2. importance to waves, 520
Cotidal lines, 557
1. charts, 563
2. semidiurnal tide of Atlantic Ocean, 581, 582
Crinoidea:
1. bathymetric distribution, 807
2. synopsis, 312
Ctenophora, 307, 320, 890
Current meters, 366–373
Currents (see also Circulation, Tidal currents, and Wind currents):
1. absolute, 455–457
2. accuracy of computed, 393, 394, 453–455
3. computation, 391, 447–452
4. derived from ships' logs, 427, 428
5. derived from tongue-like distributions, 503–507
6. effect of bottom friction, 499, 500
7. effect of bottom topography, 466–469
  1. Antarctic Circumpolar, 616
  2. North Atlantic, 681
  3. North Equatorial, Atlantic, 671, 672
8. importance to distribution of sediments, 965, 966, 1042, 1043
9. in stratified water, 444–447
10. related to the distribution of density, 389–395, 447–451
11. relative, 391, 442, 447–451
12. representations, 428–430
13. slope, 442, 458
14. sorting of shallow water sediments by, 1017–1019
15. transportation of particles along bottom by, 959–966
16. transportation of settling particles by, 959
17. units used, 363
18. vertical convection, 510, 511
19. wavelike pattern in South Atlantic, 630
Cyclic salt, 213, 214