[40] A Wobbly is a member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The union of the IWW, established in Chicago in 1905, sought to organize skilled and unskilled workersinto one union dedicated to building a new society according to general socialist principles. Wobblies refused to endorse any socialist party, or any other type of political party; they preferred using direct action such as strikes, boycotts, and passive resistance. They were able to organize certain groups of unskilled workers who had been ignored by the established labor unions: lumber and textile workers, copper and coal miners, farmers, and dockworkers, including blacks and newly arrived immigrants. When Wobbly speakers were being arrested in a number of American cities in 1909, Wobblies organized a series of fights for free speech. They sent replacement speakers until Wobblies filled the jails; the authorities were forced to stop the arrests and allow Wobblies to give speeches in public. Bill Haywood, Mary "Mother" Jones, and Joe Hill were well-known Wobbly leaders and organizers.