1. Diaries, Book 5, February 21, 1931.

2. Journey , or JTTB (New York: Random House, 1958), 11.

3. ES to father, April 11, 1933, MP in ESC.

4. JTTB , 178; ES to Kenneth Shewmaker, September 26, 1969, ESP in ESC. As a uniquely influential reporter on the Chinese Communists, Snow's name could show up as a generic term for later (presumably favorable) firsthand journalistic accounts of the Chinese Reds. U.S. ambassador to China Clarence E. Gauss, in a February 29, 1944, dispatch to the state department on the projected visit by Chungking-based foreign correspondents to the Red areas in northwestern China, noted that according to critics of the Kuomintang, the present trip by the correspondents to Yan'an "may result in the Kuomintang's having to face eleven Edgar Snows instead of just one" ( Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1944 . Vol. 6, China [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967], 365-367).

5. Letter to the editors, New York Review of Books , April 27, 1989, 16; ES to James Bertram, April 5, 1959, JBP in ESC; ES to Rewi Alley, July 22, 1955, RAP in ESC.

6. ES to "Ross," May 8, 1971, ES to Charles White, December 27, 1954, ESP in ESC; ES to James Bertram, October 25, 1952.

7. ES to Howard Snow, May 1, 1954, HSP in ESC; ES to James Bertram, March 25, 1958, JBP in ESC. Snow could easily relate to Webb's lament that risk-taking individualism was being replaced by the growth of institutions "which take the risks and responsibilities and give in return a sense of security" to its members. The latter "constitute the army of satisfied and timid souls who are not willing to take a chance, bet on themselves, back their own ego by disputing authority or asserting leadership" ( The Great Frontier [Austin: University of Texas Press, 1951], 116-117).

8. For an overview of the work of these historians see Richard Bernstein, "Unsettling the Old West," New York Times Magazine , March 18, 1990, 34, 56-59.

9. Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, eds., Twentieth-Century Authors (New York: H. H. Wilson, 1942), 1310; JTTB , 14-15. "I could find no record that William [Snow] the progenitor from Virginia, was any relation to this Cap. Sam. who hailed from Salem" (ES to Howard, May 1, 1953, HSP in ESC). Also, ES in Eleanor Babcock correspondence, September 1, 1951, July 3, 1952, February 1, 1953, ESC.

10. ES, Autobiographical Note (1944), RHP; ES to father, September 6, 1933, MP in ESC; "A Resolution Honoring the Late Mr. Edgar A. Snow on the Fourth Anniversary of His Death," February 13, 1976, ESC.

11. JTTB , 3; Nym Wales (Helen Foster Snow), Biographical Note on Edgar Snow (1938), RHP.

12. Diaries, Book 6o, July 13, 1963.

13. Aunt Sallie to ES, May 13, 1951, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 10, January 19, 1933.

14. Kunitz and Haycraft, eds., Twentieth-Century Authors , 1310; ES to mother, November 22, 1929, MP in ESC; interview with Dr. Charles White, July 19, 1986.

15. Interview with Claude Mackey, July 11, 1987; ES to Mildred, May 29, 1931, ES to Mildred, November 22, 1932, MP in ESC.

16. Father to ES, March 15, 1930, MP in ESC. Progressive Republican Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska declared in 1911 that it was "in the city that we have the slum and the breeding places of anarchy, ignorance, and crime. It is there we have the mob" (quoted in Richard Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861-1912 [Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963], 203); father to ES, December 4, 1933, father to Howard and ES, April 26, 1941, MP in ESC.

17. Thomas Hart Benton, An Artist in America (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1968), 262. Benton, who had resided in New York for twenty-four years, added, "I wouldn't have missed living in New York even if I am now through with it forever" (269).

18. Interview with Claude Mackey, July 11, 1987; ES to father, March 21, 1929, MP in ESC.

19. Diaries, Book 71, August 1970; JTTB , 14; "The Message of Gandhi," SEP , March 27, 1948, 24; Autobiographical Note (1944).

20. Father to ES, May 13, 1930, ES to Mildred, February 15, 1951, MP in ESC; Autobiographical Note (1944). The hospital autopsy and medical records attributed Snow's mother's death specifically to a postoperative infection in the abdomen and urinary tract (Robert M. Farnsworth, ed., Edgar Snow's Journey South of the Clouds [Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991], introduction, 11), which did not necessarily resolve the matter of neglect or incompetence on the part of the hospital staff.

21. ES to father, November 10, 1933, MP in ESC.

22. Father to ES, November 19, 1941, MP in ESC; Diaries, Book 60, July 13, 1963. Perhaps characteristically J. Edgar had earlier inadvertently signed away to his sisters his share in an additional 280-acre inheritance from Horace Parks, resulting in much acrimony and a failed lawsuit brought by J. Edgar's heirs in the 1960s.

1. Diaries, Book 60, July 13, 1963; Malcolm Cowley, The Literary Situation (New York: Viking Press, 1954), 162; Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, eds., Twentieth-Century Authors (New York: H. H. Wilson, 1942), 1310.

2. Diaries, Book 60, July 13, 1963; Interview with Edgar Snow, Armed Forces Radio, Tokyo, January 29, 1946, ESC.

3. Details on Kansas City history and politics are based on the following sources: Missouri: A Guide to the "Show Me" State , compiled by writers of the Works Projects Administration of Missouri (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1944); Henry C. Haskell, Jr., and Richard B. Fowler, City of the Future: A Narrative History of Kansas City, 1850-1950 (Kansas City: Frank Glenn Publishing, 1950); William Reddig, Tom's Town (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1947); Lyle W. Dorsett, The Pendergast Machine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., Lawrence O. Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation (St. Louis: Forum Press, 1980).

4. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 193-252.

5. Diaries, Book 52, January 23, 1947; Edgar Snow, "Missouri Days," unpublished ms. chapter, RHP.

6. Parrish, et al., Missouri , 283-292; Frederick Lewis Allen, Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen Twenties (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1931), 45-75.

7. Snow later wrote, "The harsh talk about British imperialism I heard in childhood from Irish relatives, strong sympathizers with the Sinn Feiners, must have helped prepare me to believe that morality always lay on the side of rebellion, and divinity as well, where Britain was the overlord" ( JTTB , 25).

8. Diaries, Book 60, July 13, 1963; ES to Mildred, November 22, 1932, MP in ESC.

9. Diaries, Book 60, July 13, 1963; "Missouri Days."

10. Yenching News , Peking, October 23, 1934. In December of 1934 the two institutions formalized their relationship in a Yenching-Missouri Foundation to promote education in the profession of journalism ( Yenching News , December 20, 1934). For details on the Missouri-China connection, see John Maxwell Hamilton, "The Missouri News Monopoly and American Altruism in China: Thomas F. F. Millard, J. B. Powell, and Edgar Snow," Pacific Historical Review 55 (February 1986): 28-29; and Robert Stevens, "J. B. Powell and the Missouri-China Connection," Missouri Historical Review 82 (April 1988): 274-275.

11. "Missouri Days."

12. Interview with Dr. Charles White, September 13, 1978, ESC.

13. ES to "Dear Tony," July 11, 1968, ESP in ESC; JTTB , 30; Lois Wheeler Snow, A Death with Dignity: When the Chinese Came (New York: Random House, 1974), 36; ES to Charles White, December 27, 1954, ESP in ESC.

14. HFS to David Barbosa, December 1, 1988, HFS files; Westport Herald (1923), 127, Henry Mitchell Papers in ESC.

15. "Missouri Days"; ES to mother, October 31, 1927, MP in ESC.

16. Diaries, Book 52, January 23, 1947.

1. Jules Abels, In the Time of Silent Cal (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969), 227, 229; Allen, Only Yesterday , 180-181.

2. ES to father, March 21, 1927, MP in ESC; interview with John Snow (Howard's son), November 22, 1988.

3. ES to Mildred, August 8, 1926, ES to family, January 9, 1928, MP in ESC; Interview with Edgar Snow, Tokyo, January 29, 1946; JTTB , 3.

4. ES to father, March 21, 1927, ES to Mildred, August 8, 1926, ES to father, October 3, 1927, MP in ESC.

5. ES to Mildred, March 6, 1927, ES to mother, May 16, 1927, ES to father, December 16, 1927, MP in ESC; ES, "They Don't Want to Play Soldier," SEP , October 25, 1944, 61.

6. ES to Mildred, March 6, 1927.

7. ES to father, October 3, 1927, MP in ESC; Interview with Edgar Snow, Tokyo, January 29, 1946; ES to family, January 9, 1928; ES to father, December 16, 1927; Autobiographical Note (1944).

8. Kermit Roosevelt to ES, February 23, 1928, ESP in ESC.

9. ES to parents, February 17, February 22, 1928, MP in ESC.

10. Diaries, Book 35, September 22, 1941.

11. ES to parents, February 17, 1928, ES to W. Laurence Dickey, February 22, 1928, MP in ESC; Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 32-33.

12. John Maxwell Hamilton, Edgar Snow, A Biography (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 11-12; William Rose Benét, ed., The Readers Encyclo-

13. Diaries, Book I, February 26, 1928.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., ES to Howard, March 26, 1928, MP in ESC; Autobiographical Note (1944).

16. ES to Charles Hanson Towne, March 7, 1928, CHTP.

17. Charles Hanson Towne to ES, May 22, 1928, CHTP; ES to mother, July 28, 1928, MP in ESC. Ed had already rhapsodized over a "divine night" on Waikiki in a fifteen-page letter to Howard from Honolulu, April 5, 1928, MP in ESC.

18. "In Hula Land," Harper's Bazaar 62 (September 1928): 98-99, 136, 138, 142.

19. ES to Al Joslin, June 21, 1928, ESC; Diaries, Book 60, July 5, 1963.

20. ES to Charles Hanson Towne, June 26, 1928, CHTP.

21. Ibid; New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , October 21, 1928, 10-11, 14; "Kansas City Boy Stowaway," Kansas City Journal-Post , November 11, 1928.

22. ES to Mildred, July 31, 1928, MP in ESC.

23. ES to mother, July 28, 1928, MP in ESC.

1. Cited in Emily Hahn, The Soong Sisters (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1943), 139-143.

2. JTTB , 16.

3. Far Eastern Front , or FEF (New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1933), 182; Interview with Edgar Snow, Tokyo, ESC.

4. Theodore H. White, In Search of History (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), 62, 63.

5. JTTB , 4; ES to Mildred, July 31, 1928, ES to mother, July 28, 1928, MP in ESC.

6. Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 3 (introduction by James C. Thomson), 31-32.

7. Ibid., 26.

8. Randall Gould to Benjamin Mandel, August 29, 1954, Randall Gould Papers; John W. Powell, "Three American Reporters in China," paper presented at Smedley-Strong-Snow seminar, Shanghai, March 1987. Details on J. B. Powell and the Review from the following sources: John B. Powell, My Twenty-Five Years in China (New York: Macmillan, 1945); Robert Stevens, "J. B. Powell and the Missouri-China Connection," Missouri Historical Review 82 (April 1988): 267-279; Hamilton, "The Missouri News Monopoly and American Altruism in China," 30-41; interview with John W. Powell, July 6, 1987. The Review resumed publication in Shanghai after the war under Powell's son, John W. (Bill) Powell.

9. ES to Mildred, July 31, 1928, MP in ESC; JTTB , 25, 22.

10. John W. Powell, "My Farher's Library," Wilson Library Bulletin , March 1986, 36.

11. ES to father, August 15, 1928, MP in ESC.

12. ES to mother, August 21, 1928, MP in ESC; Diaries, Book 1, undated entry.

13. ES to mother, August 21, 1928, MP in ESC.

14. ES to father, September 17, 1928, ES to Howard, September 28, 1928, MP in ESC. Snow's article was entitled "Lifting China Out of the Mud!" New China edition, CWR , October 10, 1928, 84-91.

15. "Adventures in Chinese Advertising," Advertising & Selling , May 1, 1929, 30, 32, 90, 92. (Typically, in his "Chinese Advertising" article, Snow ranged beyond the narrower confines of this topic to include an informative look at the Chinese media, literacy rates and reading habits, and a culture-sensitive view of Chinese marketing practices.) M. J. Harris to ES, December 17, 1928; Howard to father, date missing, probably October or November 1928, MP in ESC.

16. ES to Howard, October 28, 1928, MP in ESC.

17. C. Y. W. Meng, "China's Japan Policy after the Tsinan Settlement," CWR , April 13, 1929, 292, 294.

18. ES, "Japanese Interference at the Yellow River Bridge—and Other Aspects of Tsinanfu," CWR , January 19, 1929, 318.

19. ES to Howard, January 17, 1929, Howard to family, January 15, 1929, MP in ESC.

20. ES to father, March 21, 1929, MP in ESC.

21. Kenneth E. Shewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists, 1927-1945: A Persuading Encounter (Ithaca: Cornell University. Press, 1971), 297-319, 335-346; JTTB , 178; Red Star Over China , or RSOC (New York: Random House, 1938), 66-67; ES to Mildred (from Simla, India), May 29, 1951, MP in ESC.

22. ES to father, March 21, 1929, MP in ESC.

23. ES to mother, May 6, 1929, MP in ESC; JTTB , 5-6. In JTTB Snow recalled Hu's name as "something like" C. T. Washington Wu, apparently deliberately fictionalizing the name. And Harvard no longer takes any of the blame for Hu.

24. Rewi Alley, At 90: Memoirs of My China Years (Beijing: New World Press, 1986), 57-58; JTTB , 8. Snow and Alley recalled these details somewhat differently. According to Alley, after the rebuff by Hu, he returned to his refugees "and sat on the floor until we got to Salaqi in the middle of the night." Snow talks of a stopover, where he says he and Alley did some local investigating, and "next day we rode on to Saratsi." Alley makes no mention of these meetings. In an earlier account, Alley noted that while he and some student volunteers were digging telephone postholes in Saratsi, Snow came by in the company of O. J. Todd. But Alley adds, "Ed busily writing and Todd talking, they were too busy to notice us" (paper presented by Alley at Inner Mongolia symposium commemorating the eightieth birthday of Edgar Snow, July 1985, 3-S Society files, Beijing).

25. Alley, At 90, 59 .

26. JTTB , 5; ES, "Saving 250,000 Lives," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , September 8, 1929, 14-15, 31; Kansas City Journal-Post , September 12, 1929; CWR , August 3, 1929, 4-18-424; mailing by "China Famine Relief, U.S.A.," September 17, 1929, MP in ESC.

27. ES, "Son of the Grand Marshal," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , December 15, 1929, 14-15, 25; Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 131; J. B. Powell, "The Truth about the Sino-Soviet Dispute in Manchuria," CWR , September 7, 1929, 42-43; "The Soviet Attempt to Steal 76,000 Square Miles of Chinese Territory!" CWR , December 28, 1929, 129-132.

28. ES, "Which Way Manchuria," CWR , July 20, 1929, 334.

29. ES to family, August 18, 1929; ES to mother, November 13, 1929, MP in ESC; Shewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 20-33.

30. "The 'Middle Kingdom' from the Clouds," CWR , October 19, 1929, 273.

31. "Chinese Please Use Rear Entrance," CWR , November 9, 1929, 369; Hamilton, Edgar Snow , 29; John W. Powell, "Three American Reporters in China," 4.

32. ES, "Chinese Guests Now Welcome," New York Sun , September 25, 1930.

33. Howard to mother, July 12, 1929, Howard to family, October 27, 1929, Howard to mother, October 30, 1929, MP in ESC.

34. Howard to family, January 15, 1929, Howard to ES, February 4, 1929, ES to Howard, February 21, 1929, ES to mother, May 6, 1929, Howard to mother, undated, probably late 1929, MP in ESC.

35. ES to mother, January 7, 1930 (misdated 1929), MP in ESC.

36. ES to mother, November 22, 1929, ES to family, December 2, 1929, MP in ESC.

37. ES to mother, December 19, 1929, MP in ESC.

38. Horace Epes (Consolidated Press) to ES, April 10, 1930, ESP in ESC.

39. ES to Howard, May 17, June 3, 1930, MP in ESC.

40. ES to Howard, June 3, 1930, ES to mother, November 22, 1929, ES to Mildred, January 22, 1931, MP in ESC.

41. ES to Howard, December 7, 1931, MP in ESC. Whatever orders he might receive, Snow added parenthetically, came "from the remoteness of Washington, D.C." (the headquarters of Con Press).

42. ES to Howard, May 17 and June 3, 1930. Snow had no patience for Americans with large real estate holdings in Shanghai who, through extraterritoriality, "pay taxes neither to the American government nor to the Chinese" (ES to Horace Epes, August 26, 1930, ESP in ESC).

43. ES, "The Americans in Shanghai," American Mercury 20 (August 1930): 4-27-445.

44. Helen Foster Snow, My China Years (New York: William Morrow, 1984), 29, 31; JTTB , 85; ES to father, April 11, 1930, MP in ESC.

45. JTTB , 22-23.

46. ES to father, December 13, 1929, MP in ESC.

47. ES, "China Creates a New God," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , March 16, 1930, 14; ES to father, April 11, 1930, MP in ESC.

48. "Helen Foster Snow," Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York, 1977, 13.

49. ES to father, February 15, 1930, MP in ESC.

50. Ibid. "You will never forget the experience you have had but take my suggestion and do not stay too long in that benighted country," Graham wrote. Ed. Why not "come back to civilization and write a book about it" (Kelley Graham to ES, August 13, 1929, ESP in Esc).

51. Diaries, Book 1, late 1930.

1. Horace Epes to ES, July 25, 1932, ESP in ESC. Cables should be used for specially ordered stories, "or when your own good judgment tells you that you should rush something through," Epes advised (Epes to ES, August 20, 1930, ESP in ESC).

2. ES to father, June 13, 1931, MP in ESC; ES to Horace Epes, May 28, 1931, Horace Epes to ES, June 23, September 11, 1931, ES to Horace Epes, October 25, 1931, ESP in ESC.

3. ES to Horace Epes, May 28, 1931, ESP in ESC; ES to Charles Towne, August 6, 1931, CHTP.

4. Diaries, Book 2, undated entry, probably early or mid-1930. (See: Farnsworth, Snow's Journey , for texts of ES's World Today feature articles.)

5. Diaries, Book 1A, September 27, October 2, 1930; ES, "Some Results of 35 Years of Japanese Rule in Formosa," CWR , November 15, 1930, 389.

6. JTTB , 38.

7. New York Sun , April 9, 28, 1931; ES, "The Hard Lot of Women Prisoners in Hon San-so," in Farnsworth, Snow's Journey , 94-97; Diaries, Book 1A, November 18, 1930.

8. Diaries, Book 1, November 29, 1930, Book 3, November 23, 1930; JTTB , 44-45.

9. JTTB , 46; New York Sun , September 28, 1931.

10. New York Sun , June 30, 1931.

11. JTTB , 49.

12. Diaries, Book 4, January 24, 1931.

13. Diaries, Book 5, February 13, 1931.

14. Diaries, Book 6, March 9, 1931.

15. Diaries, Book 6, February 23, 1931, Book 5, February 20, 1931.

16. Diaries, Book 4, February 8, 1931, Book 5, February 21, 1931, Book 6, February 25, 1931, March 11, 1931.

17. ES to Howard, December 8, 1930, ES to Dorothy, March 20, 1931, MP in ESC.

18. Diaries, Book 6, March 12-13, 1931.

19. JTTB , 63-70.

20. S. B. Thomas, "Burma," in The State of Asia , Lawrence K. Rosinger and Associates (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950, 296.

21. Diaries, Book 7, March 18-April 22, 1931.

22. Diaries, Book 7, March 15, 1931.

23. M. J. Akbar, Nehru: The Making of India (New York: Viking, 1988), 232-234; William L. Shirer, Gandhi, A Memoir (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 55-58; JTTB , 76. In hindsight, chronicles of these events tend to see the Gandhi-Irwin accord, despite its failure appreciably to advance the independence cause, as an historic breakthrough, in that the viceroy had negotiated with the Indian leader as an equal and gained him worldwide attention both in India and the world. "The psychological impact on an enslaved nation was extraordinary" (Akbar, Nehru , 233; also Shirer, Gandhi , 55). Vincent Sheean, who became an ardent disciple of Gandhi, went considerably further in declaring that "the main point" on Indian independence was gained in the Gandhi-Irwin pact, "all the rest was detail" ( Mahatma Gandhi [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955], 162).

24. ES to Horace Epes, May 28, 1931, ESP in ESC. Though coming from opposite poles, Snow's characterization echoed that of the arch-imperialist Winston Churchill, who declared that the "seditious" Gandhi was "now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East" (cited in Akbar, Nehru , 233); Diaries, Book 7, May 1, 1931; ES to father, June 13, 1931.

25. ES, "The Message of Gandhi," 243; Shirer, Gandhi , 227.

26. JTTB , 403.

27. New York Sun , October 29, 1931.

28. Diaries, Book 7, April 29, 1931; Book 8, June 29, 1931.

29. ES, "The Trial of British Communists at Meerut, India," CWR , September 19, 1931, 106 (reprinted from New York Sun ).

30 . ES, "The Revolt of India's Women," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , October 25, 1931, 14-15, 24-25; JTTB , 79; Janice R. MacKinnon and Stephen R. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley: The Lift and Times of an American Radical (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 70-73, 290; letter to author from Ram Chattopadhyaya (nephew of Virendrenath), September 25, 1989. Chatto apparently died in a labor camp.

31. JTTB , 80; Diaries, Book 7, May 1931; ES to Mildred, May 29, 1931, MP in ESC.

32. JTTB , 81-82.

1. ES to Mildred, May 29 and August 13, 1931, ES to father, June 13, 1931, MP in ESC; ES to Towne, August 6, 1931, CHTP.

2. HFS to Kenneth Shewmaker, cited in Shewmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 77; ES to Howard, June 3, 1930, MP in ESC.

3. Horace Epes to ES, September 11, 1931, ES to Epes, October 25, 1931, ESP in ESC; ES to Mildred, March 31, 1932, MP in ESC. Epes did send Snow a few hundred dollars to help defray Ed's out-of-pocket expenses on his 1930-1931 travels.

4. Horace Epes to ES, April 7, 1932, ESP in ESC; L. MacBride to Powell, February 16, 1932, ESC.

5. ES, "In the Wake of China's Flood," CWR , January 23, 1932, 243-245; reprinted from New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , December 6, 1931.

6. FEF , 93-95, 125-127; ES to Howard, December 7, 1931, MP in ESC.

7. ES to father, January 2, 1932, MP in ESC.

8. ES to Horace Epes, January 3, 1932, ESP in ESC.

9. ES to Howard, December 7, 1931, MP in ESC.

10. ES to father, January 2, 1932, MP in ESC.

11. ES to Dorothy, January 12, 1932, MP in ESC.

12. Howard L. Boorman, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 3:290-293.

13. FEF , 209-210; JTTB , 96-97. After the Shanghai ''war,'' the station master gave a banquet for Snow ( JTTB , 101).

14. FEF , 255.

15. ES to Horace Epes, March 1, 1932, ESP in ESC.

16. FEF , 302, 292-293.

17. ES to Horace Epes, March 1, 1932, Horace Epes to ES, April 7, 1932, ESP in ESC; ES to Dorothy, January 12, 1932, ES to Mildred, March 31, 1932, MP in ESC.

18. ES to Horace Epes, May 17, 1932, ESP in ESC; ES to Howard, May 17, 1932, MP in ESC; ES to Horace Epes, June 27, 1932, Horace Epes to ES, July 25, 1932, ESP in ESC.

19. ES to Howard and Dorothy, undated (late July 1932), MP in ESC.

20. Ibid., ES to Horace Epes, June 15, 1933, ESP in ESC; ES to Howard, September 6, 1933, ES to father, November 10, 1933, MP in ESC.

21. For the reviews specifically cited: C.H.H., "Not All Quiet on 'Far Eastern Front,'" CWR , November 25, 1933, 540-542; Lin Yutang, China Critic, December 14, 1933; Harold R. Isaacs, "Puerility in Print," China Forum , December 21, 1933, 16. In his final book Isaacs uncharitably summed up his view of Snow as one ''who did his journalistic fellow-travelling around an orbit somewhat more distant [than Agnes Smedley and Anna Louise Strong] from the hardcore center, [but] stayed faithful in his fashion until his death in 1972" ( Re-Encounters in China [Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1985], 74 n.).

22. FEF , 310-332.

23. ES, "The Strength of Communism in China, I: The Bolshevist Influence," and Reginald E. Sweetland, "The Strength of Communism in China, II: Banditry in a New Guise," Current History 33 (January 1931): 521-531.

24. ES, "Daughters of China's Revolution," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , April 6, 1930, 2-3; JTTB , 82; Isaacs, Re-Encounters in China , 63. For a recent biography of Madame Sun, see Israel Epstein, Woman in World History: Life and Times of Soong Ching Ling (Mme. Sun Yatsen ) (Beijing: New World Press, 1993).

25. JTTB , 83-84; Israel Epstein, "Strong, Smedley, Snow and Their Links with Soong Ching Ling in Shanghai" (paper presented at seminar on Anna Louise Strong, Agnes Smedley, and Edgar Snow, Shanghai, March 1988); Epstein, Woman in World History , 301.

26. ES, "Salute to Lu Hsun," democracy (Beiping), June 8, 1937, 87; Harold R. Isaacs, ed., Straw Sandals: Chinese Short Stories, 1918-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974), xii; Harriet C. Mills, "Lu Xun: Literature and Revolution—From Mara to Marx," in Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era , ed. Merle Goldman (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), 189, 211-220. Mills observes that Lu Xun "in his later years had shifted his hopes for China from the Guomindang at Nanking to the Communist opposition" (189).

27. JTTB , 132-133; Isaacs, Re-Encounters in China , 22; Isaacs, Straw Sandals , xxxiii, xxxviii; Frederic Wakeman, Jr., Policing Shanghai, 1927- 1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 132, 160 ( CW R of March 28, 1936 cited on 160).

28. Isaacs, Re-Encounters in China , 33-36; Tsi-An Hsia, "The Enigma of the Five Martyrs," in The Gate of Darkness (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968), 163-233; JTTB, 87 (Snow incorrectly gives a 1932 date). Both Isaacs and Hsia voice the strong suspicion that this meeting of an opposition faction had been betrayed to the settlement police by the Communist leadership itself.

29. Hsia, "Enigma of the Five Martyrs," 232-233; John K. Fairbank, review of Re-Encounters in China, in CQ 105 (March 1986): 146-147; ES, comp. and ed., Living China , or LC (New York: John Day, 1936). Some of these translations had appeared first in Asia . Harold Isaacs had been making a similar collection, also with Lu Xun's help, during his China Forum years. Isaac's volume, Straw Sandals , was not published until 1977. Isaacs claimed that his break with the Stalinist left in 1934 had turned off prospective publishers in the United States, who feared they would lose a built-in (and necessary) pro-Communist market for the book. Snow "did not suffer from my handicaps," Isaacs cuttingly remarked in his introduction to Straw Sandals (xliv).

30. ES to Howard, March 2, 1932, MP in ESC ; JTTB , 124, 133; ES to Mr. Henle, May 10, 1935, NWC.

31. ES, "Lu Shun, Master of Pai-Hua," Asia 35 (January 1935): 42 (reprinted in LC , 21-28); JTTB , 87.

32. New York Sun , October 18, 1932; ES, "She Fights for China's Masses," New York Herald-Tribune Magazine , August 6, 1933, II.

33. ES to Horace Epes, June 27, 1932, September 11, 1932, ESP in ESC; "She Fights for China's Masses," 19.

34. FEF , 164-167, 328-329.

35. ES to father, April 11, 1933, MP in ESC ; JTTB , 138; Audrey Williamson, Bernard Shaw : Man and Writer (New York: Crowell-Collier Press, 1963), 35-36. Williamson describes the Marxist-oriented Fabian Society, founded in 1884, as "a body of educated middle-class intelligentsia" (35); ES to Mildred, November 22, 1932, MP in ESC. Reacting to a book on eugenics he had recently read, Snow commented, "I'm almost inclined to think eugenics is perhaps the only thing that will save the next generation from being dominantly Negro, low class immigrant, or intelligence quota x or y" (ibid.).

36. ES to Howard, September 6, 1933; HFS to J. Edgar Snow, September 27, 1953, MP in ESC; "Charges of radical activities against Mr. Snow," Memorandum of Conversation with Mr. Edgar Snow, Peiping, July 5, 1933, NTJP.

37. ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, ES to T. T. Li, Director, Intelligence and Publicity, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, February 4, 1937, NTJP; HFS, My China Years , 64; John Gunther, Inside Asia (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1939), 283.

38. ES to Howard, July 20, 1935, MP in ESC.

1. HFS to Dick Wilson, April 17, 1988; HFS, "Self-Portrait: For Whom It May Concern" (1988), Supplementary (Autobiographical) Notes on Helen Foster Snow (Nym Wales) (1988), HFS files; Nym Wales, "Old China Hands," New Republic , April 1, 1967, 14.

2. Supplementary Notes on Helen Foster Snow; interview with HFS, October 13, 1987; HFS, My China Years , 87; JTTB , 102; James Bertram to author, July 30, 1989; John K. Fairbank, Chinabound : A Fifty-Year Memoir (New York: Harper and Row, 1982), 127; HFS, "The Snow Syndrome" (undated), HFS files.

3. Supplementary Notes on Helen Foster Snow; " My Father, John Moody Foster (1880-1948)," HFS files; Evans F. Carlson to Miss Le Hand, November 15, 1938, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

4. Supplementary Notes on Helen Foster Snow.

5. Ibid.; JTTB , 103; James Bertram to author, July 30, 1989; HFS, My China Years , 19-20, 47.

6. ES to Mildred and father, December 13, 1932, MP in ESC; JTTB , 103. A major reason for inventing her pseudonym, HFS states, was to avoid "compromising" Ed through her writings. Notes on the Nym Wales Collection (December 1990), HFS files. "Nym," Greek for "name,'' and ''Wales," for Peg's part-Welsh ancestry. Her three poems appeared in The Saturday Review Treasury (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1957), 165-166.

7. Interview with HFS, March 10, 1990; ES to Horace Epes, December 11, 1932, ESP in ESC; ES, "Christmas Escapade in Japan," Travel , January 1935, 34-38, 47; JTTB , 108-109.

8. JTTB , 106; HFS, M y China Years , 74-75; "Helen Foster Snow," 49; ES to Mildred and father, December 13, 1932, MP in ESC; ES to Charles Hanson Towne, March 30, 1933, CHTP.

9. HFS, My China Years , 74-76; Diaries, Book 10, January 14, 19, 1933. Describing the Tokyo wedding ceremony to Howard, Ed wrote that Peg said he had repeated the vows "parrotlike" (ES to Howard, December 27, 1932, MP in ESC).

10. "Helen Foster Snow," 38. On the constitutional reformist Fabian path to socialism, see Michael Holroyd, Bernard Shaw , vol. 2, The Pursuit of Power (New York: Random House, 1989), 128.

11. Diaries, Book 10, January 1-4, 1933.

12. Diaries, Book 10, January 9, 19, 1933. The Shapiros, Snow commented, had "a Jewish fondness for mimicry," and "a Jewish love of gems, of which they have made an astonishing collection—for impecunious (as they pose) school teachers" (ibid.).

13. Diaries, Book 10, January 15-18, 1933; JTTB , 115; ES to father, February 16, 1933, MP in ESC.

14. ES, "The Decline of Western Prestige," SEP , August 26, 1933, 12-14., 67-69; ES to father, April 11, 1933, MP in ESC.

15. Fairbank, Chinabound , 52.

16. ES to father, April 11, 1933, MP in ESC.

17. ES to Howard, May 8, 1934, MP in ESC; James Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away : A Memoir of Peace and War, 1910-1980 (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1993), 94; in The Tears That Were Fat : The Last of Old China (New York: Harper, 1952), George N. Kates reminisces about "genre Peking."

18. Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 27-28 , 196; Nym Wales (NW), "Notes on the Chinese Student Movement, 1935-1936," NWC, 87 (mimeographed).

19. ES to John K. Fairbank, January 25, 1957, JKFP; HFS, My China Years , 91; Fairbank, Chinabound , 40; Nym Wales, "The Modern Chinese Literary Movement," appendix A, LC , 335-355. Xiao Qian, then a Yanjing student and later a noted Chinese literary critic and author (one of his stories was included in LC ), worked on the translations with Snow. He felt Snow could not read Chinese effectively, depending on his assistants to read and translate to him. He also judged Peg "pretentious" in passing judgment on Chinese writers in her essay when she herself could not read Chinese (interview with Xiao Qian, Beijing, May 19, 1987).

20. JTTB , 121; HFS, "Snow Syndrome"; ES to father, April 11, 1933, MP in ESC.

21. Horace Epes to ES, April 8, 1933, ESP in ESC; HFS to J. Edgar Snow, September 17, 1933, MP in ESC; JTTB , 125-126; HFS, My China Years , 122-124.

22. JTTB , 126-134.

23. ES to Horace Epes, December 9, 1933, Horace Epes to ES, December 18, 1933, January 12, 1934, ESP in ESC.

24. ES to Peter Dolan ( New York Sun news editor), May 7, 1934, ESP in ESC.

25. HFS to Bai Ye, November 14, 1979, received from Bai Ye; Diaries, Book 77, October 5, 1970; ES to Horace Epes, April 25, 1935, ESP in ESC.

26. ES to father, March 3, 1934, MP in ESC.

27. ES to Henriette Herz, February 6, 1934, Henriette Herz to Harrison Smith, March 6, 1934, Harrison Smith to Henriette Herz, March 10, 1934, RHP; ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, NTJP; ES to Henriette Herz, March 20, 1934, ESP in ESC.

28. ES to Henriette Herz, February 6, 1934; ES to Horace Epes, April 25, 1935, ESP in ESC. Snow's RSOC would give the first detailed and dramatic Western account of the Long March. The most recent study is Harrison E. Salisbury, The Long March : The Untold Story (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987).

29. ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, NTJP; C. Walter Young to Henry Allen Moe, Guggenheim Foundation, December 20, 1934, ESC; Bennett Cerf, "A Matter of Timing," Publisher's Weekly , February 12, 1938, 438-439; JTTB , 147-148; ES to Horace Epes, April 25, 1935, ESP in ESC.

30. Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 96; John Israel, Student Nationalism in China, 1927-1937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), 113- 114, 6; Jessie G. Lutz, "December 9, 1935: Student Nationalism and the China Christian Colleges," Journal of Asian Studies 26 (August 1967): 637.

31. See Lloyd Eastman, The Abortive Revolution : China Under Nationalist Rule, 1927-1937 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), for detailed examination of fascist influences and tendencies in Kuomintang China.

32. ES, "The Ways of the Chinese Censor," Current History 42 (July 1935): 386; ES to Richard Walsh, July 19, 1935, ES to George Seldes, February 13, 1954, ESP in ESC.

33. ES to Charles Hanson Towne, March 30, 1933, CHTP; ES, "Japan Builds a New Colony," SEP , February 24, 1934, 87.

34. ES, "Japan Imposes Her Culture," Asia 35 (April 1935): 218-224.

35. ES, "Weak China's Strong Man," Current, History 39 (January 1934): 404. While stories of a "secret agreement" between Chiang and the Japanese were "most improbable," Snow wrote, ''certain circumstances seem to suggest that Chiang and the Japanese general staff for some time have understood each other'' (ibid.); ES to "Demaree'' (Bess?), August 25, 1935, ESP in ESC.

36. ES to Kenneth Shewmaker, September 26, 1969, ESP in ESC.

37. ES to father, March 21, 1934, MP in ESC.

38. JTTB , 137. Snow's lecture subsequently appeared in five installments in the English-language Peiping Chronicle : "The Meaning of Fascism," January 8-12, 1935 (NWC).

39. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), 185. On the Social Democrats, Shirer writes, "Loyal to the Republic they were to the last, but in the end too confused, too timid to take the great risks which alone could have preserved it." As for the Communists, they had "the silly idea of first destroying the Social Democrats, the Socialist trade unions and what middle class democratic forces there were," on "the dubious theory" that while this would lead to a Nazi regime, the latter would be but a short-lived effort to save a dying capitalism—"after that, the Communist deluge!" (ibid.).

40. History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , "prepared by a group of [Soviet] authors" (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1960), 503.

41. HFS to Richard Walsh, apparently fall 1935 (first page of letter missing), NWC.

42. ES to Howard, July 20, 1935, MP in ESC.

43. Lutz, "December 9, 1935: Student Nationalism and the China Christian Colleges," 633.

44. Zhang Wending, "Snow on the Campus of Yanjing University," and Zhang Zhaolin, "Edgar Snow, My Good Friend and Teacher," both in In Commemoration of Edgar Snow (title in original, Ji-nian Ai-de-jia Si-nuo ), ed. Liu Liqun (Beijing: Xinhua Press, 1982), 132-139, 124-128; Chen Hanbo, "Snow and His Students," in China Remembers Edgar Snow , ed. Wang Xing (Beijing: China Publications Centre, 1982), 39-40.

45. Interviews with Huang Hua (June 6, 1987), Xiao Qian (May 19, 1987), Chen Hanbo (June 25, 1988), Li Min (May 21, 1987), and Israel Epstein (May 16, 1987), all in Beijing; Florence Yu Liang (June 17, 1987), Shanghai. NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 12; Nym Wales, "Old Peking," Asia 35 (December 1935): 794-795.

46. Interviews, see note 45 above; Hubert S. Liang, "A Profile of Peggy'' (1979), 3-S Society files, Beijing; NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 162, "Notes on the Sian Incident, 1936" (1960), NWC, 12, 32 (mimeographed).

47. NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 87; Joseph W. Esherick and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, "Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modern China," Journal of Asian Studies 49 (November 1990): 835-865. ''Without a civil society, only street theater remains as a mode of political expression. No Chinese regime has ever been able to suppress it altogether" (860).

48. JTTB , 144; Nym Wales, "Students in Rebellion," Asia 36 (July 1936): 446-448. My discussion of the December Ninth movement and the Snows' part in it is based on the following sources (in addition to my interviews in China with leading participants): JTTB , 139-146; HFS, My China Years , 154-177; NW, "Notes on the Student Movement"; Israel, Student Nationalism , 110-156; Wang Xing, ed., China Remembers Edgar Snow , 39-43; and relevant articles from three Chinese-language collections; Si-nuo zai Zhongguo (Snow in China) (Beijing: San-lien Bookstore, 1980); Liu Liqun, ed., In Commemoration of Edgar Snow ; Zhao Rongsheng and Zhao Yu, eds., The "December Ninth Movement at No-Name Lakeside (in original, " I-er jiu" zai Wei-ming Lu-pan ) (Beijing: Beijing Press, 1985).

49. John Israel and Donald W. Klein, Rebels and Bureaucrats : China's December 9ers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 55-58; Lu Cui, "Snow and the December Ninth Movement," in In Commemoration of Edgar Snow , ed. Liu Liqun (Beijing: Xinhua Press, 1982), 42-43, 46; NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 78.

50. Zhao Rongsheng, "Recollections of the December Ninth Student Movement," Beijing, People's Daily (Renmin ribao), December 5, 1985; JTTB , 139.

51. HFS, My China Years , 172. Helen Snow described her November 1935 letter to student Zhang Zhaolin (in which she had offered literally dozens of suggestions for action) as "the letter which started the student movement, Dec. 1935" (NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 191). Xiao Qian thinks Helen Snow saw herself as "the mother of New China"; at the same time, he admires her devotion to and work for China (interview May 19, 1987); Chen Hanbo, "Recollections of the 'December Ninth' Movement in Yanjing," in " December Ninth'' Movement at No-Name Lakeside , ed. Zhao Rongsheng and Zhao Yu (Beijing: Beijing Press, 1985), 36; JTTB , 142.

52. John Israel, "The December 9th Movement: A Case Study in Chinese Communist Historiography," CQ 23 (July-September 1965): 140-169; interviews with Huang Hua (1987), and Chen Hanbo (1988); HFS, My China Years , 165-167; Chen Hanbo, "Snow and His Students," 43.

53. ES, Notes on Conversations with Old Students, ESP in ESC. Snow reinforced these points in the notes he added to the 1968 revised edition of RSOC (New York: Grove Press, 1968). David Yu, he wrote, attended a secret meeting of the Yanjing Student Association on the evening of December 8, where they "planned the strategy for the daring street demonstration held on the following day" (472).

54. ES, "The December 9th Movement" (comment), CQ 26 (April-June 1966): 171-172; Israel, Student Nationalism , 157; JTTB , 146.

1. JTTB , 153-154; RSOC , 17-24; John Israel, Student Nationalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), 169-171; John Israel and Donald W. Klein, Rebels and Bureaucrats (Berkeley; University of California Press, 1976), 122-124.

2. Cited in introduction to English version, Sherman Cochran and Andrew C. K. Hsieh with Janis Cochran, trans. and eds., One Day in China: May 21, 1936 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), xx; JTTB , 192. Mao Dun later served

3. ES, "The Japanese Juggernaut Rolls On," SEP , May 9, 1936, 8-9, 89-90, 92, "The Coming Conflict in the Orient," SEP , June 6, 1936, 14-15, 82, 84, 87; "Mr. Hirota's Third Point," Foreign Affairs 14 (July 1936): 598-605, "Japan Digs In,'' SEP , January 4, 1936, 8-9, 56-59.

4. "The Japanese Juggernaut Rolls On," 9, 90, 92; "The Coming Conflict in the Orient," 14-15, 84-85.

5. "The Japanese Juggernaut Rolls On," 9; "The Coming Conflict in the Orient," 82, 84-85, 87.

6. Joseph C. Goulden, The Curtis Caper (New York: Putnam, 1965), 39-40; "Mr. Hirota's Third Point," 598, 602, 604-605.

7. John W. Garver, "The Origins of the Second United Front: The Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party," CQ 113 (March 1988): 29-59; Gregor Benton, "The 'Second Wang Ming Line' (1935-38)," CQ 61 (March 1975): 61-94. According to the perhaps exaggerated recollections of Otto Braun (Li De), Mao in early 1936 outlined a strategy in which "he gave top priority to securing technical and military assistance from the Soviet Union" (Otto Braun, A Comintern Agent in China, 1932-1939 , trails. Jeanne Moore [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982], 157).

8. Benton, "The 'Second Wang Ming Line,'" 76; "Further Interviews with Mao Tse-tung" (Bao'an, July 19, 1936, Yan'an, September 25, 1939), RSOC (rev. ed., 1968), 445, 447. Snow's 1939 interviews with Mao were published in CWR , January 13 and 20, 1940. Though the CCP greatly modified its land reform policies during the united front wartime period, the result nevertheless was "to squeeze landlording out of existence" (Tetsuya Kataoka, Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974], 249).

9. Garver, "Origins of the Second United Front," 49-50, 52-53. By May 1936 the CCP, under Comintern pressure, had shifted its slogan of "opposing" Chiang, to one of "compelling" him to resist Japan. The Comintern, however, called for "uniting" with Chiang, a line Mao regarded as unrealistic, in the face of the Generalissimo's demand for the virtual surrender of the Communists as the price for ending civil war (ibid., 53-54).

10. Agnes Smedley's recent biographers note that though she was "burning with envy" at Snow's opportunity, she "understood politically'' that "the Communists had wanted the first journalist visitor to be someone without any association with the international left" (Janice R. MacKinnon and Stephen R. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988], 73). However, the MacKinnons state further, "of course, it was Smedley who urged Snow to go to the northwest" in 1936 (167). Their apparent source is an ES letter to HFS, June 4, 1939, which seems more ambiguous. While Smedley "pretended to me, in Shanghai, that she had done everything to have me go to the NW she was actually doing her best to prevent it," Ed wrote (ES to HFS, June 4, 1939, HFS files; ES, The Other Side of the River : Red China Today , or RCT [New York: Random House, 1961, 1962], 124).

11. NW, "Notes on the Student Movement," 37, "Notes on David Yu" (December 9, 1982), David Yu to Peg and Ed, March 22, 23, and 30, 1936, NWC; RSOC (1968), notes, 419.

12. HFS, My China Years , 181.

13. Rewi Alley, Six Americans in China (Beijing: Intercul, 1985), 43; Alley, At 90 , 80; interview with Alley, Beijing, May 18, 1987; Hamilton, Edgar Snow , 67, 304-305 n. 10 (Helen Snow remembers the Polevoy visit to the Snow home, apparently in connection with her interest in leftist artists in Peking. "I do not know who he was, but seemed to be Polish or Russian and left-wing" ["Notes on NWC" (1990), HFS files]. She vehemently asserts that Polevoy had "absolutely no connection" with Snow's trip [interview with HFS, June 15, 1989]); Harrison E. Salisbury, The Long March (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987), 318; Braun, Comintern Agent in China , 251-252. According to Garver, Moscow's "endorsement of Mao's leadership ... would not come until mid-1938" ("Origins of the Second United Front,'' 39). Stalin considered Mao ''deficient" in Marxism-Leninism and lacking a truly "internationalist" outlook (Warren Kuo, Ana lytical History of the Chinese Communist Party [Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1970], bk. 3, 328). Voice of China , a Communist-sponsored periodical published in Shanghai between March 1936 and November 1937, reflected the Moscow line on China: the push for united anti-Japanese resistance under a democratized Nanking government led by Chiang. It opposed anti-Chiang internecine conflicts (including the Xi'an Incident) as aiding and abetting the Japanese and virtually ignored the activities of the Reds in the northwest. The journal was edited by Max (Manny) Granich and his wife, Grace, sent to Shanghai for that purpose by the American Communist party (Alley, At 90 , 82). Before they left for China, the Communist party leader Earl Browder cautioned them not to "waste their ammunition" in attacks on the Chiang regime, but to "keep your attention on Japanese imperialism" (Grace Granich, Autobiographical Typescript [1970-1971], 4, Grace and Max Granich Papers). Grace Granich's manuscript remained incomplete at her death in 1971. Bert Taube, the late Max Granich's friend, made a full run of Voice of China available to me.

14. ES to L. M. MacBride, April 19, 1936, June 1, 1936, December 6, 1936, "Statement of Expenses on Trip to the Chinese Soviet Areas," February 14, 1937, ESP in ESC; ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, NTJP; Diaries, Book 17, September 8, 1936.

15. RSOC , 9-24; Diaries, Book 11, June 1936; Dong Hui Fang (daughter of Pastor Wang), speech at symposium on 50th anniversary of RSOC , Beijing, June 1988; interviews with Rewi Alley and Li Xue (Alley's adopted son), Beijing, May 18, 25, 1987.

16. Alley, Six Americans , 1-9; RCT , 261-263; Judy Foreman, "Doctor's Adventure Becomes His Life," Boston Globe , February 19, 1987. It was in RCT that Snow first divulged Hatem's part in their 1936 trek.

17. RCT , 276-281; interview with Ma Haide, May 15, 1987; Ma Haide obituary (by Walter Sullivan), New York Times , October 6, 1988. Harem (Ma) apparently joined the CCP in 1937 in Yan'an ( Xinhua , October 10, 1988, FBIS, China , October 1, 1988). As to Hatem's invisibility in Red Star , HFS says he was concerned also not to endanger his American passport (interview, August 2, 1986). Hatem may also have wished to protect his family in the U.S. from any adverse "Red" publicity.

18. RCT , 266; RSOC , 26.

19. RSOC , 43-45; Diaries, Book 12, July 9, 1936; ES to L. M. MacBride, December 6, 1936, ESP in ESC.

20. Interview with HFS, August 2, 1986; Random Notes on Red China , or RNORC (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1957), 56-58. This was all "rather interesting," Snow noted in RNORC , "because it may indicate that at the time he spoke to me Chou did not conceive of a United Front which could include Chiang, but only of one ... to be formed against both Chiang and Japan" (56). On arrival in Yan'an in May 1937, "everyone except Mao greeted me worriedly with the demand that I make sure my husband cut out any unfavorable words about Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek,'' HFS recounted (HFS, review of Zhou Enlai: A Biography , by Dick Wilson, in Washington Post , December 3, 1984).

21. Diaries, Book 12, July 13, 1936; RCT , 123; letter on gift of horses, from Fourth Division of Red Army to "Dear American Comrades," August 19, 1936, 3-S Society files, Beijing.

22. RSOC , 66-69; Benjamin Yang, "The Zunyi Conference as One Step in Mao's Rise to Power: A Survey of Historical Studies of the Chinese Communist Party," CQ 106 (June 1986): 235-271; Thomas Kampen, "The Zunyi Conference and Further Steps in Mao's Rise to Power," CQ 117 (March 1989): 118-134. At a 1988 Beijing symposium on RSOC that I attended, Kampen pointed up Snow's role in augmenting Mao's image and eminence at a critical stage in the latter's political ascendancy.

23. RSOC , 69-72.

24. Cited in foreword, Wu Liangping, ed., Mao Zedong's 1936 Talks with Snow (in original, Mao Zedong i-jiu san-liu nian tong Si-nuo de tan-hua ) (Beijing, August 1979), 3-S Society files, 5. Mao told Snow in 1939 in Yan'an that Red Star had "correctly reported" party policies and his own views ( RNORC , 73).

25. Visit to Bao'an, and interview with Mr. Bei Li, Bao'an, June 10, 1987.

26. Wu, ed., Mao's Talks with Snow , 7; RSOC (1968), biographical notes, 473, 508; RNORC , 122.

27. Mao Zedong to ES, March 10, 1937 (copy of original letter and translation, 3-S Society files, Beijing); "Notes of Chairman Mao's Talk with Edgar Snow" (December 18, 1970), 22, 25, 31, ESP in ESC.

28. RSOC , 88. Otto Braun cited this interview as evidence that Mao "was indeed relying on a manipulation of the strategic situation of the soviet [CCP] base in northwestern China to draw the Soviet Union into war with Japan" ( Comintern Agent in China , 156). See also introduction by Vladimir Petrov, "The Soviets and World Communism: Sources of the Sino-Soviet Dispute," to Sino-Soviet Relations, 1945-1970 , O. B. Borisov and B. T. Koloskov (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975), 19-20; Garver, "Origins of the Second United Front," 40-42.

29. RSOC (1968), notes, 426; RSOC , 147. In "private conversation" with Snow in 1936, "Mao blamed Russian Comintern agents for the disasters suffered by the Communist party during the counter-revolution in 1927." JTTB , 168-169; Diaries, Book 15, July 15, 1936; RSOC , 123-132, 139. Some of the diary quotations I have cited are also in RSOC (1968), notes, 444-445.

30. NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 22-23, including text of ES letter to "Dear Nym," August 3, 1936.

31. Ibid., 24; Diaries, Book 12, July 9, 1936.

32. NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 29-35; Daily Herald (London), October 8, 1936, NWC; RSOC , 396-397.

33. RSOC , 237-242, 248-252; Diaries, Book 17, September 10, 1936. As for the Shanghai engineer's complaint, Snow had this a bit differently in his diary: The man felt "depressed" at "the lack of effort to improve people's minds, but concentrate rather on too much singing'' (ibid., September 20, 1936).

34. RSOC , 255-261, 280-294; Diaries, Book 17, September 17, August 27, 1936. However, desertions represented something of a problem for the Red Army. As explained to Snow, "home-sickness" among new peasant recruits was the prime factor. Fearing they would never get back home again, they "sometimes ask for leave but often take up their blanket and bowl and start over the narrow trails on foot." Brought back, they were subjected to intensive doses of "education," to understand that they had committed a crime under Red Army military law. More serious problems stemmed from infiltrators in border partisan units from the gentry-financed min tuan —the ubiquitous and always dangerous anti-Red local armed elements (Diaries, Book 17, September 17, 1936).

35. RSOC , 304-310; Diaries, Book 17, September 9, 17, 1936; Book 19, October 5, 1936.

36. RSOC , 262-279; Diaries, Book 16, August 16-21, 1936; Preface, RSOC (New York: Modern Library, Random House, 1944), ix. Peng Dehuai's "open and forthright" qualities led him courageously to criticize Mao's Great Leap Forward policies of 1958-59, for their disastrous effect on the peasantry. It resulted in his political demise and ouster as minister of defense ( The Case of Peng Teh-huai, 1959-1968 [Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968]).

37. Garver, "Origins of the Second United Front," 56-57; Jerome Ch'en, "The Communist Movement 1927-1937," in The Nationalist Era in China, 1927-1949 , Lloyd E. Eastman, Jerome Ch'en, Suzanne Pepper, and Lyman P. Van Slyke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 112. See also Petrov, "The Soviets and World Communism," 20.

38. Diaries, Book 18, September 23, 1936. Mao's last statement quoted above from his diary entry did not appear in the text of the interview published in CWR , November 21, 1936, 420-421, or in Snow's summation of the interview in RSOC , 387-389.

39. Diaries, Book 18, September 23, 1936; RSOC , 388-389. Only the final sentence of Mao's reply appeared in RSOC .

40. Diaries, Book 19, September 26, 1936.

41. RSOC , 373, 389-390; Diaries, Book 17, September 3, 1936.

42. Interview with Gao Liang (then a Xinhua correspondent who sat with Snow on the trip), Beijing, May 28, 1987.

43. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 173, 175; NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 51. According to Li Min, a Yanjing student friend who was at the Snow home when Ed returned, he also carried materials hidden in his jacket lining (interview with Li Min, Beijing, May 21, 1987).

44. ES, "On Publication of Chou En-lai Interview and Other China Material" (December 4, 1960), AESP, Beijing University. This four-page typescript memorandum, written at his home in Switzerland, was sent on by Snow to Miss Strong in Beijing (ES to Strong, December 11, 1960, ALSP).

1. JTTB , 183; NW, ''Notes on Sian Incident," 52-53.

2. ES, "Interviews with Mao Tse-tung, Communist Leader," CWR , November 14 and 21, 1936, 377-379, 420-421; L. M. MacBride to ES, December 15, 1936; ES to L. M. MacBride, February 7, 1937, ESP in ESC; Life , January 25 and February 1, 1937, 9-13, 44-49; Autobiographical Note (1944), 4; Asia 37 (February, July, August, September, October, November 1937); ES, "I Went to Red China," SEP , November 6, 1937, 9-10, 98, 100-103; a mix-up over publication rights prevented his articles from appearing in the New York Sun ( JTTB , 191).

3. ES to Nelson T. Johnson, November 13, 1936, Nelson T. Johnson to ES, November 14, 1936, NTJP. Mao, Johnson remarked, "talks very much like a lot of other Chinese leaders that I have met." For the Snow-Roosevelt relationship, see chapter 14. On the foreign service officers, see E. J. Kahn, The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them (New York: Viking Press, 1935); and Joseph W. Esherick, ed., Lost Chance in China: The World War II Despatches of John S. Service (New York: Random House, 1974).

4. RSOC , 407; Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 662-663; Tien-wei Wu, The Sian Incident: A Pivotal Point in Modern Chinese History (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1976), 101-105.

5. RSOC , 405-429; RNORC , 1-2; James P. Harrison, The Long March to Pawer: A History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-1972 (New York: Praeger, 1972), 268-270; Wu, Sian Incident , 135-153.

6. Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 101, 103, 108-116. Bertram's first book ( First Act in China, The Story of the Sian Mutiny [New York: Viking, 1938]) was a valuable on-the-spot account of the entire Xi'an affair.

7. Interview with HFS, October 14, 1987; HFS to Randall Gould, January 26, 1937, NWC; ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, NTJP. Text: of Snow's January 21, 1937, talk, "The Reds and the Northwest," Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury , February 5, 1937, and in typescript, NWC.

8. ES, "Reds and the Northwest."

9. Izvestia , December 14, 1936. The Pravda and Izvestia editorials were carried in English translation by Tass News Service , to which the Snows subscribed. in Peking; texts cited in NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 72-74, 79.

10. RNORC , 1-4; NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 77; RSOC , 410.

11. RNORC , 1-4; Diaries, Book 20, November 2, 1937; ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, NTJP. In RNORC Snow calls Madame Sun "X".

12. Zhao Rongsheng, "Snow Led Us to Yan'an," in China Remembers Edgar Snow , ed. Wang Xing (Beijing: China Publications Centre, 1982), 67-69; interview with Zhao Rongsheng, Beijing, May 21, 1987.

13. Wang Fushi, "A Foreign Journalist's Impressions of the Northwest—a 'Scoop' Edition of Snow's RSOC in Chinese" (paper prepared for Edgar Snow symposium, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia, summer 1985); interview with Wang Fushi, Beijing, May 19, 1987; RCT , 5. Wang's translation (in original, "Wai Guo Ji Zhe Xi Bei Yin Xiang Ji") included a first-hand account of the Long March by a party leader, Chen Yun (under the pseudonym Lian Chen) and Mao's famous poem on the Long March.

14. Hu Youzi, "An Adventurous but Successful Experiment," in In Commemoration of Edgar Snow , ed. Liu Liqun (Beijing: Xinhua Press, 1982), 161-164; Zhang Xiaoding, "Si-nuo yu Xixing Man Ji " (Snow and Journey to the West ), Chang Cheng (Great wall) (Beijing) I (1980): 184-191; Zhang Xiaoding, "Shan yao shijie &`Hong Xing'" (The ''Red Star" shines over the world), Bulletin of the China Society of Library Science (Beijing) 1 (1980): 84-89; Zhang Xiaoding, ''How `Red Star Over China' Circulated in China" (paper for symposium on fiftieth anniversary of RSOC , Beijing, June 1988); interview with Zhang Xiaoding, Beijing, June 24, 1988.

15. HFS, My China Years , 220-227; NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 181; J. Spencer Kennard to ES, January 3, 1940, ES to Hilda Selwyn-Clarke, March 5, 1940, ESP in ESC; Hubert Liang to HFS (1974), cited in My China Years , 226; the journal was "a brief flash of lightning on a dark horizon," HFS added. Full run of democracy , 3-S Society files, Beijing.

16. ES to Nelson T. Johnson, February 6, 1937, ES to T. T. Li, February 4., 1937, NTJP.

17. Zhang Keming, "Guomindang Zhengfu dui Si-nuo zhu-zuo de cha-jin" (Regarding the banning of Snow's works by the Kuomintang government), She-hui Ke-xue (Social sciences) 1 (1985): 99-100 (Zhang's article in this journal from Fudan University, Shanghai, quotes a "secret" August 1941 order by Chiang Kai-shek, and earlier directives from Kuomintang files); Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers , 1944 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), 364-367. After the war, in 1945, Snow was denied an entry visa (as correspondent for the Post ) by the Chinese government ( CWR , December 22, 1945).

18. ES to John Leaning, April 7, 1961, ESP in ESC; HFS, My China Years , 224-225, 234; interview with HFS, October 14, 1987.

19. NW, "Notes on Sian Incident," 54; HFS, My China Tears , 202-203; An Wei, " Red Star Over China and Helen Foster Snow'' (paper for symposium on RSOC , Beijing, June 1988).

20. Nym Wales and Kim San, Song of Ariran: A Korean Communist in the Chinese Revolution (New York: John Day, 1941); HFS, My China Years , 203; HFS, "A Moment of Truth, Which Ruined `My Own Work,'" HFS files; Nym Wales, "My Yenan Notebooks" (1961), NWC, 19 (mimeographed); HFS to Zhang Qi, China Literary Foundation, Beijing, November 7, 1991, HFS files.

21. Interview with HFS, October 14, 1987; NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 1-2; ES to HFS, July 22, 1938, HFS files (Snow did urge her to go over the manuscript and "improve its style and diction—which is very rough in spots, as you know"); HFS to ES, April 24., 1937, NWC.

22. HFS to ES, April 25, 26, 27, 1937; NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 2-4, 7-17; "F." (Kempton Fitch) to ES, May 1, 1937, NWC.

23. HFS, My China Years , 234-279; NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 7-19; George Hatem to ES, December 3, 1936, Agnes Smedley to ES, April 19, 1937, ESP in ESC. The books resulting from HFS's Yan'an stay: Inside Red China (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1939); Song of Ariran; The Chinese Labor Movement (New York: John Day, 1945); Red Dust (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1952).

24. The text of Snow's account of this incident, translated from a 1954 Japanese version, is given in Janice R. MacKinnon and Stephen R. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 188-192. The complete original English typescript of Snow's account is contained in the JKFP at Harvard. Snow titled it, "The Last American Missionary to China or the Divorce of Mao Tse-tung." Helen Snow had no knowledge of all this at the time, but she did take down Lily Wu's autobiography (HFS, The Chinese Communists: Sketches and Autobiographies of the Old Guard [Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1972], 250-261). According to HFS, Smedley told her in Yan'an that she (Smedley) had been ordered by Mao to leave as soon as possible (ibid., 254). Smedley acknowledged that she "acquired a very bad reputation among the women of Yenan" because of her dance activities (Agnes Smedley, Battle Hymn of China [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943], 170-171).

25. ES, "The Last American Missionary to China," JKFP; Smedley, Battle Hymn of China , 171-172; MacKinnon and MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 86.

26. James Bertram, review of My China Tears , by HFS, in The Dominion (Wellington, New Zealand), March 15, 1986; ES to HFS, May 24., June 13 and 23, 1937, HFS to ES, June 23, September 6, 1937, NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 173.

27. ES to HFS, June 9, 1937, HFS to ES, June 18, 1937, ES to HFS, July 26, 1937, HFS to ES, June 23, 1937, NWC; Gregor Benton, "'Second Wang Ming Line,'" CQ 61 (March 1975): 86-87; JTTB , 186-187. Wang was accused of "ca-pitulationism in united front work" and of ''exaggerating" the role played by the big cities and KMT troops (Benton, 86, and 86 n.24, re Zhou Enlai's "enthusiasm for the united front'').

28. ES to HFS, July 26, 1937, NWC; ES, "I Went to Red China," 10, 98.

29. ES to HFS, July 26, 1937; Diaries, Book 20, August 2, 1937.

30. "I Went to Red China," 101-102. The Nationalists, Snow noted, believed oppositely that the Reds "would lose their identity in Kuomintang nationalism." With Chiang now at an all-rime peak as national leader, he "believes he has nothing to fear from the National Communists who now offer the masses little more than he does" (ibid., 103). This was another indirect Snow barb at the "capitulationist" CCP line.

31. Diaries, Book 20, July 29, 30, 1937. In Battle for Asia , or BFA (New York: Random House, 1941), completed after more than three years of the China war, Snow dealt much more charitably with General Song (viewing him now as a wily fox who had managed to stall off the Japanese in northern China for a number of years) and put a positive spin on the massacre Songs troops suffered on the outskirts of Peking before the city's surrender. These sacrifices "had not been entirely futile," Snow wrote; they had stiffened "the maturing will of the nation, and made further appeasement by Nanking out of the question" ( BFA , 21).

32. Snow's version of this incident (in BFA , 23; and JTTB , 189, in which he perhaps embellished Deng's amah role-playing ["She dropped her jaw in an idiotic grin at the sullen Japanese"]) was later denied by Deng, who claimed Snow "remembered it wrong" (interview with Lois Wheeler Snow, June 5, 1987). Bertram confirms Snow's story. "The fact was that she did travel with us, on the assumption that Ed or I would claim her as our personal amah ," he wrote in his memoir, Capes of China Slide Away (126).

33. Diaries, Book 20, September 1, an undated entry (probably September 11, 1937).

34. Diaries, Book 20, September 22, 1937; NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 176.

35. Diaries, Book 20, September 24-October 5, 1937, Book 21, December 31, 1937; ES to Francis Williams ( Daily Herald ), October 27, 1937, ESP in ESC; NW, "My Yenan Notebooks," 176-177; HFS, My China Years , 297-299.

1. ES to HFS, May 22, July 26, 1937, NWC.

2. ES to father, September 8, 1937, January 16, 1938, MP in ESC.

3. Coif, "A Matter of Timing," Publisher's Weekly , February 12, 1938, 838-839; Cerf, "News from Random House," October 22, 1937, ESC; JTTB , 191; Harold R. Isaacs, Images of Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 163 n.81; NW, "Notes on Sian Incident,'' 52; Diaries, Book 27, June 22, 1939; Richard O'Connor, Heywood Broun: A Biography (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1975), 205-224. "Now [June 1939] Broun thinks he made a mistake," Watts further told Snow (Diaries, ibid.). Looking back on RSOC in the late 1960s, Cerf was somewhat discomfited to think of the enthusiasm originally felt for the Red leaders who had since become America's bitter enemies (''The Reminiscences of Bennett Cerf" [Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1971], 373; interviews recorded in 1967 and 1968). According to Lois Snow, the Modern Library edition of RSOC was quietly withdrawn in the 1950s (Lois Snow to author, September 12, 1988 ). "It is a pity you didn't keep RSOC in the ML [Modern Library] as papa wanted you to do," Snow later gently chided Cerf (ES to Bennett Cerf, September 11, 1961, RHP).

4. Diaries, Book 21, November 13, 1937.

5. Isaacs, Images of Asia , 163 n.71, 155; Harry Price to ES and HFS, May 28, 1938, NWC; JTTB , 253-258; Hubert S. Liang, "Edgar Snow—The Man and His Work" (lecture at Nanjing University, May 1979, received from Florence Yu Liang; Ickes made his remarks to Liang in Washington in 1939); Diaries, Book 21, February 1938.

6. Henriette Herz to ES, November 12, 1937, ESP in ESC. While Herz (through whom the request was made) thought it "nonsense," she was nevertheless in a way "very pleased to hear of it, because we have advanced tremendously to see a commercial firm anxious to use a picture of two Soviet Chinese!" The photo appeared in ES, "The Long March," Asia 37 (November 1937): 746.

7. Daily Herald , October 11, 1937; New York Herald-Tribune , January 2, 1938; Pearl Buck's review in Asia 38 (March 1938): 202-203; Diaries, Book 26, November 26, 1938. On Evans Carlson, see JTTB , 196-197; and Michael Blankfort, The Big Yankee: The Life of Carlson of the Raiders (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 188-308. Though Carlson acted as one of President Roosevelt's confidants, sending reports from abroad directly to the president through his secretary, Margarite Le Hand, Carlson's unorthodox views and methods would earn him a "Red" sobriquet among the Marine Corps brass.

8. Henry Seidel Canby, "Books of the Book-of-the-Month Club," January 1938. Red Star was among "other books" recommended for the month. R. L. Duffus review, in New York Times , January 9, 1938; Asia 38 (March 1938): 202; Shewmaker ( Americans and Chinese Communists , 238-266) takes up the "agrarian reformers" thesis and refutes allegations of Snow's role in propagating it.

9. John Gunther, Inside Asia (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1939), 215; Diaries, Book 21, April 18, 1938.

10. Freda Utley, review, in New Statesman and Nation (London), November 6, 1937; Showmaker, Americans and Chinese Communists , 242-243. For one of Utley's later anti-Snow tirades, see "Red Star over Independence Square: The Strange Case of Edgar Snow and the Saturday Evening Post," Plain Talk , September 1947, 9-20.

11. Diaries, Book 21, January 5, 1938; M. G. [Max Granich], review, in China Today , December 1938, 18; ES, Geroicheskii narod Kitaya (Heroic people of China) (Moscow: C. K. VLKSM-Molodaya Gvardiya, 1938), 108 pages. The Random House RSOC had 450 pages of text.

12. Harry Price to ES and HFS, May 28, 1938.

13. V. J. Jerome and Li Chuan, "Edgar Snow's `Red Star Over China,'" The Communist (New York), May 1938, 457.

14. RSOC , 374-379, 440; Diaries, Book 22, June 26, 1938; JTTB , 385-386.

15. John McDermott, "Autobiographical interviews with Max Granich," Grace and Max Granich Papers, 407, 142-147. Granich, who edited China Today from 1938 to its demise after Pearl Harbor, also worked during that period as Earl Browder's chauffeur. Once as he drove the party leaders imperious Russian-born wife, Irena, down the West Side highway from their Yonkers home, she told Granich it would be called "Browder Road" after the Communist takeover (ibid., 7).

16. Earl Browder, "The American Communist Party in the Thirties," in The Thirties , ed. Rita James Simon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967), 247; Laurence Hearn (Philip Jaffe), review of RSOC ; in China Today , April 1938, 17-18. Jaffe's later recollections of his relationship to Snow and to RSOC are in his unpublished memoir, "Odyssey," Philip J. Jaffe Papers, 72-74. The limited correspondence between the two men (from 1937-1942) in these papers contains no letters from 1938 nor any reference to RSOC . Snow, in a letter to his agent in New York in which he expressed his irritation at the apparent disclosure of his intended RSOC additions and revisions to ''Those (CP) people," referred to a note he had earlier asked Herz to forward to Jaffe. She replied (testily denying any role in the leakage) that on receipt of Ed's note, Jaffe went around "foaming at the mouth." ES to Henriette Herz, October 2, 1938, Henriette Herz to ES, October 25, 1938, ESP in ESC. See Harold R. Isaacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (London: Secker and Warburg, 1938), 437 n., for criticism of RSOC (this note was deleted from later editions of the book). On the Trotskyist review-of RSOC and Snow's rebuttal, in CWR , March 26, 1938, 110-112, May 7, 1938, 271-272. The reviewer (Harry Paxton Howard), Snow noted in his reply, "so curiously interweaves his own opinions credited to me, that I fear many people: may find it difficult to distinguish one from the other.''

17. Diaries, Book 24, July 20, 1938.

18. Diaries, Book 21, December 19, 1937; interview with Trudy Rosenberg: (widow of Shippe), Beijing, May 25, 1987; U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, Institute of Pacific Relations Hearings (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, 1952), 47; "'Asiaticus' Criticizes `Red Star Over China,'" "Edgar Snow Replies," '''Asiaticus' Holds His Ground," Pacific Affairs II (March 1938): 237-252.

19. RSOC , 447-448. At the same time, Snow also put a positive spin on the peaceful resolution and results of the Xi'an Incident, giving credit to the Communists, the Young Marshal, and the Generalissimo himself, concluding that "China has won, Japan has lost" (435).

20. Heinz Shippe to ES, February 27, 1938, ESP in ESC; interview with HFS, October 10, 1988; Diaries, Book 21, December 31, 1937; "Edgar Snow Replies," Pacific Affairs , March 1938, 247.

21. Diaries, Book 23, July 23, 1938; "The Question of Independence and Initiative Within the United Front" (November 5, 1938), Selected Works of Mao Tsetung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), 2:213-217. This concluding speech of the sixth plenary session of the party's central committee was basically Mao's counterattack against the Moscow-oriented united front line of Wang Ming. "In essence," a note accompanying the text commented, "what was involved was proletarian leadership in the united front" (213).

22. Diaries, Book 23, July 20, 1938. Shippe had close contacts with the Communist New Fourth Army, then operating under internationalist-influenced leadership in the lower Yangtze Valley near Shanghai. He was gathering material for a book on Communist guerrilla operations. Rather strangely he happened to be with a trait of the Maoist Eighth-Route Army in Shandong when he was killed in a Japanese ambush in 1941 (Asiaticus [Shippe] file [1938-1941], IPRP, University of British Columbia; interview with Trudy Rosenberg, Beijing, May 25, 1987). Excerpts from Snow's diary entries on Bo Gu and Shippe are in RNORC , 20-23.

23. ES to Earl Browder, March 20, 1938, ESP in ESC.

24. RSOC , rev. ed. (New York: Random House, 1938). The new part thirteen ("Shadows on the Rising Sun") was a six-chapter section of over fifty pages. It was replaced in the 1944 Modern Library edition by a considerably shorter epilogue Snow wrote for that edition.

25. R. Baker, "The New `Red Star Over China,'" Daily Worker (New York), October 3, 1938; China Today , December 1938, 18.

26. RSOC , 107-108. These remarks remained unchanged in Snow's revised edition.

27. ES, "Will Tito's Heretics Halt Russia?" SEP , December 18, 1948, 109; ES, "Will China Become a Russian Satellite?" SEP , April 9, 1949, 148, 150.

28. Jerome and Li, "Edgar Snow's `Red Star Over China,'" 44-5-4-57. The authors stressed, "The Soviets and the Red Army have become part of the Chinese Republic and the National Revolutionary Army" (4-53); Diaries, Book 25, August 29, 1938. The wartime diary of a Russian Comintern emissary to Yan'an, published posthumously and in abridged form by Moscow in the 1970s, noted in a June 1942 entry that Mao "pursues a policy that runs counter to the line and principles of the Comintern" regarding the anti-Japanese national front (Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan: 1942-1945 [New York: Doubleday, 1075], 31-32). Vladimirov served as a liaison officer of the Comintern with the central committee of the CCP from 1942 to 1945. He "doubled" as (or used the cover of) a Tass correspondent. The Doubleday volume was edited from a translation supplied by the Novosti Press Agency publishing house in Moscow. As the publishers oh-serve, this book should be read "as both a historical and contemporary document."

29. Twenty-five thousand copies of Heroic People of China were printed. As for Snow, the introduction (by "A. Lin") noted that though his experience in the Soviet regions of China "opened his eyes to many things, he was unable to overcome his petty-bourgeois philistinism and his narrow-mindedness, reflected in many places in his book" (5-6). The lengthy introduction makes only a single cursory reference to Mao, in listing the names of those whose histories were included in the volume.

30. The reports on and review of Red Star I have cited appeared in Knizhnye Novosti (Book news) 12, no. 17-18 (1938). I am indebted to Grant Harris, senior reference librarian, Library of Congress, and Eugene Beshankovsky, Slavic bibliographer, Lehman Library, Columbia University, for information on both the publication history and the reviews of Red Star in the Soviet media. I am also indebted to the staff of the Labour Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow, for a list of all Snow writings translated into Russian. The biographical accounts of the Chinese Red leaders included in the Soviet edition of RSOC also appeared in the literary journal, Novyi Mir no. 1 (1938): 250-283. Four wartime pieces by Snow were included in a volume called Doroga na Smolyensk (Road to Smolensk) (Moscow, 1985).

31. Diaries, Book 21, February 2, 1938; Book 40, April 27, 1941, December 24, 1942, October 17, 1942, March 20, 1943. In his 1957 Harvard monograph, however, Snow showed some familiarity with the Russian version published "without my knowledge, in which all reference to Sian, the Comintern, Russia, and any and all `controversial' matters was omitted" ( RNORC , 3). In the preface to the Modem Library edition of RSOC , Snow elaborated on his brief diary entry on the Smolensk partisan fighter. He referred to three girls he spoke to from a guerrilla unit who told him, "'We got some ideas from a book called Red Star Over China ,' they said—not knowing who I was" (ix). Of course, they could not have used that title in Russian (unless briefed), though. it may have been so translated to Snow.

32. Israel Epstein, "Fooling the People," China Monthly Review (Shanghai), January 1952, 38-39. Bill Powell continued to publish the Review , finally as a monthly, until its demise in 1953. Epstein has had a notable China journalistic and writing career as a lifelong supporter of the CCP. He had been and, as the political tides shifted, would again be a Snow friend and admirer. Snow reacted acidly to Epstein's attack and referred to the latter's "reverent and devout" adherence to the party line (ES to Mildred, February 18, 1952, ESP in ESC).

33. Zhang Xiaoding, "The 'Red Star' shines over the world," 84. Bibliographical information on RSOC in China from 1949 on, received from the Museum of the Chinese Revolution, and interviews with Zhang Xiaoding and Dong Leshan, Beijing, June 1987 (Zhang has written extensively on the publishing history of RSOC , and Dong did the new translation for the first publicly available Chinese edition in 1979). ES, "Notes on meeting with Mao Tse-tung" (Beijing, October 22, 1960), ESP in ESC.

34. RCT , 736, 4-7; interview with Dong Leshan, Beijing, June 1, 1987. Dong, who is a member of the Institute of American Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, noted that only "some copies" of the 1960 edition were distributed internally.

35. Interview with Dong Leshan, June 1, 1987; according to him, there were only a few "minor deletions" from the English text.

36. ES to Theodore Herman, September 2, 1971, Herman file, ESC; E. Pashchenko, "Edgar Snow and the 'China Card,'" Far Eastern Affairs (Moscow) 1 (1981): 160.

37. Vaclav Oplustil, The Epicenter of Disaster , trans. Ivo Dvorak (Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1980), 38.

38. The discussion of the 1970s context is based on the following Soviet sources: A. S. Titov, "O polititcheskikh kontaktakh Mao Tsze-duna s Edgarom Snow'' (Political contacts of Mao Zedong with Edgar Snow), Problemy Dalnego Vostoka (Problems of the Far East [Moscow]) 2 (1972): 119-127; L. A. Bereznyi, "Zarozhdenie promaoiskoy kontseptsii kitaiskoy revolutsii v amerikanskoy istoriografii" (Emergence of the pro-Maoist conception of the Chinese revolution in U.S. historiography), Istoriografia i istochnikovedenie istorii stran Asii i Afriki (Historiography and bibliography of history of countries of Asia and Africa), part 4, Leningrad State University, 1975, 12-23. Copies of these articles received from State Library of Foreign Literature, Moscow.

39. Ibid.; "Notes of Chairman Mao's Talk with Edgar Snow" (December 18, 1970), 15.

40. See Robert P. Newman's major study, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

41. RSOC , 140; HFS, "Red Star Over China and Me" (paper submitted to symposium on RSOC , Beijing, June 1988).

1. Diaries, Book 21, January 1938; BFA , 84-91.

2. BFA , 79, 86.

3. Rewi Alley to Edward C. Carter, March 7, 1939, IPRP; ES to James Bertram, November 15, 1938, ESP in ESC.

4. Preface to Nym Wales, China Build for Democracy (Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1940).

5. Nym Wales, "Notes on the Beginnings of the Industrial Cooperatives in China" (1961), NWC, 1 (mimeographed). ES, BFA , 97; Rewi Alley, "Two Years of Indusco," cited in NW, "Notes on CIC," 4; and in Alley, At 90 , 104. Snow sought at the last moment to heighten his reference in BFA to Helen's seminal role in the Indusco movement, by inserting the phrase, "It was Nym Wales who first conceived the idea of workers' cooperatives,'' but the book was already in print (Henriette Herz to Belle Becker [Random House], undated, late January 1941, RHP). Herz quoted from a letter she had received from Snow.

6. NW, "Notes on CIC," 4; Alley, At 90 , 105; Nym Wales, China Builds for Democracy (New York: Modem Age Books, 1941), vi, 32 (hereafter CBFD); BFA , 97.

7 . Diaries, Book 25, August 23 and 27, 1938; ES to J. B. Powell, August 28, 1938, ESP in ESC.

8. Diaries, Book 22, July 7, 1938; JTTB , 199.

9. JTTB , 199-202; Alley, At 90 , 106-107; Douglas R. Reynolds, "The Chinese Industrial Cooperative Movement and the Political Polarization of Wartime China, 1938-1945" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1975), 116.

10. JTTB , 42; CBFD , 43-44; Alley, At 90 , 105-109; ES to J. B. Powell, August 28, 1938, ES to Bertram, November 15, 1938, ESP in ESC.

11. Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 142. On the 1938 Hankou scene, which attracted mostly from the left an international coterie of journalists, writers, and political figures, Stephen R. MacKinnon, "Agnes Smedley's Hankow, 1938" (paper for Snow symposium, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia, July 1985); Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 37-47.

12. Victoria W. Bailie, Bailie's Activities in China (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1964), 100, 171, 174; NW, "Notes on CIC," 49.

13. Bailie's Activities in China , 99-100, 188, 226; Joseph Bailie to Mr. Liebold (Ford Company), January 22, 1923, Henry Ford office correspondence, Henry Ford Museum.

14. Bailie's Activities in China , 485, 494, 511; CBFD , 4-5-50; Alley letter cited in NW, "Notes on CIC," 49-50.

15. CBFD , 45-49, 17 (note); Bailie's Activities in China , 485-486.

16. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 179, 213-220; ES, "China's New Industrial Army," Left News (London), July 1939, 1346; JTTB , 202, 214; CBFD , 1, 129-134. In order to meet production quotas and schedules for the army blanket program, various exploitative practices and other deviations from cooperative principles crept into the work. Thus despite the money and prestige the blanket proj ect brought CIC, "it distorted the real size and character of the grass roots industrial cooperative movement'' (Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 218-220).

17. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 204-205; ES, "China's New Industrial Army," 1346; CBFD , 199, and appendix 2, 266-279, for text of the CIC constitution.

18. BFA , 230; Jawaharlal Nehru, foreword to CBFD (Allahabad, 1942), 5-9. Rewi Alley, defending both CIC and himself during the xenophobic Cultural Revolution in 1968, asserted that the appeal of Gung Ho to "the big names" in the U.S. and Britain had been "direct encouragement [to the KMT] not to give in" to the Japanese ("Some Notes on Gung Ho," Beijing, June 17, 1968, RAP in ESC).

19. JTTB , 203-208; HFS to Ida Pruitt, January 13, 1939, Indusco files; Diaries, Book 27, June 23, 1939.

20. JTTB , 212-219; Diaries, Book 27, July 7, II, 1939; Reynolds, "CIC Move-merit," 133-134. Madame Chiang Kai-shek noted her sister's special interest in CIC, and that she had "financially helped some of the Mining Co-operatives and is now planning to enlist co-operative zeal and competency in the development of the ramie fibre [China linen] industry" (Madame Chiang to Polly Babcock, April 10, 1940, NWC).

21. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 123-126; ES to James Bertram, March 1, 1939, ESP in ESC; CBFD , 44; Boorman, ed., Biographical Dictionary , 2:263-269.

22. Reported by Snow in Diaries, Book 27, May 7, 1939; Pruitt replied, "It has no color." On Alley's suggestions for the CIC board of directors, Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 126, citing a 1955 Alley book, Yo Banfa !

23. Alley, At 90 , 107-108. Bo Gu, a leader of the internationalist wing of the party, told Alley that "the main task of Gung Ho had to be to help keep Chiang Kai-shek in the war" (ibid., 108).

24. Reynolds notes: "As a political and economic `middle way,' however, CIC failed. CIC was not by itself unified or powerful enough as an organization, nor by itself persuasive enough as an idea, to bind together two hostile forces, the controlling KMT right-wing and the Communists, whose social and political ideologies and whose political ambitions were in the long run fundamentally opposed—even though the cooperatives received personal endorsements from both Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung" ("CIC Movement," 182).

25. "The Three Soong Sisters" (typescript dated November 2, 1940, evidently written for Who magazine), HFS files; JTTB , 213. Even when Snow "finally decided in 1941, to report some of the facts about the Kungs' operations," he in the end killed the story, chiefly because he "thought it might ruin Indusco'' ( JTTB , 218).

26. ES, "China's Fighting Generalissimo," Foreign Affairs , 16 (July 1938): 612-625; Diaries, Book 23, July 12, 1938, Book 25, August 1, 1938; ES, "The Sun Also Sets," SEP , June 14, 1938, 30; ES, "The Generalissimo," Asia 40 (December 1940): 64-6-648 (the Asia article was virtually identical to the chapter on Chiang in BFA , 115-119); ES, "The Dragon Licks His Wounds," SEP , April 13, 1940, 9-11, 155, 157-158, 160; Hollington K. Tong to ES, March 19, 1940, ESP in ESC. (Tong had read an advance copy of the April article.) At the beginning of 1940, a time when KMT-CCP tensions had appeared more heated, Snow had written more pessimistically on united front prospects: see ''China's Precarious Unity," New Republic , January 8, 1940, 44-45. Snow's more sharply leftist pieces tended then to appear in smaller-circulation liberal journals such as Asia and New Republic .

27. ES to Bertram, November 15, 1938; Diaries, Book 27, July 13 and 14, 1939.

28. ES to Bertram, November 15, 1938; ES to Harry Price, November 23, 1939, NWC; ES to Richard Walsh, April 2, 1940, ESP in ESC.

29. Diaries, Book 30, September 23, 1939; ES to Mao, September 30, 1939, ESP in ESC; "Recommendations to the International Committee" (October 21, 1939), NWC.

30. HFS to Epstein, February 24, 1939, Indusco files; Epstein to HFS and ES, March 15, 1939, ES to Epstein, February 25, 1939, March 29, 1939, ESP in ESC.

31. ES to Israel Epstein, March 29, 1939, ESP in ESC; ES to HFS, August 4., 1938, HFS files.

32. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 233-236; Alley to Ida Pruitt, August 17, 1940, Indusco files.

33. ES to "friend" (Madame sun), March 13, 1939, ESP in ESC; Alley, At 90 , 146-147; Hugh Deane, "How Americans Learned `Gung Ho'," U.S.-China Review , September-October 1985, in The Gung Ho Papers , comp. Helen Foster Snow and Margaret Stanley, ed. Dennis Gendell (Madison, Conn.: Bookmark Ltd. Press, 1985), A-1-A-4; Reynolds, "CIC Movernent," 236-237.

34. Alley, At 90 , 125-127; NW, "Notes on CIC," 64, 69-72. However, Snow was obliged to reassure one such overseas Chinese contributor that "There is no ground whatever for the suspicion that CIC `is not supported by the Central Government and that the purpose is only to help the 8th Route Army and a New Fourth Route Army'" (ES to Mr. Dee, June 17, 1939, ESP in ESC).

35. ES to Ida Pruitt, February 5, 1940, Indusco files; NW, "Notes on CIC," 64, 74-77; Mark Selden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 208-276; ES to Alley, December 3, 1941, Victor Hicks to Ida Pruitt, May 11, 1945, Victor Hicks to Lucy Pierce, May 14, 1945, Indusco files. Hicks, apparently working with CIC, reported on meetings with Chinese Communist representatives at the United Nations founding conference in San Francisco in the spring of 1945. Senior Communist parry leader Dong Biwu told Hicks that though the CIC "had been good at the beginning," it had come under the control of the Kuomintang and could do very little. Monies raised in America, he added, did not reach cooperatives in the field. According to an October 1939 report by the Yan'an CIC office, ''there are 137 productive cooperatives organized by the Construction Department of the Government, in addition to the 15 C.I.C.s ... these 137 cooperatives are to be incorporated into the C.I.C. units'' (report cited in NW, "Notes on CIC," 77). Snow's assertion in JTTB (233) that "By 1942 the Yenan depot came to be much the largest regional headquarters in the country, with as many workers as all the others in China combined," would seem to reflect the fact that, according to the above report, "the number of members in the government cooperatives reached 28,000" before becoming part of CIC. Peter Schran, in his study of the border region's wartime economy, notes that CIC membership "did not assume large proportions." Financial support from outside decreased sharply by 1941; during the 1939-1943 years, the border region government supplied 88 percent of the funds for the CIC branches there ( Guerrilla Economy: The Development of the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Border Region, 1937-1945 [Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976], 71 [tb. 4.1], 74 n.30, 278).

36. Diaries, Book 25, September 21, 22, 23, and 30, 1938; ES to HFS, August 28, 1938, HFS fries.

37. ES to Bertram, March 1, 1939, ESP in ESC; Robert Haas to Henriette Herz, February 3, 1939, RHP; HFS to Hubert Liang, December 15, 1938, NWC.

38. JTTB , 208-210, 257; Gung Ho Papers , B-17-B-20, for text of petition to Roosevelt (July 22, 1940); Nym Wales to President Roosevelt, February 24, 1942, Roosevelt Presidential Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library.

39. ES to Pruitt, May 1, 1940, ES to Pruitt, July 25, 1941, Indusco files.

40. HFS to Alley, November 9, continued December 5, 1938, Indusco files.

41. ES to Madame Sun, March 13, 1939; ES to Pruitt, June 2, 1940, Indusco files.

42. Rewi Alley, "Edgar Snow and Indusco" (February 15, 1982 commemorative remarks), Gung Ho Papers , B-24; ES to Ma Haide, October 31, 1939, ESP in ESC; HFS to Snows, September 17, 1939, MP in ESC; ES to father, March 6, 1940, ES to "Roy," July 25, 1940, ESP in ESC; ES to Richard Walsh, July 25, 1941, Indusco files.

43. ES to Pruitt, May 1, 1940, ES to Richard Walsh, July 25, 1941, Indusco files.

44. ES to Robert Haas, May 24, 1940, RHP; ES, "China's Blitzbuilder, Rewi Alley," SEP , February 8, 1941, 12-13, 36, 38, 40; Alley, At 90 , 159.

45. ES, "China's Blitzbuilder," 40.

46. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 40; Olga Lang Wittfogel to Ida Pruitt, February 18, 1942, Indusco files, cited in Reynolds, ibid., 52-53.

47. ES to Richard Walsh, July 25, 1941; Graham Peck, Two Kinds of Time (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 170; Alley to Ida Pruitt, June 4, 1939, cited in NW, "Notes on CIC," 48; Rewi Alley, probably to CIC in Hong Kong, October 6, 1940, Evans Carlson to ES and HFS, August 22, 1940, NWC.

48. Peck, Two Kinds of Time , 164.

49. Diaries, Book 27, July 13, 1939; Rewi Alley, probably to Helen Snow, June 18, 1939, NWC; ES to Ida Pruitt, February 26, 1939, HFS to ES, May 23, 1939, Indusco files; Chen Han-seng to HFS, August 7, 1940, NWC. "Just had a note from the elusive Alley, the Blind Alley, from Kweilin, Kwangsi, who still gives no indication that he has ever received a note of mine," Ed acerbically wrote Pruitt (January 3, 1939, Indusco files).

50. ES to Ida Pruitt, February 26, 1939, HFS to Ida Pruitt, January 23, 1939, HFS to Ida Pruitt, February 25, 1939, HFS to ES, May 23, 1939, ES to Rewi Alley, August 6, 1940, Indusco files; Alley, "Some Notes on Gung Ho," 2, 3; Peck, Two Kinds of Time , 176; CBFD , 18, 50.

51. JTTB , 203, 220; Diaries, Book 27, May 31, 1939; Rewi Alley to Lewis Smythe, April 25, 1943, Indusco files.

52. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 333-363; Alley, At 90 , 185-217. On the CIC situation after 1941, Reynolds writes: "The complex of developments with IC [international committee] further represents a partial realization of Ida Pruitt's fear of 1941: the fear that Indusco, Inc. and the International Committee might be overwhelmed by UCR [United China Relief] elements 'trying to control all China aid and get it into the hands of missionaries and of the Kuomintang,' with a resulting stultifying effect on the movement" ("CIC Movement,'' 362-363).

53. Reynolds, "CIC Movement," 4.30; Alley, At 90 , 213, 224-228; Alley, "The New Bailie School Project in Shandan" (Beijing, December 25, 1984), NWC; interview with Alley, Beijing, May 18, 1987. In "Some Notes on Gung Ho" (1968), Alley tried to counter revived "imperialist" charges against CIC and himself.

54. ES, "How Rural China Is Being Re-made," CWR , December 16, 1933, 98-101, December 30, 1933, 202-203; James C. Thomson, Jr., While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China, 1928-1937 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), 234-244.

55. Rewi Alley to ES, November 16, 1955, Rewi Alley to ES, September 1, 1968, RAP in ESC.

56. Alley, At 90 , 231-232; interview with Alley, Beijing, May 28, 1987.

57. ES to Rewi Alley, December 3, 1941, Indusco files.

1. Diaries, Book 26, October 18, 1938; JTTB , 209-210.

2. Diaries, Book 26, October 18, 1938.

3. Diaries, Book 26, October 27 and 30, 1938.

4. ES to Clark-Kerr, January n, 1939, ESP in ESC.

5. ES, "They Love Us, They Love Us Not," SEP , April 29, 1939, 25, 62, 64, 69.

6. ES, "Filipinos Change Their Minds," Asia 39 (September 1939): 4-93-496; "Japan's 'Peaceful' Invasion," Asia 39 (October I939): 590-592; "Filipinos Want a Guarantee," Asia 39 (November 1939): 659-661. The figures on Japanese imports from the U.S. are cited in Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 7.

7. Diaries, Book 27, July 18, 1939.

8. Diaries, Book 28, July 30, 1939; Peggy Durdin talk at Snow symposium, Beijing, June 1988; ES to father, December 18, 1939, ESP in ESC. Chungking description in Hugh Deane, Good Deeds & Gunboats (San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1990), 220-221.

9. Diaries, Book 28, August 3, 5, 1939.

10. Diaries, Book 29, August 20, 1939; ES to father, December 18, 1939.

11. Diaries, Book 28, September 21, 1939, Book 30, September 23, 1939; ES to father, December 18, 1939.

12. Mao interview, Diaries, Book 30, September 23, 1939. On Yan'an-era rectification and purges, see Dai Qing, Wang Shiwei and 'Wild Lilies': Rectification and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942-1944 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994).

13. Diaries, Book 30, September 23, 1939; ES, "Notes on Mao Interview," Hong Kong, November 4, 1939, ESP in ESC.

14. ES to Mao, September 30, 1939, ESP in ESC; ES to HFS, undated excerpts, ESP in ESC. Though the initial and final pages of this letter are missing, the context dearly shows it to be written to Helen, and in the same time-frame as the above letter to Mao.

15. BFA , 288-290, 294; Mark Selden, The Yenan Way in Revolutionary China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), 177-181.

16. BFA , 287-291.

17. Diaries, Book 27, June 24, 1939.

18. Stephen R. MacKinnon and Oris Friesen, China Reporting (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 154-155 (A. T. Steele comments); Harrison Forman, Report from Red China (New York: Henry Holt, 1945), 177.

19. John Service's memorandum of October 9, 1944, cited in Joseph W. Esherick, ed., Lost Chance in China (New York: Random House, 1974), 24-8-249. On the Dixie mission, Michael Schaller, The U.S . Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 177-200; David D. Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 1970).

20. Diaries, Book 26, January 2, 1939.

21. Ibid.; ES, "Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution," New Republic , April 10, 1971, 18-19.

22. ES to HFS (undated), ES to James Bertram, November 15, 1938, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 27, May 23, 1939, Book 30, October 9, 1939.

23. "The Dragon Licks His Wounds," 158.

24. BFA , 298; Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 160-161, 162-241.

25. HFS to Mildred and J. Edgar Snow, September 17, 1939, MP in ESC.

26. ES to Will Babcock, November 18, 1939, ES to HFS (undated), ESP in ESC; Polly Babcock Feustel to author, August 15, 1989.

27. ES to Will Babcock, November 18, 1939.

28. Ibid., ES to HFS (undated), ESP in ESC.

29. ES to Will Babcock, November 18, 1939, ES to James Bertram, December 13, 1939, ESP in ESC.

30. ES, "Will Stalin Sell Out China?," Foreign Affairs 18 (April 1940): 450-455.

31. Ibid., 457-4-63; ES to J.B. Powell, December 19, 1939, ESP in ESC.

32. "Will Stalin Sell Out China?" 461-463; Snow had not precluded the possibility of a "simple non-aggression pact" between Tokyo and Moscow, which would exclude "the question of either nation's policy toward the Chinese Government" (461).

33. Ibid., 4-63; ES to Hall, February 25, 1940, ESP in ESC.

34. ES, "Things That Could Happen," Asia 41 (January 1941): 7-16. The article was subtitled, "If America Enters the War? If America Stays Out?"

35. Ibid.

36. JTTB , 238-239; ES, "Chiang's Armies," Asia 40 (November 1940): 582; Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 177; Diaries, Book 32, January 1, 1941, for ES confirming notes on the Bertram get-together; New York Herald-Tribune , December 26, 1940.

37. Diaries, Book 26, November 11, 1940; JTTB , 240.

38. Diaries, Book 32, November 16, 20-26, 1940.

39. Diaries, Book 32, November 29, December 3, 1940, June 26, 1941; JTTB , 235-236; ES, "Reds Fought Off Chiang Troops 9 Days in China," New York Herald-Tribune , January 22, 1941. Snow's dispatch had a January 21, Hong Kong dateline, though he of course had left there two weeks earlier. An addendum to Snow's report noted that "The official account given out by Chiang's military council at Chungking on Jan. 17 differs in important respects from the account received from Mr. Snow." For a recent in-depth scholarly account of the incident, see Gregor Benton, "The South Anhui [New Fourth Army] Incident, January 1941" (paper for the International Symposium on the History of the Chinese Anti-Japanese Bases during World War II, Tianjin, Nankai University, August 1984).

40. ES to Mr. Chen, January 4, 1964, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 32, December 7, 20, 25, 1940, January I, 1941.

41. Diaries, Book 32, December 25, 1940, January 1, 1941. To a friend who knew the Snows well after the couple's return to the States, Ed's personality "was just the opposite of Peg's" (interview with Susan B. Anthony, II, June 10, 1989).

42. James Bertram, In the Shadow of a War (London: Victor Gollancz, 1947), 82, for description of Bertram's New Year meeting with Snow; James Bertram to author, July 30, 1989; Hamilton, Edgar Snow , 123; interview with Polly Babcock Feustel, July 22, 1989; interview With HFS, October 14, 1987; Polly Babcock to HFS, January 13, 1941, NWC.

43. ES diary page, dated January 13 (1941), HFS files; interview with HFS, October 14, 1987; ES to "Tony," July 11, 1968, ESP in ESC.

44. Diaries, Book 33, January 13, 17, 23, 1941.

45. Diaries, Book 32, March 2, 18, 1941; JTTB , 241.

46. Interview with John Snow, November 22, 1988; HFS to ES, July 7, 1939; interview with HFS, October 14, 1987; HFS, "Four Years," HFS files.

47. Diaries, Book 33, January 16, 1941; ES to HFS, October 14, 1946, HFS files. On their wartime separation, "He (Ed) has been away from home ... most of the time since 1941, and I have lived alone in the house in Connecticut nearly all the time he was away," Helen wrote her lawyer in 1946 (HFS to "Dear Sir" [Mr. Rothenberg], December 11, 1946, HFS files).

1. JTTB , 24-6-247. Snow's Journey account of the Dreiser episode may have benefited from hindsight. His diary entry (Diaries, Book 33, February 4, 1941), was noncommital on Dreiser's statements but more interested in the author's great concern and sympathy for China's cause.

2. Carl W. McCardle, "Edgar Snow, Back from Orient, Thinks We'll Fight Japan Soon," Philadelphia Evening Bulletin , June 4, 1941; ES to Bennett Cerf, December 10, 1941, RHP.

3. Diaries, Book 32, February 23, 1941 (Snow noted that BFA had lost out to Jan Valtin's Out of the Night ). BFA had sold 9,700 copies by early December 1941 (Bennett Cerf to ES, December 10, 1941, RHP).

4. BFA , 66; ES to Robert Haas (Random House), May 24, 1940; Dorothy Woodman, review of Scorched Earth [ BFA's English edition, published by Victor Gollancz in 1941], New Statesman and Nation , April 19, 1941.

5. BFA , 364; Henry Luce to ES, February 25, 1941, ESP in ESC.

6. John F. Davidson, review of BFA , in Canadian Forum , April 1941, 25; BFA , 199-238, 327-359.

7. BFA , 58-61, 66-69, 187-195. See also John W. Dower, War Without Mercy (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 133. Dower cites Snow's BFA remarks on Japanese "inferiority," in support of his thesis on the significant role of racism in the Pacific War.

8. BFA , 385, 415.

9. BFA , 413, 416; Diaries, Book 34, August II, 1941, Book 32, June 25-27, 1944. Wilson's fourteen points, Michael H. Hunt has written, "carried to new limits the old American commitment to an active international policy in file name of national greatness and liberty for all men" ( Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987], 134).

10. BFA , 416-417.

11. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy , 11.

12. BFA , 417-4-23.

13. JTTB , 258; "Reminiscences of Bennett Cerf," 372.

14. Henry A. Kissinger, "Clinton and the World," Newsweek , February 1, 1993, 45; ES, "The Political Battle of Asia," in Smash Hitler's International :

The Strategy of an Offensive Against the Axis (New York: Keystone Press, 1941), 57; BFA , 4-22. Snow's contribution to the Smash Hitler's International volume was identical with his article, "How America Can Take the Offensive: II," Fortune 23 (June 1941): 69, 175-180; James C. Thomson, Jr., Peter W. Stanley, and John Curtis Perry, Sentimental Imperialists (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), 311.

15. New Statesman and Nation , April 19, 1941.

16. Freda Utley, review of BFA , in New York Times Book Review , April 9, 1941, 9; Diaries, Book 32, January 1, 1941.

17. Utley, review of BFA .

18 . ES, "Is It Civil War in China?," Asia 41 (April 1941): 169-170.

19. BFA , 299; Snow added, perhaps a bit condescendingly, that his comments did "not mean that I might not personally prefer Mr. Ford [the Communist candidate] to Mr. Garner, of course."

20. Diaries, Book 33, February 4, 1941; Henriette Herz to Belle Becker (undated, evidently late January or early February 1941), in which she quotes from the letter received from Snow; ES to Belle Becker, February 6, 1941, RHP.

21. JTTB , 248-249; Franklin Folsom (national executive secretary, American Writers Congress) to ES, June 4, 1941, ESP in ESC.

22. Franklin Folsom to ES, June 4, 1941, ES to Franklin Folsom, June 6, 1941, ESP in ESC. The resolutions adopted by the Writers Congress "in general followed the Communist party line," the New York Times reported, June 9, 1941. According to American Communist party leader William Z. Foster, the American Writers Congress in those years "was a powerful force in cultural circles, not the least in Hollywood." The Communists ''were most active in this development," he added (William Z. Foster, History of the Communist Party of the United States [Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1968], 319-320).

23. ES, "China, America and the World War" (typescript, May 31, 1941), ESP in ESC; Philadelphia Evening Bulletin , June 4, 1941. The quotation from the Bulletin is given as reported by the newspaper.

24. "China, America and the World War''; JTTB , 224. Snow's article ("China and the World War," Asia 41 [July 1941]: 341-343) contained much the same points as the China portions of the congress talk, including the conditions Snow had laid down for American aid to Chungking.

25. ES, "The Political Battle of Asia," 61, 66-67; ES, "Things That Could Happen," 12; ES, "Showdown in the Pacific," SEP , May 31, 1941, 47.

26. Diaries, Book 33, June 15, 1941, Book 34, August 11, 1941, Book 35, August 22, 1941, December 7, 1941; "The Political Battle of Asia," 62-63; ES to Rewi Alley, December 3, 1941.

27. Diaries, Book 32, June 26, 1941, Book 35, December 16, 1941; ES to Edward C. Carter, January 16, 1942, IPRP. There were apparently no contemporary diary entries on the Roosevelt meeting, which Snow recounts in JTTB , 253-258.

28. Diaries, Book 35, September 22, November 24, December 5, 1941.

29. ES to Rewi Alley, December 3, 1941; Diaries, Book 32, June 27, 1941, Book 35, October 31, 1941. "I have long and consistently been known in this country as a friend of the Soviet Union," Snow wrote Carter of the Institute of Pacific Relations regarding his Soviet visa problem. "It would seem to me a tragedy for Russia to reject this opportunity to get a fair hearing in the columns of so influential a journal" as the Post (ES to Edward C. Carter [confidential]. March 28, 1942, IPRP). It took another six months, with pressure from the U.S. government, for Snow's visa finally to come through ( JTTB , 259-260).

30. ES, "They Don't Want to Play Soldier," SEP , October 25, 1941, 14-15, 61-67; "What Is Morale?" SEP , November 15, 1941, 16-17, 119-120, 122-123; Diaries, Book 35, November 12, 1941.

31. "They Don't Want to Play Soldier," 65; "What Is Morale?" 120-122.

32. ES to Rewi Alley, December 3, 1941; JTTB , 258-260. Snow's wartime volumes were People on Our Side , or POOS (New York: Random House, 1944), and The Pattern of Soviet Power , or TPOSP (New York: Random House, 1945).

33. Diaries, Book 37, April 19, 1942; Michael Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 231-250; Hugh Deane, Good Deeds & Gunboats (San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1990), 116-125. According to Schaller, "Miles increasingly defined SACO's mission in terms not only of the struggle against Chinese Communism, but also of America's future global position" (ibid., 245).

1. ES to "Ross," May 8, 1971, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 38, May 8, July 10, 1942.

2. POOS , 25; Diaries, Book 38, September 2, 1942.

3. Diaries, Book 39, June 1, 1942.

4. Diaries, Book 38, June 13, May 16, 1942.

5. ES, "How Russia Upset Hitler," SEP , January 30, 1943, 20; POOS , 215-216.

6. "How Russia Upset Hitler," 20-21, 87, 89-90; "I Saw It with My Own Eyes," SEP , May 29, 1943, 12-13, 86-88; "The Ukraine Pays the Bill," SEP , January 27, 1945, 18-19, 82-84; "What Kind of a Man Is a Russian General?" SEP , April 17, 1943, 20-21, 105-106; ''Is Red Marriage Turning Blue?'' SEP , January 13, 1945, 28-29, 36; "Meet Mr. and Mrs. Russia at Home," SEP , December 22, 1945, 14-15, 65; TPOSP , 142-147; POOS , 71-72. On Snow's projections of Communist-led "popular front" regimes in eastern Europe, functioning in "fraternal" cooperation and alliance with Moscow, see TPOSP , 58-72. On Stalin glorification, Snow typically recorded while in Moscow that Stalin "takes up 2 pages of the 4-page paper quite often." In Tsarist times, "no one would have toasted tile Tsar on every occasion." The "Infallibility thing is built up re leadership and regime, and maintained at all cost of logic or consistency" (Diaries, Book 40, January 26, 1943).

7. POOS , 235.

8. POOS , 131.

9. Diaries, Book 40, January 31, February 28, 1943.

10. Diaries, Book 42, May 15, 1943.

11. Ibid., May 30, 1943, Book 43, June 2, 1943.

12. POOS ., 279.

13. Diaries, Book 44, May 26, 1944.

14. Ibid., July 19, 1944; JTTB , 335-341.

15. Diaries, Book 46, August 6, 1944, Book 48, May 1945; ES, "Eastern Europe Swings Left," SEP , November 11, 1944, 71; ES, "The Nazi Butchers Wasted Nothing," SEP , October 28, 1944, 18-19, 96; TPOSP , 47-53.

16. Diaries, Book 4-5, March 2, 1945; "Interviews with Major-General William A. Worton (Marine Corps, ret.)," Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1969, 154. In a eulogy at a memorial meeting for Carlson in New York in January 1948, Smedley said that Snow had helped change Carlson from a reactionary to "a fighter for the people" during the mid-1930s in Peking (Janice R. MacKinnon and Stephen R. MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988], 317).

17. Diaries, Book 45, March 2, 1945.

18. TPOSP , 140; ES, "Must China Go Red?," SEP , May 12, 1945, 9-10, 67-68, 70.

19. Cited by ES, TPOSP , 127; Michael Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 89, 174. In commenting on Roosevelt's remarks to Snow, Schaller notes, "nowhere did Roosevelt give any indication that he understood the nature of the real problems in China, nor did he indicate any displeasure with Hurley or Wedemeyer" (ibid., 217).

20. Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China , 305.

21. Diaries, Book 50, July 30, 1945.

22. Ibid., August 22, 1945.

23. O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth-Century China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 244-246; Schaller, U.S. Crusade in China , 260; Diaries, Book 50, August 30, 1945.

24. ES to Saxe Cummins, November 10, 1945, ESP in ESC.

25. Diaries, Book 50, November 30, 1945.

26. Ben Hibbs's cable to President Harry S. Truman, December 4, 1945, and Truman memorandum to Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, December 8, 1945, Truman Presidential Papers, Harry S. Truman Library ("It seems to me that the Chinese are making a mistake in this matter," Truman told Byrnes. "Suggest that you investigate it").

27. Diaries, Book 51, December 19, 1945, and December 1945-January 1946 entries from Korea; Bertram, Capes of China Slide Away , 252.

28. Lois Wheeler Snow, Edgar Snow's China (New York: Random House, 1981), xi-xii; Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 20; Lois Snow to author, February 19, 1995.

29. Diaries, Book 52, June 1946—May 1947; ES to Martin Sommers, September 14, 17, 1947, ESP in ESC.

30. ES to Natalie and Jerry Crouter, ESP in ESC. The first page is missing and thus undated; the letter is continued on December 2, 1947, evidently the following day.

31. Ibid. For an insightful analysis of the theory and practice of democracy in twentieth-century China, see Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).

32. ES to Saxe Cummins, July 21, 1945, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 54, July 18, 1947, February 10, 1948.

33. "Notes on Edgar Snow conversation with Maxim Litvinov," Moscow, October 8, 1944, 5, Roosevelt Presidential Papers. Snow had transmitted these notes directly to Roosevelt, who wrote Snow that he was "tremendously interested" in them (Franklin D. Roosevelt to ES, January 2, 1945, Roosevelt Presidential Papers).

34. Diaries, Book 52, September 17, December 25, 1946; MacKinnon and MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 265-67; ES, Stalin Must Have Peace , or SMHP (New York: Random House, 1947); ES to Raymond A. de Groat, September 26, 1949, ESP in ESC; ES to Natalie and Jerry Crouter. President Bill Clinton would declare in Moscow in May 1995, on the fiftieth anniversary of Allied victory in Europe, "The Cold War obscured our ability fully to appreciate what your people suffered and how your extraordinary courage helped hasten the victory we all celebrate today ( Detroit Free Press , May 10, 1995).

35. Basilio Raymundo Hahago, "The Saturday Evening Post under Ben Hibbs, 1942-1961" (Ph.D. diss, Northwestern University, 1968), 106; Diaries, Book 52, February 1, 1947; ES to Martin Sommers, June 25, 1947, ESP in ESC.

36. ES to Charles G. Ross (Whim House), January 21, 1947, Truman Presidential Papers. "As I left [the meeting with Truman]," Snow recorded, "I told him I would send him news of anything of interest I ran into along the way." Snow, incidentally, identified himself politically as a Democrat. Diaries, Book 52, January 23, 1947.

37. Diaries, Book 54, February 9, 13, 1948. On the issue of "camps," Snow rather petulantly added, "I wasn't a Russian and I didn't have to live in one, thank goodness?' (Diaries, February 13, 1948).

38. Diaries, Book 52, December 4, 1946; interviews with HFS, October 14, 1987, June 1, 1989; ES to James Bertram, October 25, 1952.

39. ES, "Will Tito's Heretics Halt Russia?" SEP , December 18, 1948, 23, 108-110.

40. Ibid., 109-110.

41. ES to Raymond A. de Groat, September 26, 1949.

42. ES, "Will China Become a Russian Satellite?," SEP , April 9, 1949, 30-31, 147-150; Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993 ), 206.

43. ES to Natalie ("Pete") Crouter, July 3, 1954, ESP in ESC; ES to James Bertram, April 5, 1959. The CCP had earlier issued a careful endorsement of Stalin's break with Tito. As for the onset of the Korean War, North Korean leader Kim Il Sung "proposed it, fought for it, and with a Soviet army battle plan to guide him, executed it. The invasion of June 25, 1950, was pre-planned, blessed, and directly assisted by Stalin and his generals, and reluctantly backed by Mao at Stalin's insistence" (Goncharov, et al., Uncertain Partners , 213). The authors note further, of China's entrance into the war, that ''Mao knew that the decision to go to war immeasurably strengthened Stalin's trust in him and dispelled his suspicions" (217).

44. ES, "The New Phase—Undeclared War," Nation , March 10, 1951, 220-223; ES, review of Moscow and Chinese Communists , by Robert C. North, in Nation , November 14, 1953, 407.

45. ES to Ben Hibbs, December 11, 1950, ESP in ESC.

46. ES, "The Message of Gandhi," 145; ES to Ben Hibbs, March 18, 1948, ES to Ben Hibbs and Martin Sommers, March 29, 1948, ES to Martin Sommers, March 24, 1950, ESP in ESC.

47. Ben Hibbs to ES, March 26, 1948 (only first page has survived), Ben Hibbs to ES, April 12, 1948, ESP in ESC.

48. ES, "The Venomous Doctor Vyshinsky," SEP , October 21, 1950, 19-21, 143-144, 14-6.

49. Martin Sommers to ES, February 3, March 7, April 4, August 16, October 30, 1950, ES to Martin Sommers, March 24, April 5, July 23, 1950, ESP in ESC.

50. ES to Martin Sommers, March 24, 1950; ES to James Bertram, October 25, 1952·

51. ES, "Red China's Gentleman Hatchet Man," SEP , March 27, 1954, 24-25, 116, 118-119; ES to Mildred (undated, probably 1954), ES to father, November 21, 1956, MP in ESC.

52. MacKinnon and MacKinnon, Agnes Smedley , 337, 347; ES to Marshal Chu Teh (Zhu De), August 26, 1960, ES to Hilda Selwyn-Clarke, May 22, 1950, ESP in ESC.

53. ES to Mildred, July 14, 1953, MP in ESC; ES to father, October 20 1953, ES to Lois Snow, July 3, 1959, ES to Darryl Berrigan, October 2, 1954, ESP in ESC; Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 23-24; ES to James Bertram, October 25, 1952.

54. ES to father, November 21, 1956, MP in ESC; report to director, FBI, June 29, 1953, Snow FBI file, ESC.

55. ES to Natalie Crouter, July 3, 1954; ES to Darryl Berrigan, October 2, 1954, ESP in ESC.

56. Interview with Seiko Matsuoka, Tokyo, June 28, 1987; Yoko Matsuoka, postscript to Japanese edition of JTTB (Tokyo, 1988). This was a slightly revised edition of a translation published in 1963 by Kinokuniya, Tokyo. Copy of the 1988 edition received from the late Yoko Matsuoka's daughter Seiko. Yoko Matsuoka also wrote an autobiography in English, Daughter of the Pacific (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952).

57. ES to James Bertram, April 5, 1959; ES to Rewi Alley, January 27, 1959, RAP in ESC.

58. JTTB , 95; ES to Rewi Alley, January 27, 29, 1959, Alley to ES, January 18, 1959, RAP in ESC.

59. JTTB , 413-419.

60. Ibid., 385-386.

61. Ibid., 386-389.

62. Ibid., 422-423; see also ES, "Point IV for America," Nation , May 12, 1956, 394-397.

63. Karl Jaeger (International School of America) to ES, July 17, 1959, ES to Karl Jaeger, September 8, 9, 1959, ES to Allan Dreyfuss, July 17, 1959, ESP in ESC; Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 44; Lois Snow to Mildred Snow, May x, 1968, MP in ESC. The Snows' New Jersey home was sold in 1962.

64. Diaries, Book 58, November 27-29, 1959.

1. ES to Rewi Alley, January 27, 1959, RAP in ESC.

2. ES to Alley, September 28, 1955, RAP in ESC.

3. ES to Mao, September 15, 1955, ESP in ESC.

4. Alley to ES, January 30, 1957, ES to Yang Han-seng and Lao She, March 1, 1957, RAP in ESC. The letter of invitation to Snow, dated January 25, 1957, is; not available. Lao She is the pen name of Shu She-yu, a novelist known in the U.S. for the best-selling English version of Rickshaw Boy (1945; written in 1936) he reportedly committed suicide in 1966 during the Cultural Revolution.

5. ES to Alley, March 1, 1957, Alley to ES, March 19, 1957, December 24, 1957, RAP in ESC; ES to Yang Han-seng and Lao She, January 6, 1958, ESP in ESC.

6. ES to Alley, February 25, June I4, 1958, Alley to ES, June 30, 1958, ES to) Alley, January 27, 1959, RAP in ESC.

7. ES to Alley, June 14, 1958.

8. ES to James Bertram, April 5, 1959.

9. Bertram to ES, March 9, 1960, ES cable to Bertram, March 26, 1960, JBP in ESC.

10. ES to Bertram, March 23, 1960, Bertram to ES, March 30, 1960, JBP in ESC; RCT , 4-10; Andrew H. Berding to Richard Wilson (Cowles Publications), June 23, 1960 (draft), Harris Huston to "Andy" (Berding), June 23, 1960, Department of State files (received under Freedom of Information Act).

11. "On Publication of Chou En-lai Interview"; ES to Mao, May 10, 1963, Grenville Clark Papers; Soong Qingling to ES, November 3, 1960, ESC; Anna Louise Strong to ES, January 1, 1961, ALSP; ES to Bennett Cerf (via Lois Snow), July 5, 1960, RHP.

12. ES to Anna Louise Strong, June 17, 1963, ALSP; Donald Klopfer to ES, June 27, 1961, RHP.

13. RCT , 736.

14. ES to Anna Louise Strong, May 27, 1960, ALSP; RCT , 15; ES, note-books, Beijing, July 9-18, Harbin and Changchun, July 25-30, 1960, ESP in ESC.

15. RCT , 22.

16. The following account of Snow's two meetings with Mao are based on Snow's typescript "Notes on Meeting with Mao Tse-tung," Beijing, October 27, 1960, ESP in ESC. Though these conversations were off the record, Mao did later agree to some paraphrasing of his remarks.

17. "Notes on Edgar Snow's Interviews with Premier Chou En-lai," Beijing, August 30, October 18, 1960, ESP in ESC; Shanghai Communique, New China News Agency (Xinhua ), February 28, 1972; Warren I. Cohen, America's Response to China (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1971), 211-225.

18. "Notes on Edgar Snow's Interview with Premier Chou En-lai," October 18, 1960; RCT , 763-764.

19. "On Publication of Chou En-lai Interview."

20. RCT, 727-728; ES to Donald Klopfer, October 15, 1961, RHP. Before leaving for China, Snow had planned to write "a short book (200-250 pages)," he told Klopfer (ES to Donald K1opfer, April 16, 1960, RHP).

21. ES to Donald Klopfer, December 19, 1961, RHP; ES to Grenville Clark, August 21, 1964, Grenville Clark Papers; John K. Fairbank, letter to the editor, New York Review of Books , April 27, 1989, 61. The China historian Benjamin Schwartz observed in his review of RCT , regarding the "Asian hordes" image, that "Mr. Snow has some cogent things to say about the whole 'blue ant' cliché which in my view he correctly associates with the old 'Yellow Peril' image" ( CQ 14 [April-June 1963]: 246).

22. Robert C. North, review of RCT , in Nation , February 23, 1963, 162-163; Michael Lindsay, review of RCT , in New York Times Book Review , December 9,  1962, 6, 30; ES and Lindsay letters to the book review editor, April 17, 1963.

23. Ed Sullivan to ES, December 27, 1962, RHP.

24. See chapter 14; ES, preface to JTTB (Tokyo, 1988); RCT , 326.

25. Benjamin Schwartz, review of RCT , 248-249; Diaries, Book 60, March 20, 1963.

26. RCT , 336-337, 641-642.

27. Ibid., 393-398; René Goldman, review of RCT , in New Republic , April 27, 1963, 23-24; Hatem's remarks quoted in Sidney Shapiro, Ma Haide: The Saga of American Doctor George Hatem in China (San Francisco: Cypress Press, 1993), 206. A "Democracy Wall" and a "Democracy Square" had been established by students at Beijing University in May 1957 (Merle Goldman, ''Mao's Obsession with the Political Role of Literature and the Intellectuals," in The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward , ed. Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek, and Eugene Wu [Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1989], 57).

28. Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), ix, xii, 232.

29. ES, "On Publication of Chou En-lai Interview." A recent study of contemporary China's "America Watchers" concludes that it "seems that Chinese perceptions of the United States are fundamentally confounded by the strong American commitment to pluralism in politics, economic organization, and social structure." The author ends, "Fluctuating Sino-American relations reflect the continuing ambivalent images that the United States and China hold of each other. For the Chinese, the United States remains a Beautiful Imperialist" (David Shambaugh, Beautiful Imperialist: China Perceives America, 1972-1990 [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991], 299, 303).

30. Fang Lizhi, "The Chinese Amnesia," New York Review of Books , September 27, 1990, 30-31. See also Jonathan Mirsky, review of Edgar Snow , by John Hamilton, in New York Review of Books , February 16, 1989, 15-17; and exchange of letters with John K. Fairbank, New York Review of Books , April 27, 1989, 60, and Jonathan Mirsky, review of China Misperceived: American Illusion and Chinese Realities , by Steven Mosher, New York Review of Books , May 30, 1991, 19-27.

31. RCT , 619-620.

32. John K. Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800-1985 (New York: Harper and Kow, 1986), 303; Thomas P. Bernstein, "Stalinism, Famine, and Chinese Peasants," Theory and Society 13 (May 1984): 393; Dwight Perkins cited in Bernstein, ibid., 372 n.20.

33. Benjamin Schwartz, review of RCT , 246; ES to Mildred, February 5, 1961, MP in ESC.

34. ES to Sol Adler (an expatriate American economist working for the Chinese government), January 29, 1961, ES to Kung (Gong) Peng, February 24, 1961, Henry Mitchell Collection in ESC; Alley to ES, August 26, 1961, KAP in ESC; ES to Israel Epstein ("Eppy"), May 22, 1962, ES to Epstein, June 17, 1963, Israel Epstein Papers in ESC. There is no record of any immediate response by Epstein; he apparently wrote Snow in the spring of 1963, with his comments on RCT . Snow had sent a copy of RCT to Alley, who passed it along to Epstein. According to Alley, Epstein "thinks it the best thing you have done since Red Star " (Alley to ES, February 6, 1963, RAP in ESC).

35. ES to Han Suyin, December 21, 1961, Han Suyin Papers in ESC.

36. ES to Han Suyin, December 21, 1961; ES to Alley, September 22, 1962, RAP in ESC.

37. Han Suyin to ES, February 2, 1961, Han Suyin Papers in ESC.

38. ES memorandum, Beijing, October 4, 1961, ESP in ESC.

39. ES to Alley, September 22, 1952.

40. A. T. Steele, The American People and China (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), 172 n.11; ES to Mao, May 10, 1963.

41. ES-Grenville Clark Correspondence, 1963-1966, Grenville Clark Papers; copies in ESC. See also Kenneth E. Shewmaker, "The Grenville Clark-Edgar Snow Correspondence," Pacific Historical Review 45 (November 1976): 598-601. Snow argued the case for three U.S. senators (Democrats Ed Muskie, Frank Moss, and Warren Magnuson), who were hoping to investigate hydroelectric developments in China (ES to Mao, May 10, 1963). Dr. White did ultimately visit China in 1971 and was then accompanied by Clark's daughter, Mary Clark Dimond (Shewmaker, "Clark-Snow Correspondence," 600).

42. Diaries, Book 60, May 13, 1963; ES to Charles and Nina Hogan, July 25, 1963, Hogan files. ES to Bertram, April 5, 1959; ES to HFS, March 10, 1959, HFS to ES, February 12, 1961, ES to HFS, August 6, 1961, HFS files.

43. ES to HFS, April 4, 1962, HFS to ES, April 16, 1962, HFS files.

44. Diaries, Book 60, May 13, 1963; ES to Bertram, June 23, 1963, July 19, 1965, JBP in ESC.

45. ES to Bertram, July 19, 1965; ES, "An African Interview with Chou En-lai," Arts and Sciences (London) 2 (April-May 1964): 2-7; Allan S. Whiting, Department of State, "Memorandum of Conversation" (with Edgar Snow), St.-Cerque, Switzerland, April 2, 1965, 1, Snow FBI file in ESC.

46. Whiting, "Memorandum of Conversation," 2; ES, "Interview with Mao," New Republic , February 17, 1965, 17-23; more complete version in The Long Revolution , or TLR (New York: Random House, 1972), appendix, 197-223.

47. Whiting, "Memorandum of Conversation," 2. My discussion of the Mao-Snow exchange is based on the text in TLR , 197-223.

48. "Notes of Chairman Mao's Talk with Edgar Snow," December 18, 1970.

49. TLR , 220-221.

50. ES to Howard, April 13, 1965, HSP in ESC; ES to Mildred, April 13, 1965, MP in ESC.

51. ES to Alley, November 12, 30, 1966, RAP in ESC; ES to "Dick," July 4, 1966, ESP in ESC; ES, "China and Vietnam," New Republic , July 30, 1966, 12-14; ES to Howard, June 1, 1965, HSP in ESC.

52. ES to Anna Wang Martens (the former wife of Chinese Communist diplomat Wang Bingnan), September 26, 1969, ESC; ES to Howard, July 15, 1968, HSP in ESC; ES to Alley, July 22, 1967; interviews with Chen Hanbo, Beijing, June 25, 1988, and Lo Xinyao, Beijing, June 8, 1987; ES to Mao, July 30, 1969, ESP in ESC; Diaries, Book 73, Beijing, October 1, 1970.

53. ES to Han Suyin, August 4, 1969, Han Suyin Papers in ESC.

54. ES to Anna Wang Martens, April 7, 1969, ESC; ES to "Mildred and Co.," November 3, 1968, MP in ESC.

55. ES to Anna Wang Martens, September 26, 1969; ES to Yoko Matsuoka, May 19, 1970, ESP in ESC; Lois Snow to Howard and Dorothy, July 16, 1970, HSP in ESC; ES to Mildred, May 17, 1970, MP in ESC; Lois Snow to Howard and Dorothy, January 11, 1969, HSP in ESC; ES to Charles Hogan, October 9, 1969, Hogan files; Lois Snow to Howard and Dorothy, May 28, 1969, HSP in ESC.

56. ES to Mildred, May 17, 1970, MP in ESC; ES to Howard, May 22, 1969, HSP in ESC.

57. Red China Today (New York: Random House, 1971), 33-40. 58. Ibid., 40. 59. Ibid., 38-40.

58. Ibid., 40.

59. Ibid., 38-40.

1. Diaries, Book 71, Hong Kong, July 31, 1970; Robert Mills to ES, July 20, 1970, RHP. Lois also received a Random House contract for a book on the Chinese theater (Robert Mills to Lois Snow, July 20, 1970, RHP).

2. Diaries, Book 71, Hong Kong, August 11, Canton, August 14-15, 1970.

3. Ibid., Beijing, August 16, 1970.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid., August 23 and 27, September 5, 1970.

6. Diaries, Book 72, Beijing, August 31-September 3, 1970.

7. Diaries, Book 73, Xi'an, Yan'an, Bao'an, September 20-26, 1970; Book 75, Bao'an, Xi'an, September 22 and 24, 1970; ES to Mary Heathcote, November 27, 1970, ESP in ESC.

8. Diaries, Book 73, October 1, 1970; Henry A. Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown), 698. Nixon floated a much blunter signal at that time in the course of a Time interview, Kissinger noted. "If there is anything I want to do before I die," Nixon remarked, "it is to go to China. If I don't, I want my children to" (699).

9. Diaries, Book 73, October 1, 1970.

10. Ibid., October 9, 1970.

11. Ibid., October 19, 1970; Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 111.

12. Diaries, Book 82, November 8, December 7, 1970.

13. Ibid., November 19, 1970.

14. TLR , 150; ES to Mary Heathcote, August 30, 1970, ESP in ESC; Lois Snow to Dorothy and Howard, September 4, 1970, HSP in ESC; Diaries, Book 82, November 20, 1970.

15. TLR , 160.

16. ES to Mary Heathcote, August 30, 1970; TLR , 168; "Notes of Chairman Mao's Talk with Edgar Snow," December 18, 1970, 1-2, ESP in ESC.

17. This description of the Mao-Snow conversation is based on both the more formally transcribed notes cited in note 16 above, and on the informal draft notes of the talk, as recounted by Ed to Lois immediately after the interview ("Mao Tse-tung Interview," December 18, 1970, Beijing, ESP in Esc.)

18. "Notes of Mao's Talk," 19; ES, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," Life ; April 30, 1971, 48; Yao Wei to ES, August 21, 1971, ESP in ESC. Yao Wei's interpretation is corroborated in the recent account by Mao's physician, Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao (New York: Random House, 1994), 120. ''Mao's interpreter that day," Li writes, "was a young woman without a classical education" who misunderstood and mistranslated Mao's allusion to a "lone monk."

19. "Notes of Mao's Talk," 25-28.

20. Ibid., 6-7, 12. Though Mao also evinced some skepticism as to whether Nixon would really come, the Red leader was dearly both prodding and expecting the president to make the trip. (This seems more evident in Snow's original recollections of the conversation, "Mao Tse-tung Interview," 5-6.)

21. Mao's remarks to Nixon cited (from CCP documentary sources) in He Di, "The Most Respected Enemy: Mao Zedong's Perception of the United States," CQ 137 (March 1994): 145.

22. Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , 105.

23. "Mao Tse-tung Interview," 2; ''Notes on Mao's Talk," 31. "More and more people," Snow wrote Mao just weeks before his (Snow's) death "see how necessary, wise, and difficult have been these steps of your leadership which have brought China's revolutionary achievements into brilliant illumination of the world" (ES to Mao, December [no day], 1971, Beijing, Museum of the Chinese Revolution). Yet he could also record in his diary while in China the year before that "Mao is a mixture of Hollywood star and god" (Diaries, Book 73, September 7, 1970). Li Zhisui seems on shaky ground in reporting that in 1970 Mao thought Snow to be a CLA agent ( Private Life of Chairman Mao , 532). If accurate, it would appear more likely to have been an example of Mao's often eccentric and exaggerated rhetorical style— in this case, in connection with his use of Snow as an informal and indirect channel of communication with Washington. Li himself is quite wide of the mark in stating that Snow was ''a pariah in his own country" in 1970 (ibid.).

24. Lois Wheeler Snow, China on Stage (New York: Random House, 1972); Diaries, Book 82, December 21 and 22, 1970, January 15, 25, and 30, February 6 and 7, 1971.

25. Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 26-31; ES to Senator George McGovern, March 8, 1971, ESP in ESC; Kissinger, White Home Tears , 698-718.

26. "Mao Tse-tung Interview," 12; ES to Mao, May 16, 1971, ES to Hsu Ching-wei (Chinese consul general, Geneva), April 26, 1971, ESP in ESC; ES, "A Conversation with Mao Tse-tung," 47; New York Times , February 20, 1972, Week in Review; Kissinger, White House Years , 703, 708-720; Secretary Rogers's statement, 720.

27. Kissinger, White House Tears, 745-746, 759 .

28. Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 35-46; interview with Oliver Clubb, Syracuse, February 24, 1987; ES to Mao ("Dear Friend"), February 6, 1971, ES to Mary Heathcote, May 29, June 26, July 2, 1971, ES to John Simon (Random House), October 13, 1971, ESP in ESC.

29. ES to Owen Lattimore, May 29, 1970, ES to Senator George McGovern, March 8, 1971, ES to "Shag" (Harem), December 6, 1971, "Interview with Edgar Snow, 1971," ESP ha ESC; Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 67; Lois Snow to Charles Hogan, March 13, 1972, Hogan files.

30. ES, "What China Wants from Nixon's Visit," Life , July 30, 1971, 22-26; also the final chapter in TLR , 179-188.

31. "What China Wants from Nixon's Visit," 26; TLR , 188.

32. Kissinger, White House Years , 750-751.

33. ES to Mao, July 30, 1969, ESP in ESC.

34. JTTB , 417; RCT , 6-7 (here Snow removed the qualifier "probably"); Beijing, November 1, 1989, report ( Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Report: China [National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.]); ES to Mao, May 10, 1963.

35. Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 47-63; Lois Snow to "Shag," December 17, 1971, Beijing, foreign ministry files, Museum of the Chinese Revolution; Lois Snow to Dorothy and Howard, December 27, 1971, HSP in ESC; Ralph Graves ( Life ) to ES, July 22, September 17, 1971, ESP in ESC.

36. ES to John Simon, January 4, 1972, ESP in ESC; ES to Zhou Enlai ("Dear Friend"), January 19, 1972, foreign ministry files, Museum of the Chinese Revolution.

37. Lois Snow to "Shag," December 15 and 22, 1971, Ma Haide (Hatem) to Zhang Wenjin (ministry of foreign affairs), December 24, 1971, January 2, 1972, foreign ministry files, Museum of the Chinese Revolution; ES to Zhou, December (no day) 1971, and to Mao, December (no day) 1971, Museum of the Chinese Revolution; ES to Zhou, January 19, 1972, ESP in ESC. Hatem asked Zhang Wenjin to forward Lois Snow's letter to Mao and Zhou and suggested that Ed be invited to China for care in his final illness.

38. Lois Snow, Death with Dignity , 87-133; Lois Snow to Charles Hogan, March 13, 1972; Huang Hua, speech at tenth anniversary Snow memorial meeting, Beijing, February 15, 1982, Hugh Deane Papers, ESC; interview with Dr. Huang Huojun, Beijing, June 3, 1987; John Roots to Henry Kissinger, February 19, 1972, Nixon Presidential Materials, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

39. Edgar Snow's will (October 1965), typed copy from Museum of the Chinese Revolution; Lois Wheeler Snow, "The Burial of Edgar Snow," New Republic , January 26, 1974, 9-11.

40. John S. Service, "Edgar Snow: Some Personal Reminiscences," CQ 50 (April-June 1972): 218; Mary Heathcote, talk at memorial meeting for Snow, New York, March 27, 1972, James Bertram to Lois, Sian, and Christopher Snow, February 20, 1972, ESP in ESC; ES to Howard, May 22, 1969.

41. Lois Snow to author, June 30, 1989; ES to Howard, July 15, 1968; David Shambaugh, Beautiful Imperialist (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); James C. Thomson, Jr., Peter W. Stanley, and John Curtis Perry, Sentimental Imperialists (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), 293; Nicholas D. Kristof, "The Rise of China," Foreign Affairs 72 (November/December 1993): 73-74.

42. ES to Mr. Chen, January 4, 1964, ESP in ESC.

43. Diaries, Book 73, October 10, 1970.

44. JTTB , 423; RCT , 737-738; ES to James Bertram, April 5, 1959.

45. ES, "The Last Chapter'' (note fragment, undated), ESP in ESC.

46. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 1-4; Brian Urquhart, "Who Can Police the World?" New York Review of Books , May 12, 1994, 33.