Notes
The following abbreviations have been used in the notes:
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INTRODUCTION
1. Massimo D'Azeglio, Programma per l'opinione nazionale italiana (Florence, 1847). For the general historiography of the Risorgimento, I have drawn heavily on the insights provided by Walter Maturi in Interpretazioni del Risorgimento, 5th ed. (Turin, 1962).
2. Biblioteca storica del Risorgimento italiano, serie 8, no. 3 (Milan-Rome-Naples, 1916).
3. Biblioteca di storia italiana recente, 1800-1870, 10: 133-484 (Turin, 1921).
4. See in particular the work of Arnaldo Agnelli, "Il Fattore economico nella formazione dell'unita[dell'unità] italiana," Il Risorgimento italiano 6 (1913): 253-78, 471-488; "Il Materialismo storico e il Risorgimento italiano. Posizione del problema," Rendiconti del R. Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere 46 (1913): 183-196. For the impact of Marxism on Livornese studies, see in particular the discussion of the work of Giorgio Mori and Nicola Badaloni in chapter 2.
5. Gino Luzzatto, "La Vigilia e l'indomani dell'unita[dell'unità]," Orientamenti per la storia d'Italia nel Risorgimento (Bari, 1952).
6. Ibid.
5. Gino Luzzatto, "La Vigilia e l'indomani dell'unita[dell'unità]," Orientamenti per la storia d'Italia nel Risorgimento (Bari, 1952).
6. Ibid.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
7. Rosario Romeo's introductory essay to the revised edition of the work (Baltimore, 1965) provides valuable insights on the genesis of the work and its place in the historiography of the Risorgimento.
8. Ibid., p. xxii.
9. Ibid., p. 1.
10. Ibid., p. 2.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., p. 263.
15. Ibid., pp. 80, 143.
16. Arturo Codignola, Dagli albori della liberta[libertà] al proclama di Moncalieri (Lettere del Conte Ilarione Petiti di Roreto a Michele Erede dal marzo 1846 all'aprile del 1850), Biblioteca italiana di storia recente (Turin, 1930), 13: 97, 161, 172, 229-232, 277, 286, 288, 375.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
17. Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979).
18. Ibid., p. 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 14.
21. Ibid., p. 51.
22. Ibid., p. 158.
23. Ibid., pp. 236-237.
24. Ibid., p. 378.
25. For an analysis of the importance of these two concepts I have benefited especially from the following: Joseph V. Femia, Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process (Oxford, 1981), pp. 23-60; Walter L. Adamson, Hegemony and Revolution: A Study of Antonio Gramsci's Political and Cultural Theory (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1980), pp. 169-201; Anne Showstack Sassoon, ed., Approaches to Gramsci (London, 1982), pp. 94-148; Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), pp. 108-114; Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State (London, 1980); John A. Davis, ed., Gramsci and Italy's Passive Revolution (New York, 1979), pp. 11-66; Geoff Eley, "Reading Gramsci in English: Some Observations on the Reception of Antonio Gramsci in the English-Speaking World, 1957-1982," Working Paper no. 314 (Ann Arbor: Center for Research on Social Organization, University of Michigan, 1984), pp. 31-49; Perry Anderson, "The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci," New Left Review 100 (Nov. 1976-Jan. 1977): 5-78; Gwen A. Williams, "The Concept of 'Egemonia' in the Thought of Antonio Gramsci: Some Notes on Interpretation,'' Journal of the History of Ideas 21 (1960): 586-599; Thomas R. Bates, ''Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony," Journal of the History of Ideas 36 (1975): 351-366; and the editors' introductory sections in Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (hereafter, SPN ), ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (New York, 1971). References to Gramsci's work will be made to the critical edition of the Prison Notebooks: Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del Carcere (hereafter, QC ), vols. 1-4 (Turin, 1975), and, where appropriate, to the English edition ( SPN ). I have used the excellent translations provided in the English edition when available; the others are my own.
26. Femia, p. 24. See also QC, pp. 751-752.
27. See, in particular, Anderson.
28. QC, p. 866; SPN, p. 238.
29. QC, p. 41; SPN, p. 59.
30. Vincenzo Cuoco, Saggio storico sulla rivoluzione napoletana del 1799, ed. N. Cortese (Florence, 1926), p. 83.
31. Ibid., p. 90.
30. Vincenzo Cuoco, Saggio storico sulla rivoluzione napoletana del 1799, ed. N. Cortese (Florence, 1926), p. 83.
31. Ibid., p. 90.
32. QC, p. 51; SPN, p. 79. Ginsborg provides an excellent discussion of Gramsci's view of France and the Jacobin experience in Davis, pp. 31-66.
33. QC, pp. 1774-1775; SPN, pp. 106-109.
34. Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Chicago, 1904), p. 12.
35. QC, pp. 481-482; SPN, pp. 53-54 (nn.); Antonio Gramsci, Lettere dal carcere, ed. Sergio Caprioglio and Elsa Fubini (Turin, 1972), pp. 481-482.
36. QC, pp. 37-38; SPN, pp. 97-98.
37. QC, p. 2011; SPN, p. 58.
38. QC, pp. 800, 1228-1229; Walter L. Adamson, "Gramsci's Interpretation of Fascism," Journal of the History of Ideas 41 (1980): 615-633.
39. QC, pp. 1228-1229, 2139-2147; SPN, pp. 279-287.
40. QC, p. 1775; SPN, p. 107 (and n.).
41. QC, p. 1822; SPN, pp. 104-105.
42. See: Ginsborg's discussion in Davis, pp. 50-52; Femia, p. 47; and Adamson, Hegemony and Revolution, pp. 177, 189-190, 192.
43. QC, pp. 1823-1824; SPN, pp. 105-106.
44. QC, p. 1634.
45. Ibid., p. 1633; SPN, p. 190.
44. QC, p. 1634.
45. Ibid., p. 1633; SPN, p. 190.
46. QC, pp. 2053-2054.
47. Ernest Labrousse, "Une Histoire de la bourgeoisie occidentale (1700-1850)," in Relazioni del X Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche, vol. 4 (Florence, n.d.).
Chapter One Patterns in Livorno's Commerce
1. These provisions are most conveniently summarized in Marlo Baruchello, Livorno e il suo porto. Origini, caratteristiche e vicende dei traffici livornesi (Livorno, 1932), pp. 185-200.
2. The promise of houses, shops, and warehouses was made in a decree of 18 October 1590; the other provisions were contained in a decree of 13 February 1591. These decrees are summarized in Baruchello, pp. 185-186. The latter decree is reproduced in Giuseppe Gino Guarnieri, Origine e sviluppo del porto di Livorno durante il governo di Ferdinando I dei Medici (Livorno, 1911), pp. 94-96.
3. The provisions of the Livornina are summarized in Baruchello, p. 200.
4. For a copy of the final decree see Guarnieri, Livorno marinara (Livorno, 1962), pp. 602-603. A full text of the legislation is provided in Baruchello, pp. 294-300.
5. For the development of Livorno's status as a neutral port see ibid., pp. 323-333 and 342. In 1652, during the war between Great Britain and Holland, the Venetian ambassador in Florence wrote: "Livorno is greatly benefiting from the gold that both nations are spending there to provide for their every need" (quoted in Ettore Di Pietro, La Funzione economica del porto di Livorno alla fine dell'600 [Livorno, 1931], p. 24).
6. Gino Luzzatto, Per una storia economica d'Italia (Bari, 1967), pp. 162-163.
7. Di Pietro, p. 27. A report dated 1765 and entitled "Porto di Livorno, suo commercio, privilegi, vantaggi e neutralita[neutralità]" concretely demonstrated the advantageous position enjoyed by foreign merchants (and Jews) in the city. "This is the fundamental reason why there have not been and are not at present a large number of Tuscan commercial houses. To be a successful merchant in Livorno you need good correspondents outside the city. Three or four London houses, for example, will direct so much merchandise, will recommend so many ships, and will give so many orders to an English merchant [in Livorno] that these transactions in themselves will produce at the end of the year a considerable profit without his [the English merchant's] having risked anything of his own. It is difficult for Tuscans to have contacts and correspondents of this sort. As a result it is necessary for them to force themselves and to get involved in deals the outcome of which many times is not happy. From this it follows that it is more easy for them to fail and that if a Tuscan house has had the luck to get rich, if it continues to do business for a long period of time, rarely will it preserve the wealth acquired." The author made an exception for Jews, who "although they can be considered Tuscan are not in this regard at the same disadvantage. Not only do they have an infinite number of correspondents but they also have branch offices in many foreign countries." This document is reproduced in Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, pp. 664-665.
8. Ibid., p. 661.
7. Di Pietro, p. 27. A report dated 1765 and entitled "Porto di Livorno, suo commercio, privilegi, vantaggi e neutralita[neutralità]" concretely demonstrated the advantageous position enjoyed by foreign merchants (and Jews) in the city. "This is the fundamental reason why there have not been and are not at present a large number of Tuscan commercial houses. To be a successful merchant in Livorno you need good correspondents outside the city. Three or four London houses, for example, will direct so much merchandise, will recommend so many ships, and will give so many orders to an English merchant [in Livorno] that these transactions in themselves will produce at the end of the year a considerable profit without his [the English merchant's] having risked anything of his own. It is difficult for Tuscans to have contacts and correspondents of this sort. As a result it is necessary for them to force themselves and to get involved in deals the outcome of which many times is not happy. From this it follows that it is more easy for them to fail and that if a Tuscan house has had the luck to get rich, if it continues to do business for a long period of time, rarely will it preserve the wealth acquired." The author made an exception for Jews, who "although they can be considered Tuscan are not in this regard at the same disadvantage. Not only do they have an infinite number of correspondents but they also have branch offices in many foreign countries." This document is reproduced in Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, pp. 664-665.
8. Ibid., p. 661.
9. See the report entitled "Caratteristiche del governo e del commercio, in generale, di Livorno, con particolare riguardo a quello marittimo, alla fine del granducato di Pietro Leopoldo I." It is reproduced in Ibid., p. 679.
10. In his annual report in 1826 the gonfaloniere of Livorno noted that the city's neutrality had been the principal cause of the port's
brilliant commercial prosperity during the early years of the wars of the French Revolution, when, with the English blockade of Genoa and the coast of Provence, speculators had been forced to conduct their affairs in Livorno. The establishment of political equilibrium in Europe after the Restoration, he argued, had enabled other ports to enjoy similar rights and advantages and was the principal reason for the city's commercial decline. (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto.")
11. In 1832 it was reported to the minister of foreign affairs in Florence that few merchant ships under 150 tons were undertaking voyages for the Archipelago, Constantinople, and the Black Sea. (ASF, Affari Esteri, f. 2472. 11 June 1832: Quaglia to V. Fossombroni.) Patricia Herlihy reports that a direct shipment from Odessa to England required from sixty to seventy days in a sailing ship and only twenty days if shipment was by steam. (Patricia Herlihy, "Russian Trade and Mediterranean Markets 1774-1861" [Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1963], p. 20.) In the decades immediately following its introduction, however, steam navigation was used primarily for the movement of goods of low bulk and high value and especially for passenger traffic. Bulk items such as cereals continued to be transported in sailing ships. Ibid.; Luigi Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici (Florence, 1839), p. 9.
12. Annali universali di statistica, economia pubblica, geografia, storia e viaggi 54 (1837): 350-355. The author was noted only by the initials "B. C." and was later identified by Nicola Badaloni as Barone Corvaja ( Democratici e socialisti livornesi nell'Ottocento [Rome, 1966], p. 27). On Corvaja, see Delio Cantimori, Utopisti e riformatori italiani, 1794-1847 (Florence, 1943), pp. 203-229.
13. Annali universali di statistica 54 (1837): 353-354.
14. Ibid., 351-352.
13. Annali universali di statistica 54 (1837): 353-354.
14. Ibid., 351-352.
15. ASF, Fin. Seg., f. 799.
16. BNF, MS Fondi Capponi CLVI. (Pierallini), "Osservazioni sulla pace cogli Ottomani e sulla marina e commercio di Livorno," 1764.
17. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 165. 10 January 1820.
18. See, for example, the series of reports made by the gonfaloniere of the city to the central government (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636-644), in which the notion that Livorno's role as a port of deposit had ended was repeatedly stated. An article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine of July 1846 (translated from Giornale Lloyd Austriaco ) informed the American public that "the last thirty to forty years have entirely changed the nature of Tuscan commerce. . . . Livorno used to be one perpetual fair for the interchange of oriental and Western
products. This has now altogether ceased" ("Present State of Commerce and Industry in Italy," Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 15 [July 1846]: 24).
19. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 165. 10 January 1820; Luigi Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 6. On the struggle with Genoa for the control of sources of supply and markets in the hinterland, see Enrico Guglielmino, Genova dal 1814 al 1849; gli sviluppi economici e l'opinione pubblica (Genoa, 1940), pp. 75, 197-200. On the free port of Ancona, see Alberto Caracciolo, Le Port franc d'Ancone croissance et impasse d'un milieu marchand au XVIII e siecle[siècle] (Paris, 1965).
20. ASF, Fin. Seg., f. 799.
21. "That these same products developed and perfected in so many styles for several years have nourished our relations with other areas, and have compensated for the loss of traffic with them which previously was carried out with those foreign products of which the deposit here has been lost" (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 Aug. 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto"). This differed sharply from the gonfaloniere's view four years earlier that Livorno lacked the elements of an active national commerce and that with the exception of oil, silk, marble, alabaster, and straw "very few and insignificant are the objects of export" (ibid., f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826: gonfaloniere, ''Prospetto").
22. Giornale di commercio 20 (20 May 1829).
23. Piero Innocenti, Il Porto di Livorno (Milan, 1968); Lando Bortolotti, Livorno dal 1748 al 1958. Profilo storico-urbanistico (Florence, 1970).
24. Giorgio Mori, "Linee e momenti dello sviluppo della citta[città], del porto e dei traffici di Livorno," La Regione: Rivista dell'unione regionale delle provincie toscane 3 (1956): 3-44.
25. Giovanni Bowring, Statistica della Toscana, di Lucca, degli Stati Pontifici e Lombardo-Veneto e specialmente delle loro relazioni commerciali (London, 1838), pp. 21-24.
26. Mori, p. 21. To Mori these considerations "went right to the heart of the question and . . . no polemicist, however able, could reject them." On the basis of them he concluded that "the twenty years which had passed since the return of the Lorenese dynasty, if reconsidered from the perspective of Livorno and its economic life, could not but support the conclusions of B. C. [in the Annali di statistica ]."
27. Bowring, p. 24.
28. Ibid., p. 21.
27. Bowring, p. 24.
28. Ibid., p. 21.
29. Edoardo Mayer's report dated 13 March 1838 is an un-
cataloged ms. in the Biblioteca Labronica, Livorno. I would like to thank Mr. Piero Brizzi of the library for making it available to me. It supplied much of the information on Livorno's commerce presented by E. Repetti in his Dizionario geografico, fisico, storico della Toscana contenente la descrizione di tutti i luoghi del Granducato, vol. 2 (Florence, 1832-1845).
30. H. Ferguson, an English merchant in Livorno, remarked to E. Mayer that the amount of manufactured items sold for export "I should estimate at two-thirds at least [and] perhaps three-fourths. Indeed, the latter is fully less than the proportion of our own sales for export—other houses, however, are more in the house-trade—and I should think three-fourths pretty near the mark" (ibid.). In his annual report in 1830 the gonfaloniere of Livorno remarked that of goods deposited in Livorno the principal item was English cottons, which found a prodigious sale in the Levant (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto"). Livorno possessed special advantages as a deposit port for British manufactured goods: "Imported English cottons found in the port of Livorno an immense sale because they paid nothing entering, nothing remaining, and nothing for the goods consumed in Livorno. They paid only a tariff of 15 percent on the value of the goods introduced into the Tuscan hinterland for consumption, and it was the merchant who fixed the value" (I. Imerciadori, Economia toscana nel primo '800 dalla restaurazione al regno, 1815-1861 [Florence, 1961], p. 197).
31. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 669, MS, Giuseppi Vivoli, "Accrescimento progressivo di Livorno," 2 vols.
32. ASL, Gov., f. 1000. Copialettere governatore, Livorno, 5 September 1817: to the secretary of finance, ASL, Gov., f. 108. Florence, 6-8 September 1817, for the reply of the secretary of finance discussing possible locales in the city for temporary grain storage.
33. A request from the chamber of commerce for additional storage facilities was transmitted by the governor to the secretary of finance in 1826 (ASL, Gov., f. 1010, Copialettere governatore, Livorno, 6 September 1826). It appears from the letter of the governor that no request for additional storage facilities had been made between 1817 and 1826.
34. The deputies of the chamber recognized the justice of the request of the officials and resolved that their memorial be given greater weight by having it signed by all interested members of the merchant community before it was sent to the governor, "accompanied by the strongest recommendations" of the president of the
chamber (ACCL, Delib., 7 September 1839). In transmitting this memorial to Florence, the governor remarked that the central government had not previously responded to the need because projects had been advanced "by several individual speculators to undertake these constructions at their own expense [ per proprio conto ]." Since then, however, due to the pulling out of one of the members of the project as well as to "other circumstances," there remained little hope that the pits would be constructed by private capitalists, and the governor recommended that the government once again begin working on the projects to meet the needs of the city (ASL, Gov., f. 190, Livorno, 16 October 1841: governor to the secretary of finance).
35. ASF, Misc. Fin. 1 ., f. 41. Livorno, 18 October 1843: A. G. Mochi: Report 25 (July-Sept. 1843) of the discount bank.
36. Carlo Bargagli to the governor of Livorno: "Today the deposit trade in grain is the principal branch of commerce in this city" (ASL, Gov., f. 205, n. 7. Livorno, 25 Jan. 1844).
37. "There is no doubt that commerce in cereals constitutes in fact the principal and most profitable branch of the commerce of our city" (ASL, Gov., f. 235, n. 135).
38. ASL Gov., f. 342, n. 1037. Livorno, 22 July 1850: chamber of commerce to the Delagato Straordinario.
39. The sources of these figures in chronological order are the following: ASF, Misc. Fin. I ., f. 41; ASL, Gov., f. 173, n. 176; ASF, Misc. Fin. I ., f. 41; Ibid.; ASL, Gov., f. 205, n. 8; ASF, Min. Fin. I ., f. 41; Ibid.
40. "With regard to particulars, the statistical data of the journal in question are highly imperfect particularly with respect to the category of 'diverse articles' " (ASF, Min. Fin. I ., f. 41. Livorno, 10 April 1844).
41. "From which one can deduce that it is not true that our commerce can be reduced only to cereals as some discouragingly suppose" (ASL, Gov., f. 173, n. 176. Livorno, 7 October 1840).
42. ASF, Misc. Fin. II ., f. 530, b. 59.
43. Leone Levi, The History of British Commerce and of the Economic Progress of the British Nation, 1763-1878, 2d ed. (London, 1880), p. 213.
44. Ibid., p. 215.
43. Leone Levi, The History of British Commerce and of the Economic Progress of the British Nation, 1763-1878, 2d ed. (London, 1880), p. 213.
44. Ibid., p. 215.
45. ASF, Misc. Fin. II ., f. 505. Director of the customhouse in Livorno. See also Herlihy, pp. 114-115.
46. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20. R. R. Dogana [customhouse], "Dimostrazione dei cereali forestieri introdotti nel porto franco di Livorno ed estratti dal medesimo e travasati nel molo l'anno 1815."
47. Ibid.
46. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20. R. R. Dogana [customhouse], "Dimostrazione dei cereali forestieri introdotti nel porto franco di Livorno ed estratti dal medesimo e travasati nel molo l'anno 1815."
47. Ibid.
48. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 4 June 1840: "Nuovo parere di Forni."
49. Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 13. The consumption of Livorno itself is excluded from the estimate.
50. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. 13 June 1840: administrative office of the Royal Revenues, "Sulla sostituzione."
51. In 1782-83, Tuscany consumed an average of 184,301 sacks more than it produced. During the span of good harvest years from 1787 to 1791 it was able to sell a little grain on the foreign market. Herlihy, p. 194 (from material in ASF, R. R. Rendite, 1842, no. 541, 18 March 1842). This source is not available at present for public consultation, and I have therefore relied totally on Herlihy.
52. In answer to a query from the French consul concerning the wheat situation, the minister of foreign affairs remarked that "for the future, prices could be expected to reflect the facility with which wheat could be brought from Egypt and the Black Sea . . . from whence Tuscany draws the greater part of its wheat for its consumption needs." The minister closed with the statement that "who then . . . does not know that Tuscan production even in the years of greatest abundance is never enough to suffice for the needs of the country" (ASF, Affari Esteri, Protocollo 476.84, 24 July 1854).
53. This and the following paragraph rely heavily on the material presented in Herlihy, pp. 191-194. Mrs. Herlihy has drawn her material from the archives of R. R. Rendite and the Affari Doganali in the ASF. At present neither is open for public consultation.
54. PRO, Foreign Office, 79/115, 7 December 1845, Consul Macbean.
55. In a memorial dated 30 November 1818, the minister remarked: "For the Livornese merchants the evils of famine in the Tuscan interior provide an occasion of genuine delight" (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, n. 8). In a memorial dated 26 June of that year the president of the chamber of commerce, G. Saunders, had lamented charges on grain entering the port of Livorno which, he said, in view of the current price, amounted to 2.5 to 3 percent of the value of the product. He concluded pessimistically that "the decline of prices and the general abundance of the harvests in Tuscany and the neighboring provinces does not certainly provide an object of grain speculation for our merchants, and consequently we cannot delude ourselves into expecting that they [grain cargoes] will arrive here in the number that they did previously" (ibid., 26 June 1818).
56. In 1839, O. Forni, head of the customhouse in Livorno, re-
marked to the secretary of finance, Cempini, that the chamber of commerce sought to alleviate the annual tax of 300,000 lire to which the merchant community was liable. It proposed that the tax be cut in half and that the balance be raised from a .50 to a .75 percent charge on merchandise entering the Tuscan state (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 13 September 1839: Forni to Cempini). In 1841, Cempini remarked to the governor of Livorno that no proposed revision of the commercial tax would be sanctioned "that aims in substance to transfer a portion of the debt owed by the commerce of Livorno to consumers in the hinterland, who justly for this end must not be subject to any burden" (ASL, Gov., f. 186, n. 328. Florence, 26 June 1841: secretary of finance to the governor).
57. Antonio Zobi, Manuale storico delle massime e degli ordinamenti economici vigenti in Toscana (Florence, 1847), p. 367.
58. Major statements of this group on the question are the following: Gino Capponi, "Discorso intorno ad alcune particolarita[particolarità] della presente economia toscana," Antologia 14 (April 1824): 114-124; Cosimo Ridolfi, "Memoria sulla liberta[libertà] del commercio frumentario," Antologia 14 (June 1824): 97-109; Rafaello Lambruschini, "Sul cambiamento di prezzi de'grani," GAT (1829): 278-297; and L. Landucci, ''Sulla libera importazione delle granaglie," GAT (1837): 161-187. The following is a useful, more recent article on the economic attitudes of this group: Carla Ronchi, "Liberalismo e protezionismo in Toscana prima del 1848,'' Studi storici 1 (1960): 244-284.
59. For the number of large sailing ships arriving at the port of Livorno from 1815 to 1852, see table 7.
60. For the clearest presentation of Livorno's population growth in this period see Pierfrancesco Bandettini, La Popolazione della Toscana dal 1810 al 1959 (Florence, 1961), p. 181.
61. "Who does not recognize in fact in Livorno's population many of the external characteristics of prosperity and even of wealth? Houses [ casamenti ] in large number are being erected which are larger and more pleasant than the old; furniture is increasing in quantity, value, and elegance; there exist a considerable number of carriages of which not a few are de luxe; private foundations have been set up to impart instruction, charity, and credit. And is all this, perhaps, a situation which has existed for many years? No. Without losing ourselves in figures, are these facts not enough to convince us that the actual condition of the inhabitants of this city is more prosperous than in the past?" (Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 5).
62. Guido Sonnino, Saggio sulle industrie, marina, e commercio in Livorno sotto i primi due Lorenesi (1737-1790) (Cortona, 1909), p. 131.
Giuliano Ricci asserted that "the constant increment of the population did not fail to show the prosperity of Livorno" (Ricci, "Livorno, origine e ingrandimento," GAT 11 [1837]: 111).
63. E. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 752.
64. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, Granduca di Toscana e i suo tempi; Memorie (Florence, 1871), pp. 111-112.
65. Mori, "Linee e momenti," p. 21.
66. Ibid. Mori's figures are drawn from Cesare Caporali, Sulla popolazione di Livorno. Ricerche statistiche ed economiche (Livorno, 1855), p. 82. It should be pointed out, however, that elsewhere in his study Professor Mori was quite willing to use demographic and commercial statistics as literal indicators of the recovery or decline of Livorno's economy in a given period (see G. Mori, "Linee e momenti," pp. 18-19).
65. Mori, "Linee e momenti," p. 21.
66. Ibid. Mori's figures are drawn from Cesare Caporali, Sulla popolazione di Livorno. Ricerche statistiche ed economiche (Livorno, 1855), p. 82. It should be pointed out, however, that elsewhere in his study Professor Mori was quite willing to use demographic and commercial statistics as literal indicators of the recovery or decline of Livorno's economy in a given period (see G. Mori, "Linee e momenti," pp. 18-19).
67. Baruchello, p. 573.
68. Caporali, p. 62.
69. Ricci, "Livorno, origine e ingrandimento," pp. 111-112.
70. Bandettini, La Popolazione della Toscana dal 1810 al 1959, p. 181. See also table 11.
71. Attilio Zuccagni-Orlandini, Ricerche statistiche sul Granducato di Toscana (Florence, 1848), 1: 10-14.
72. These memorials were a regular occurrence up until the time that the stallage and 1 percent duties were abolished in 1834. They were especially frequent in the period of adjustment after the restoration of the grand ducal government in 1814. Among the most interesting are those signed by the president of the chamber of commerce, Panajotti Palli, dated 16 August 1816 (ACCL, Deliberazione, 16 August 1816) and by President G. G. Saunders, dated 26 June 1818 (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160). The stir created by this latter memorial is discussed in the notes to chapter 3.
73. ACCL, Delib., 6 May 1815.
74. For what follows I have relied primarily on Gino Luzzatto, L'Eta[L'Età] contemporanea . Storia economica dell'etta[dell'età] moderna e contemporanea, Parte seconda (Padua, 1960), pp. 224-225; Giorgio Candeloro, Dalla restaurazione alla rivoluzione nazionale 1815-1846 . Storia dell'Italia moderna, 3d ed. (Milan, 1962), 2: 242; and Elie Halevy[Halévy], England in 1815 (London, 1964), p. 311.
75. PRO, Board of Trade, 6/51. Livorno, 25 July 1817: John Falconar, British consul.
76. John Falconar remarked that in the past "when the market here was found to be overstocked with British manufacturers, the merchants frequently transferred considerable quantities to Trieste,
from whence they found their way into the Austrian and neighboring territories, but as that cannot be resorted to, I fear that the sales of the current year will be found to fall even short of the last" (ibid., 6/61. Livorno, 31 January 1818: John Falconar, British consul). In 1817, Austria established a tariff law that, among other provisions, prohibited the introduction into Lombardy of cotton weaves and knits from abroad or from the other territories of the empire (save Hungary, upon the payment of a high tariff) (Candeloro, 2: 252). An anonymous report in 1820 cited earlier remarked on this point: "The protective system recently adopted by the Austrian Emperor has taken away from Livorno the extensive commerce which it carried out with the kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia and with Trieste" (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 165. Livorno, 10 January 1820).
77. Luigi Torelli, Dell'Avvenire del commercio europeo e in modo speciale quello degli stati italiani, Ricerche (Florence, 1858), 2: 47.
78. Luzzatto, Storia economica contemporanea, p. 223.
79. The series begins only in 1823 and contains notable lacunae, particularly in 1825 and in the extremely important period from 1844 to 1847. In addition, frequent complaints were voiced by Tuscan and foreign merchants about inaccuracies in the journal (see ASL, Gov., f. 202. Affari Diversi, 1842. Livorno, 23 Nov. 1842: Giovanni Chelli, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor, and ibid., f. 216, n. 570. For the compilation see table 12).
80. ASF, Affari Esteri, f. 2621. Carteggio Governatore Livorno, 1814-1819.
81. Zobi, Manuale storico delle massime e degli ordinamenti economici vigenti in Toscana (Florence, 1847), p. 362.
82. Pierfrancesco Bandettini, I Prezzi sul mercato di Firenze dal 1800 al 1890 (Rome, 1957). Bandettini's figures are based on the summaries of government market officials which are collected in the Florentine communal archive. His figures are reproduced in table 13.
83. The prices through 1835 are expressed in pezze; from 1837, in lire toscane per one hundred pounds. One pezza equals 5.68 Tuscan lire. For the reform of weights and measures which brought the change in the manner of declaration see chapter 4.
Chapter Two The Merchant Community: Social Structure, Economic Values, Institutions
1. Francesco Pera, Ricordi e biografie livornesi (Livorno, 1867), p. 124.
2. ASF, Seg. di Gabinetto, f. 609; MS, Vivoli, "L'Accrescimento progressivo di Livorno," vol. 2, n. 291.
3. James Fenimore Cooper, Excursions in Italy, cited in Lando Bortolotti, Livorno dal 1748 al 1958 (Florence, 1970), pp. 107-108.
4. ASL, Gov., f. 23. Livorno, 5 July 1781: governor of Livorno to the grand duke, cited in Bortolotti, p. 105.
5. Henry James, All'estero, cited in Bortolotti, p. 108.
6. Giuseppe Mery, Scene della vita italiana, cited in Pera, p. 86.
7. A useful reference are the social definitions provided by Elinor G. Barber, The Bourgeoisie in 18th-Century France (Princeton, 1955), pp. 14-33.
8. The auditor of the government noted that the system for conceding credit status in the customhouse "does not admit to that benefit merchants who resell the merchandise in retail shops" (ASL, Gov., f. 198, n. 254. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 25 June 1842: auditor to the governor of Livorno).
9. F. D. Guerrazzi noted that the English merchant Giovanni Grant had refused admission to a party to a young man engaged in retail commerce (BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 25, note of 15 June 1829).
10. For the eighteenth-century regulations (drawn up in 1758 and 1759), see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.
11. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse.
10. For the eighteenth-century regulations (drawn up in 1758 and 1759), see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.
11. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse.
12. Perhaps more significant were instances of merchants stepping down into the position of mezzano . For an instance of this, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 8 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno.
13. See n. 11.
14. G. Mori, "Linee," pp. 21-22; Nicola Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi nell'Ottocento (Rome, 1966), p. 86. The interpretation of these two Marxist historians is adopted in toto by the non-Marxist Bortolotti ( Livorno, p. 75).
15. G. Mori, "Linee," p. 22.
16. Narrative descriptions of manufacturing in Livorno abound. For more accessible published accounts see Gino Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, pp. 392-397 (summarizing an account of F. Bartoletti in 1829); Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 765; Bowring, Statistica, pp. 29-30; Torelli, Dell'avvenire del commercio Europeo e in modo speciale quello degli stati italiani (Florence, 1858), 3: 57; Gino Galletti, "Le Industrie del passato," La Rivista di Livorno I (Nov.-Dec., 1926): 3-12; and Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici . Manuscript accounts include ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto";
ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20; and BLL, Carte Vivoli (1817). Livorno, 20 September 1817: Labronica Academy to the Academy of the Georgofili. For a specific discussion of the relationship of the privileges of the city to the development of manufacturing see Temistocle Pergola, Sulla franchigia commerciale di Livorno (Livorno, 1862).
17. Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti, p. 79. For a description of a steam mill and a list of the principal partners see ASL, Catasto, f. 280, n. 184.
18. Both memorials are in ASF, Fin. Seg., f. 799.
19. Baruchello, pp. 361, 557.
20. Torelli, 3: 59.
21. The regulation reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 October 1815.
22. See chapter 1, n. 7.
23. La Settimana 4, no. 9 (26 February 1899). Pietro Bastogi dictated these notes on the early history of the firm in 1888.
24. G. Mori, "Linee," pp. 20-22.
25. ASF, Seg. di Fin., f. 149. 12 July 1834: report of the council.
26. ACCL, Delib., 14 January 1839 indicates that a letter was received from the governor with requests from three noble families (Malenchini, Bevilacqua, and Bertolacci) for exemption from the commercial tax, "[their] not being merchants." The chamber denied the request on the grounds that although the three could not be considered merchants, they were nevertheless heavily engaged in commercial activity.
27. ASL Gov., f. 186, no. 328. Aff. Div., 1841. Livorno, 6 July: governor to the secretary of finance.
28. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826, gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
29. Ibid. See also E. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 773-774.
28. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826, gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
29. Ibid. See also E. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 773-774.
30. See n. 31.
31. This series is to be found in the archive of the catasto in the ASL. The series runs from f. 276 (1821) to f. 288 (1833) and contains a detailed list of all property that changes in value (generally due to new construction) or in which there is a change in the person (or persons) liable for the taxes. As such this series notes all property bought and sold in the community and provides detailed descriptions of the real property holdings of a family when title passes from the defunct to the heirs.
32. See, for example, the villa property sold by Carlo Sansoni, an attorney and important dabbler in real-estate speculation, to the English merchant Giovanni Grant. The house is described as palatial, and the vines are "of select quality" (ASL, Catasto, f. 278, n. 32).
33. "An elegant little palace" constructed south of the city for Jacob Attias (ibid., f. 280, n. 225).
34. The exception was a villa (or "former palace") sold by Carlo Sansoni, to Giovanni Grant (ibid., f. 278, n. 32). See n. 32.
35. Bortolotti, Livorno, p. 29. The maps are in ASF, Regie Fabbriche, A. 3, n. 1, cartone 5 ("Porto di Livorno e suoi annessi").
36. Bortolotti, pp. 29-30. Discusses the controversy over the measure and the equalization of the assessments in 1803.
37. The following Jewish families possessed villa holdings: Attias, Arbib, Bacri, Busnach, Della Longa, Rignano, Sajegh, Sacuto. Jewish families can be identified from the records of the archive of the Jewish community of the city and from members of the community chosen to represent it in the chamber of commerce.
38. See, for example, the announcement of the leasing of three shops ( botteghe ) in the center of town by Salamone Tedeschi in 1820 (ASL, Catasto, f. 275, n. 103) and that of the purchase of two shops and a warehouse by Tommaso Appleton, the American consul general in 1831 (Ibid., f. 286, n. 60).
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
39. Important purchases of palaces in the central city were made by Domenico Castelli in 1826 (ibid., f. 279, n. 118) and Giorgio Gower in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 208); similar edifices in the quarter of Venezia Nuova were purchased by Marco Regini and Giovanni Chelli in 1824 (ibid., f. 279, n. 129) and Carlo Grabau in 1831 (ibid., f. 286, n. 133). Other important contracts were registered by Giovanni Grant in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 250 and f. 280, n. 63). Significant acquisitions of similar properties were made in the older suburbs to the north of the city (on the road to Pisa) by the Pacho[Pachò] family in 1828 (ibid., f. 283, n. 221) and Gherardo Stub (1829) (ibid., f. 284, n. 83).
40. Ibid., f. 278, n. 99.
41. Ibid., f. 279, n. 1.
42. ASF, Stato Civile, f. 12308. Cenna statistica della univ. israelitica livornese, 1837. Notes the traditional nature of Jewish investment and also notes that with regard to new construction and speculation, the Jews were falling behind other sectors of the population.
43. Bortolotti, pp. 103-104, 112.
44. The most important relaxation of the restrictions occurred in 1776 when a government provision allowed proprietors to build within one mile of the city walls, previously prohibited for reasons of military defense. See G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo," 1: 139, 228-230; and 2: n. 296 and 412; Bortolotti, pp. 69, 117.
45. Bortolotti, p. 116. Due to the different ways of calculating
revenue, Bortolotti used the top four classes for the assessment of 1830 and the top three for 1850.
46. Ibid., pp. 114-15.
45. Bortolotti, p. 116. Due to the different ways of calculating
revenue, Bortolotti used the top four classes for the assessment of 1830 and the top three for 1850.
46. Ibid., pp. 114-15.
47. The description of the purchases is in ASL, Catasto, f. 286, n. 277; f. 286, n. 192; f. 287, n. 242; f. 285, n. 15; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163.
48. For a description of the construction, see ibid., f. 287, n. 366.
49. Bortolotti, p. 138.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
50. ASL, Catasto, f. 285, n. 146.
51. Ibid., f. 286, n. 284; f. 287, n. 417; f. 287, n. 163; f. 288, n. 225.
52. Ibid., f. 287, nos. 34, 176, 282 for Malenchini. For Michon, see chap. 2, n. 56.
53. Ibid., pp. 140-141.
54. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 83. The author notes that approximately 2.5 million lire in private capital had been invested in these projects and that an important source of it came from Livorno: "Having need, the capital was not lacking. Wealthy Livorno was near, and the two colonies drew from it powerful assistance."
55. Ibid., pp. 462-463. An excellent discussion of the iron industry can be found in G. Mori, L'industria del ferro in Toscana dalla restaurazione alla fine del granducato (1815-1869) (Turin, 1966). ASL, Gov., f. 219, n. 751 bis., provides a concrete illustration of merchant capital invested in a mining venture for the excavation of mercury.
54. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 83. The author notes that approximately 2.5 million lire in private capital had been invested in these projects and that an important source of it came from Livorno: "Having need, the capital was not lacking. Wealthy Livorno was near, and the two colonies drew from it powerful assistance."
55. Ibid., pp. 462-463. An excellent discussion of the iron industry can be found in G. Mori, L'industria del ferro in Toscana dalla restaurazione alla fine del granducato (1815-1869) (Turin, 1966). ASL, Gov., f. 219, n. 751 bis., provides a concrete illustration of merchant capital invested in a mining venture for the excavation of mercury.
56. The manifesto of the society is in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35. The organizers of the project were Giovanni Pietro Ulrich, Gino Pacho[Pachò], Luigi Fauguet, and Salvatore Carreras. For a description of the project see Bortolotti, p. 144.
57. Carla Ronchi, I Democratici fiorentini nella rivoluzione del '48-'49 (Florence, n.d.), p. 40, indicates that of the more than twenty societies established in the approximately ten-year period after 1835, only a few had prospered. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [1846]: 26) noted the importance of investments in the Maremma and the long-term nature of the returns: "Investments in these undertakings can be rendered profitable to sons and grandsons only; and whoever seek to realize immediate profits, must betake themselves to other objects of investment."
58. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana. Repertorio dei Libri d'Oro .
59. Ibid., f. 125. Copialettere Nobilta[Nobiltà] e Cittadinanza: 24 November 1814.
58. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana. Repertorio dei Libri d'Oro .
59. Ibid., f. 125. Copialettere Nobilta[Nobiltà] e Cittadinanza: 24 November 1814.
60. ASL, Comunita[Comunità] . f. 53. Deliberazioni Magistrali per la Comunita[Comunità]: Livorno, 30 July 1818.
61. The following are some of the more summary justifications:
Bartolomei—"one of Livorno's richest families in terms of real property"; Cipriani—"a rich patrimony in real property"; Coppi—"a large patrimony in real property. . . joins to his wealth extensive cognition"; Danti—''united in matrimony to a noble Pisan, and he is the wealthiest landowner in Livorno"; Papanti—"his wife is the daughter of a Cavaliere di Santo Stefano. He possesses a wealthy patrimony in real property, as a Livornese citizen he has filled diverse civic offices in a praiseworthy manner, and he has a great deal of talent''; Rodriguez—"he has a reasonable patrimony. . . Livornese citizenship. . . and several of his forefathers who died without descendants were justly accorded noble status."
62. See n. 61.
63. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 28 August to the Avvocato Regio.
64. Ibid.
63. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 28 August to the Avvocato Regio.
64. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
65. ASF, Nobilta[Nobiltà] Toscana, f. 203.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., f. 96. Processi di Nobilta[Nobiltà], 1838. Livorno, 25 January 1838: A. Martellini, gonfaloniere, to the Deputazione sulla Nobilta[Nobiltà].
68. Ibid.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
69. ASL. Gov ., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 13 March to the Avvocato Regio.
70. Ibid., f. 249, n. 199. Aff. Div., 1846. Livorno, 28 March: Auditor to the governor.
71. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 31 October to the governor of Siena.
72. Florence, 1833-1846.
73. This correspondence between Mayer and Repetti is uncataloged in the ms. collection of the Biblioteca Labronica. Mayer's communication is dated 13 March 1838.
74. Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici ; Giuliano Ricci, 'Livorno," GAT 11 (1837): 101-16.
75. Serristori, pp. 3-4.
76. Giuliano Ricci, "Livorno," p. 113.
77. Benjamin Franklin ecrites[écrites] par lui-meme[lui-même]: traduction nouvelle (Paris, 1828). La strada di far fortuna o la scienza del buon'uomo Riccardo, trans. G. Fantoni (Bologna, 1801). The definitive study of this material remains Antonio Pace, Benjamin Franklin and Italy (Philadelphia, 1958). Pp. 222-224, from which I have drawn heavily, deal specifically with the propagation of Franklin's writings in Livorno.
78. Indicatore livornese 1, nos. 8, 9, 10, 14.
79. See L. Cambini, L'Indicatore livornese (Milan-Rome-Naples,
1925) and Raffaella Abenicar, "La Formazione Politico-Culturale di F. D. Guerrazzi" (Tesi di Laurea, Universita[Università] degli Studi di Firenze, Facolta[Facoltà] di Magistero, 1972), pp. 4-6.
80. The articles were signed only with a "Z." The author was identified by Cambini, p. 79. See also C. Carocci, Prose e poesie di Sansone Uzielli (Florence, 1899).
81. Temistocle Pergola, Memoria ai miei amici (Livorno, 1861), pp. 4-6.
82. Renato Treves, La Dottrina sansimonisma nel pensiero italiano del Risorgimento (Turin, 1931), pp. 7, 25.
83. Abenicar, p. 10. On the diffusion of the doctrines see D. Levi, "Prima fase del socialismo in Italia. Il Sansimonismo," Nuova Antologia 11 (June 1897): 434. On G. P. Vieusseux and the Corresponding Society see Raffaele Ciampini, Gian Pietro Vieusseux, i suoi viaggi, i suoi giornali, i suoi amici (Turin, 1953); Paolo Prunas, L'Antologia di Gian Pietro Vieusseux: Storia di una rivista italiana (Rome, 1906); Lambruschini, Elogi e biografie (Florence, 1872); and Ettore Passerin, "G. P. Vieusseux, lo spirito ginevrino e i moderati toscani," Nuova Rivista storica 30 (1954): 389-401.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
84. Treves, pp. 25, 27.
85. Ibid., p. 30.
86. Ibid., and Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana dal 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963), p. 44.
87. Among the direct adherents to the new sect, Treves (p. 30) noted Enrico Mayer and Vincenzo Malenchini.
88. Cosimo Ridolfi, "Dell'influenza dello spirito d'associazione negli stabilimenti di pubblica beneficenza," AGA 3 (1828): 378-389.
89. Giuliano Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria in Toscana," GAT 12 (1838): 283-297; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricoltura toscana," ibid., 365-381.
90. B. Levantini-Pieroni, ed., Scritti editi e postumi di Carlo Bini reintegrati sui manoscritti originali e notevolmente accresciuti (Florence, 1869), cited by Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti, p. 31.
91. Rosolino Guastalla, ed., Note autobiografiche e poema di F. D. Guerrazzi (Florence, 1899), cited in Badaloni, p. 33.
92. G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo," 1: 218, 222, and 2: n. 387; Carlo Giorgio Ciappei, "Intorno alle origini ed agli statuti dell'Accademia Labronica," La Rivista di Livorno 1 (April 1926): 216-221.
93. BLL, Carte Ricci, no. 10: "Pagine Sparse—Associazioni di vario genere esistenti." On the suspension of activity, Giuliamo Ricci remarked: "[It] suspends its meetings in 1829 for a variety of reasons,
of which the principal is the antipathy between the old and young members . . . and the opposition of the old members to the admission of new ones" (the recommendation of the governor for the reopening of the academy is in ASL, Gov., f. 1021. Copialettere governatore, 1837:6 May to the president of the Buon Governo).
94. The address was delivered on 6 May 1838 and is contained in the acts of the academy. BLL, uncataloged ms. collection. See also "Estratto dal diario delle adunanze scientifiche dell'Accademia Labronica, Livorno, 6 Maggio 1838," GAT 12 (1838): 279-293.
95. F. S. Orlandini, "Accademia Labronica. Adunanza solenne del 6 Maggio 1838," GAT 12 (1838): 272-283.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
96. A discussion of the session in BNF, Carteggio Vieusseux, A76/ 20, 15 June 1838: Orlandini to Vieusseux. The paper of Ricci is published in the GAT (see n. 93), the presentation of Lattini is in the Acts of the academy, and that of Bastogi has not been traced.
97. Ibid., A76/35, 22 April 1839: Orlandini to Vieusseux. Remarked on a session of the academy "to bang your head on the wall!" and closed: "dear Vieusseux, believe me, this academy is irretrievably juvenile, and not only I am saying it but so is the sanest part of the city."
98. Ibid., A76/99, 1 February 1843: Orlandini to Vieusseux.
99. On this theme see in particular Ezio Barsanti, "Il Consiglio del Commercio di Livorno," Liburni civitas 9 (1931): 17-192, and Rodolfo Misul, Le Arti florentine decadenza e soppressione: Le Camere di Commercio origine-modificazioni (Florence, 1904).
100. Barsanti, 182. The author also reports that when Gian Gastone, the last Medici grand duke, asked whether the merchant community would welcome the reestablishment of a council of commerce, he received a negative response that was overwhelming, "above all for the suspicions and jealousies that divide the merchants of the various nations, including the Jewish."
101. See in particular the comments of Francesco Maria Gianni, one of the principal eighteenth-century Tuscan reformers, in Scritti di pubblica economia, storico-economici e storico-politici (Florence, 1848-1849), 2: 298, 313.
102. Barsanti, 184-87.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
103. The provisions of the Regolamento are reproduced in ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815.
104. Ibid., article 27, pts. 103.
105. Ibid., articles 30, 32, 34-36.
106. See the remarks of the secretary of finance, Frullani, in his memorial of 30 November 1818 in ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8.
107. See chapter 4.
108. The role of the chamber of commerce as the legal representative of the merchant community was a controversial subject. In response to a report of the administrative office of the Royal Revenues (13 June 1840) which had labeled the chamber of commerce of Livorno "a purely consultative body without representative capacity or a mandate to contract obligations in the name of commerce itself," the governor of Livorno, Neri Corsini, remarked (4 August 1840) that "this chamber had always been the organ of the votes [ voti ] and requests of the merchants, and this for very long custom," and for that reason, ''the tassa di commercio must be regarded as the offering of the legal representatives of the merchant community [ corpo dei negozianti ] in Livorno." Both reports are in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. For the specific functions of the chamber of commerce in the administration of the tassa, see articles 6 and 8 of the notification of 24 July 1834 ( Bandi e Ordini, 1834, n. 43).
109. See the Regolamento pei facchini di manovella e pei facchini di sacco, approved 7 October 1847. Article 27 stated: "The company will be wholly dependent on the chamber of commerce and must observe all the provisions and regulations that it promulgates, pending, as needed, the approval of the central government."
110. For the tassa di commercio see chapter 4; for the dockworkers, chapter 7.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
111. ACCL, Delib., 7 Oct. 1815. Regolamento, 8 September 1815, article 2.
112. Ibid., articles 14, 15.
113. Ibid., articles 16, 18.
114. Ibid., article 17. With regard to the residency requirement, exception was made for those merchants who took up residence in the city in the period immediately following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The government permitted merchants enjoying the " fido in dogana" to pay their customs charges in a lump sum every two months. This concession was granted only on petition and was awarded to merchants of proven repute. Only bona fide wholesale merchants were eligible for the fido, which meant in effect that retailers or other social groups whose primary function was not wholesale commerce were excluded from direct representation in the chamber.
115. ASL, Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1819. Florence, 6 January: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
116. Ibid., and article 11 of the Regolamento of 8 September 1815.
115. ASL, Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1819. Florence, 6 January: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
116. Ibid., and article 11 of the Regolamento of 8 September 1815.
117. These important lists of merchants enjoying the fido may be found in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20.
118. Regolamento, articles 9, 10.
119. See, for example, ASL. Gov., f. 111. Aff. Div., 1919. Florence, 6 January 1819: Frullani to the governor of Livorno for the way in which the selection passes through the various stages and results in the selection of the top candidates proposed by the chamber of commerce. A comparison of the annual lists of candidates recommended by the chamber with the deputies finally selected will confirm the practice.
Chapter Three Tariffs and Port Charges
1. Luigi Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana dagli inizi del secolo XVIII alla caduta del granducato (Milan, 1965), p. 111.
2. Ibid., p. 278; Bowring, Statistica, pp. 16-18.
1. Luigi Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana dagli inizi del secolo XVIII alla caduta del granducato (Milan, 1965), p. 111.
2. Ibid., p. 278; Bowring, Statistica, pp. 16-18.
3. Corrado Barbagallo, Le Origini della grande industria contemporanea 1750-1850 (Venice, 1930), 2: 293-297.
4. ACCL. Delib., 5 August 1816. Reports that the notification was published by the administrative office of the Royal Revenues on 27 July 1816.
5. Ibid., Delib., 26 September 1816; ASF, Misc. Fin. II, f. 539, n. 93. Livorno, 30 Sept. 1816: chamber of commerce. Panajotti Palli, president. "Memoria."
4. ACCL. Delib., 5 August 1816. Reports that the notification was published by the administrative office of the Royal Revenues on 27 July 1816.
5. Ibid., Delib., 26 September 1816; ASF, Misc. Fin. II, f. 539, n. 93. Livorno, 30 Sept. 1816: chamber of commerce. Panajotti Palli, president. "Memoria."
6. Edict of 15 May 1825.
7. Edict of 30 December 1831.
8. Edict of 6 April 1833; ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Contains the protests of many manufacturers of panni di lana ordinarie and strong support for the measure from Domenico Cappelli, head of the customhouse in Livorno.
9. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 391. A notification of 12 March 1822 increased the gabelle on foreign wine destined for the consumption of the inhabitants of Livorno and the hinterland and diminished the excise tax on Tuscan wine introduced into Livorno. On 5 December 1823, Cappelli outlined the positive results of the measure in a note to the secretary of finance.
10. ACCL, Delib., 16 April 1814. The chamber agreed to continuing the prohibition on the extraction of Tuscan rags but refused to support any restrictions on the reexport of foreign rags.
11. Ibid., Delib., 17 May 1814. Argued that restrictions on the extraction of oil should apply only to Tuscan cooking oil. Commerce in machine oil was primarily one of deposit and transshipment, and the absence of machinery in Tuscany made the internal demand virtually nil.
10. ACCL, Delib., 16 April 1814. The chamber agreed to continuing the prohibition on the extraction of Tuscan rags but refused to support any restrictions on the reexport of foreign rags.
11. Ibid., Delib., 17 May 1814. Argued that restrictions on the extraction of oil should apply only to Tuscan cooking oil. Commerce in machine oil was primarily one of deposit and transshipment, and the absence of machinery in Tuscany made the internal demand virtually nil.
12. Carlo Di Nola, Politica economica e agricoltura in Toscana nei secoli XV-XIX (Rome, 1948), p. 51.
13. Notification of 17 May 1817. In 1823, Cappelli defended the measure for favoring Tuscan agriculture and commerce without damaging the wool industry. In the past six years, he said, the sheep population in the region had grown considerably. Wool manufacturers, who were engaged primarily in the production of ordinary cloth, used only a small proportion of the indigenous product, which they found too fine for their needs. The majority of their raw material came from the Barbary Coast and the Levant, and an efficient commercial network insured that this product was always available at a reasonable price (ASF, Misc. Fin. II, f. 500. Livorno, 5 December 1823: Cappelli, "Memoria").
14. Notification, 6 July 1819.
15. Edict of 21 July 1825. The governor of Livorno, Garzoni Venturi, enumerated the positive results that merchants in Livorno said would result from the measure: a larger number of English ships would be attracted to the port, which, in addition to silk, would export other products, "to the secure advantage of commerce and the state treasury" (ASL, Gov., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 29 June to the secretary of finance); ibid., letter of 1 August to the department of finance transmitted the gratification of the chamber of commerce. See also BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 23. 21 July 1825.
16. Edict of 11 November 1830.
17. Edict of 10 July 1832.
18. Edict of 15 November 1840. G. Baldasseroni saw this measure as important evidence of the government's desire to return to a general system of free trade (Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 123).
19. Baruchello, p. 547.
20. Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana, p. 322.
21. The memorial of the chamber to the central government is transcribed in ACCL, Delib., 16 August 1816.
22. Notwithstanding the follow-up letter of the president of the chamber, Panajotti Palli (ASF, Misc. Fin. II, f. 539, n. 93. Livorno, 30 September 1816).
23. Ibid., Livorno, 23 October 1816: customhouse to the secretary of finance, which concluded that the laments of the chamber of commerce were "lacking in any foundation."
22. Notwithstanding the follow-up letter of the president of the chamber, Panajotti Palli (ASF, Misc. Fin. II, f. 539, n. 93. Livorno, 30 September 1816).
23. Ibid., Livorno, 23 October 1816: customhouse to the secretary of finance, which concluded that the laments of the chamber of commerce were "lacking in any foundation."
24. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, n. 8. Livorno, 26 June 1818: G. G. Saunders, president of the chamber, to the governor.
25. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, n. 8. 30 November 1818, "Memoria." "For the Livornese merchants the evils of famine in the Tuscan
interior provide an occasion of genuine delight."
26. In 1818 the governor of Livorno, for example, clearly felt that the decline in prices was only temporary. He opposed the imposition of a flexible tax for the current fixed charge on grain imports, arguing that merchants would suffer when the price rose: "In fact, diminishing the tax at this time . . . and in consequence ending the fixed rate, it seems to me, raises the danger of seeing it increase with the price of grain, eventually returning to 30 or 40 lire." Instead, he urged the abolition of the tax of 1 percent. (ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 1 June to the president of the chamber of commerce.)
27. On the complaints of the harsh sanitary practices of the port see also BLL, Carte Vivoli, 1816. Livorno, 8 July 1816: M. Appleton, the American consul in Livorno, to the governor. In 1817, Giovanni F. Manjony, the Tuscan consul in Boston, reported that American ships were being diverted to Trieste, "the only motive [being] that there they are exposed only to a simple quarantine of five days" (ibid., 1817. Boston, 25 November 1817: Manjony to the governor of Livorno).
28. The papers relative to the response of the central government are in ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, no. 8. They consist principally of observations from I. Pistolesi to the secretary of finance (15 July 1818), a series of memoranda from Frullani to the governor of Livorno (2 and 7 July and 15 August 1818), and a long, unsigned memorial dated 30 November 1818.
29. The governor of Livorno supported the petition of the chamber for extending the deferment of customs payments (ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: January 28 to the secretary of finance). Frullani opposed the proposed extension and criticized merchants for not paying the charges when due and then holding up the government for loans at 15 to 20 percent interest (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, n. 8, 2 July 1818, Frullani to the governor of Livorno). The memorial of November 30 (ibid.) indicated that the government had successfully cracked down on merchants not making their customs payments.
30. The memorial of 30 November 1818 reported that "Consul Frullani has suggested that he does not know whether the grand duke, informed of the insidious maneuvres of the chamber, will not resolve to take some determination on the suppression of the same."
31. See the letters of Frullani to Spannocchi cited in n. 28.
32. The relatively subtle hint of possible removal expressed by Frullani in August ("Hence one can easily combine a man endowed with all the administrative virtues without their being well informed
of the causes that produce certain predetermined effects in both political and financial legislation and therefore do not allow him to meet effectively the true object of his mission") was expressed even more forcefully in the memorial in November: "It is necessary, therefore, to place at the head of the Livornese government a governor who knows commerce and understands the greed of the Livornese merchants who are for the most part foreign." In his reply to Frullani, Spannocchi did not hesitate to reaffirm his respect for the foreign consuls resident in Livorno and for the position of the Livornesi: "From the tone of your memorial, which I will keep private, it would appear, and I am sorry for it, that you are not at all a friend of the Livornese; in truth, I am, because I have always found them good, obedient to the laws, and attached and respectable to the government" (ibid., 12 August 1818).
33. A published copy of this notification is in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 22.
34. See the introduction to the published tariffs of the tax of 1 percent in ASF, Misc. Fin., f. 2820 and ASL, Gov., f. 119. Florence, 8 March 1822: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
35. Ibid.
34. See the introduction to the published tariffs of the tax of 1 percent in ASF, Misc. Fin., f. 2820 and ASL, Gov., f. 119. Florence, 8 March 1822: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
35. Ibid.
36. ASL, Gov., f. 144.
37. Ibid., Livorno, 26 April 1830: Bell, De Young and Company to the chamber of commerce. This sentiment was repeated in the company's petition to the central government of the same date and to the governor, 28 April 1830.
38. Ibid., Florence, 25 November 1830: Neri Corsini, secretary of state to the governor of Livorno. Notification that the official value of certain types of coffee was lowered from 80 to 35 lire per hundred pounds.
36. ASL, Gov., f. 144.
37. Ibid., Livorno, 26 April 1830: Bell, De Young and Company to the chamber of commerce. This sentiment was repeated in the company's petition to the central government of the same date and to the governor, 28 April 1830.
38. Ibid., Florence, 25 November 1830: Neri Corsini, secretary of state to the governor of Livorno. Notification that the official value of certain types of coffee was lowered from 80 to 35 lire per hundred pounds.
36. ASL, Gov., f. 144.
37. Ibid., Livorno, 26 April 1830: Bell, De Young and Company to the chamber of commerce. This sentiment was repeated in the company's petition to the central government of the same date and to the governor, 28 April 1830.
38. Ibid., Florence, 25 November 1830: Neri Corsini, secretary of state to the governor of Livorno. Notification that the official value of certain types of coffee was lowered from 80 to 35 lire per hundred pounds.
39. From the information supplied by Bell, De Young and Company, the chamber of commerce called for a complete revision of Livorno's stallage duties (ACCL, Delib., 15 and 22 March 1831).
40. Bowring, Statistica, p. 28.
41. ACCL, Delib., 13 January 1834.
42. ASL, Gov., f. 154. Florence, 22 February 1834: Cempini to the governor of Livorno.
43. ASL. Gov., f. 1018. Copialettere governatore, 1834: 26 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 28 February 1834 to Cempini.
43. ASL. Gov., f. 1018. Copialettere governatore, 1834: 26 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 28 February 1834 to Cempini.
43. ASL. Gov., f. 1018. Copialettere governatore, 1834: 26 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 28 February 1834 to Cempini.
46. G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo," vol. 2, note 14.
47. ACCL, Delib., 8 March 1834.
48. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. I have surmised that the conclusions of the commission are contained in a paper entitled, "Conclusioni della commissione." It is undated and unsigned.
49. Ibid., "Rapporto del consiglio." The contents of a missing filza in this series (ibid., f. 1148) would undoubtedly throw light on the working out of the provisions of the new system.
48. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. I have surmised that the conclusions of the commission are contained in a paper entitled, "Conclusioni della commissione." It is undated and unsigned.
49. Ibid., "Rapporto del consiglio." The contents of a missing filza in this series (ibid., f. 1148) would undoubtedly throw light on the working out of the provisions of the new system.
50. Repetti, Dizionario, 2: 753.
51. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. "Rapporto del consiglio."
52. Ibid.
51. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. "Rapporto del consiglio."
52. Ibid.
53. Notification of 24 July 1834, paragraph 6. Bandi e Ordini, 1834, n. 31.
54. Ibid., paragraph 7.
53. Notification of 24 July 1834, paragraph 6. Bandi e Ordini, 1834, n. 31.
54. Ibid., paragraph 7.
55. Notification of 24 July 1834.
56. ACCL, Delib., 11 March 1834.
57. ASL, Gov., f. 1018. Copialettere governatore, 1834: 26 July to Cempini for the response of the merchant community; ibid., f. 155. Florence, 29 July 1834: Cempini to the governor for the permission to send a delegation.
58. ACCL, Delib., 8 August 1834. The social attitudes and philanthropic activities of the merchant community are presented in chapter 5.
59. Enrico Guglielmino, Genoa dal 1814 al 1849: Gli Sviluppi economici e l'opinione pubblica (Genoa, 1940), p. 104.
60. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. Livorno, 17 Sept. 1834: Niccola Manteri, president of the board of assessment to the chamber of commerce.
61. ACCL, Delib., 7 October 1834.
62. On the problem see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. administrative office of the Royal Revenues, 13 June 1840, "Memoria sulla sostituzione"; also ibid., Livorno, 4 August 1840: report of the board of assessment to the chamber of commerce. "The elements which provide the basis of the tax, that is business, capital, and profit, are mysteries hidden in the ledgers of the respective taxpayers."
63. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. Livorno, 27 October 1834: A subject [ un suddito ] to Cempini.
64. Thus, the administrative office of the Royal Revenues argued that the notification of July had called for the exemption of all retail merchants and that the extension of the tax to wine and coffee-houses, etc., was illegal. (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. 13 June 1840, "Sulla sostituzione" [memorial].) But a letter to the department of finance (signature illegible) remarked that "the decree declares subject to the tax persons exercising any kind of trade, even retail, provided that
it is not considered truly slight and insignificant" (ibid., Seg. Fin., f. 1149. Livorno, 13 August 1834: to Cempini).
65. Reported in ACCL, Delib., 20 November 1834. In the previous deliberation (11 November) the chamber, while stressing that it had no power to intervene in an affair that concerned the board of appeal, put itself on record as opposing the automatic extension of a revision to an entire class of taxpayer. Revisions, it argued, should be granted only to specific, individual claims.
66. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 4 August 1840: report of the board of assessment to the chamber of commerce.
67. C. A. Dalgas, vice president of the chamber, remarked to the secretary of finance that to prevent general malcontent the tax had to fall largely on the wealthy. But, he remarked, the number of large speculators in Livorno was limited, and if the tax continued to fall primarily on them, as it had in the past two years, the consequences could be distasteful (ibid., Livorno, 30 May 1840: Dalgas to the secretary of finance).
68. ACCL, Delib., 2 July 1838. Fortunato Regini, president of the chamber of commerce, "Memoria."
69. A glance at the deliberations of the chamber in this period will give some sense of the scramble. ACCL, Delib., 30 November 1837: The deputies voted to send the tax rolls back to the board of appeal for further revision. Delib., 16 July 1838: The chamber voted to revise the tax roll itself before having it published and considered adding to it groups that in the past had been excluded. Delib., 18 July 1838: The deputies agreed to meet continuously and to examine every name on the list of contributors and to vote on each proposed assessment. Delib., 11 December 1838: In a heated discussion the chamber criticized the board of appeal, which had rejected many of its recommendations. Delib., 13 December 1838: The announcement of a compromise between the chamber and the board.
70. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 4 August 1840: report of the board of assessment to the chamber of commerce.
71. ACCL, Delib., 2 July 1838.
72. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 12. Livorno, 9 August 1839: O. Forni to R. Cempini. Those rumored to be doing this were Chelli, Rodocanacchi, and Lloyd.
73. ACCL, Delib., 2 July 1838.
74. ASL, Gov., f. 1023. Copialettere governatore, 1839: 23 January to the chamber of commerce. The governor informed the chamber that two memorials, one from the board of assessment and the other from a group of merchants—in line with government resolutions of
17 February and 10 July l838—were not being transmitted to Florence because they were ''conceived in vague and generic terms." The governor remarked that if the chamber could come up with a concrete proposal that would guarantee the treasury an equal annual compensation, it would receive serious consideration.
75. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 14 February 1839: Rodocanacchi to the chamber of commerce. The author was probably either Michele or Giorgio Rodocanacchi, both wealthy Greek merchants and active in the chamber in this period.
76. A summary of this plan is found in ibid., Livorno, 13 September 1839: O. Forni to Cempini.
77. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 30 Nov. 1839: chamber of commerce to the auditor of the governor. Also ibid., Livorno, 30 May 1840: chamber of commerce (Dalgas, vice president) to the secretary of finance.
78. Ibid., Livorno, November 1838: twelve signatories to the chamber of commerce. The memorial was originally signed by twenty, but eight of the signatures were crossed off.
79. Ibid., administrative office of the Royal Revenues. The two memorials are dated 17 July 1839 and 13 June 1840.
80. Ibid., Livorno, 4 August 1840: Neri Corsini, "Osservazioni."
77. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 30 Nov. 1839: chamber of commerce to the auditor of the governor. Also ibid., Livorno, 30 May 1840: chamber of commerce (Dalgas, vice president) to the secretary of finance.
78. Ibid., Livorno, November 1838: twelve signatories to the chamber of commerce. The memorial was originally signed by twenty, but eight of the signatures were crossed off.
79. Ibid., administrative office of the Royal Revenues. The two memorials are dated 17 July 1839 and 13 June 1840.
80. Ibid., Livorno, 4 August 1840: Neri Corsini, "Osservazioni."
77. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 30 Nov. 1839: chamber of commerce to the auditor of the governor. Also ibid., Livorno, 30 May 1840: chamber of commerce (Dalgas, vice president) to the secretary of finance.
78. Ibid., Livorno, November 1838: twelve signatories to the chamber of commerce. The memorial was originally signed by twenty, but eight of the signatures were crossed off.
79. Ibid., administrative office of the Royal Revenues. The two memorials are dated 17 July 1839 and 13 June 1840.
80. Ibid., Livorno, 4 August 1840: Neri Corsini, "Osservazioni."
77. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Livorno, 30 Nov. 1839: chamber of commerce to the auditor of the governor. Also ibid., Livorno, 30 May 1840: chamber of commerce (Dalgas, vice president) to the secretary of finance.
78. Ibid., Livorno, November 1838: twelve signatories to the chamber of commerce. The memorial was originally signed by twenty, but eight of the signatures were crossed off.
79. Ibid., administrative office of the Royal Revenues. The two memorials are dated 17 July 1839 and 13 June 1840.
80. Ibid., Livorno, 4 August 1840: Neri Corsini, "Osservazioni."
81. ASL, Gov., f. 1023. Copialettere governatore, 1839: 23 January to the chamber of commerce.
82. ASL, Gov., f. 186, n. 328. Florence, 26 June 1841: secretary of finance, Cempini, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber remarked that with this stipulation it would not be possible for them to propose a way of compensating the government for the loss of 300,000 lire (ASL, Gov., f. 186, n. 328. Livorno, 9 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the secretary of finance).
83. "The principal aim for Livorno . . . [is to] eliminate with the suppression of minute contraband a deplorable corruptive influence on the people" (Giuliano Ricci, "Livorno," GAT 11 (1837): 106. See also Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 7).
84. For the protest of the butchers see the long memorial of Francesco Grazzini, a butcher in the old city, in ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831. For the bakers see ASL, Gov., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 September to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
85. ASF, Misc. di Fin. II, f. 505. Undated report of the customhouse explaining the decline in the gabelles on animals, flour, and wine in 1825.
86. ASL, Gov., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 September
to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues. The comparison would be more convincing if some indication were given of the size of the shops in the two areas.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831: F. Grazzini to the grand duke.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
90. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 Sept. to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
91. Ibid. Also ASL, Gov., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831: F. Grazzini to the grand duke.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
90. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 Sept. to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
91. Ibid. Also ASL, Gov., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831: F. Grazzini to the grand duke.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
90. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 Sept. to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
91. Ibid. Also ASL, Gov., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831: F. Grazzini to the grand duke.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
90. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 Sept. to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
91. Ibid. Also ASL, Gov., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 146. Livorno, 24 July 1831: F. Grazzini to the grand duke.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
90. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833: 4 Sept. to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues.
91. Ibid. Also ASL, Gov., f. 1015. Copialettere governatore, 1831: 16 May to Cempini.
92. The new wall and customhouses cost 3,984,365 lire; the cost of demolishing the old wall came to 635,140 lire. These expenses were a major cause of the deficit budget of 1835. See Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana, pp. 331, 347.
93. Lando Bortolotti, Livorno dal 1748 al 1958, p. 115.
94. ASF, Seg. di Fin., f. 1149. 12 July 1834, report of the administrative council: "If the government wishes to recover its lost revenue by subjecting the inhabitants of the suburbs to the consumer taxes or other charges, the Livornese population, rather than seeing the suppression of the tax of 1 percent as a favor, would see this partial measure only as a financial speculation at its expense."
95. Some sense of the care with which business locations were chosen is provided by Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, pp. 104-105: "And not a few industrial workshops were established in the old city as well as in the suburbs, and more in the latter than in the former, depending on the return to the speculators."
96. ASF, Seg. Fin., f. 1149. 12 July 1834: report of the administrative council.
97. See, for example, the letter of Girolamo Novella to Vittorio Fossombroni, the head of the government administration (ibid., Livorno, 14 July 1834). Novella, a merchant and manufacturer of combs and other luxury items in ivory and horn in the suburbs outside the Pisan gate, complained that if the rumored extension of the free port took place and his establishment were cut off from the hinterland, he would face certain ruin.
98. Notification of 24 July 1834, article 5.
99. A list of manufacturers in the city in 1847 notes three manufacturers of wax candles, three of tallow candles, three of munitions, three of soap, and three of hides (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20, report of the customhouse).
100. Ibid., Livorno, 7 July 1848. See also Bortolotti, p. 77.
99. A list of manufacturers in the city in 1847 notes three manufacturers of wax candles, three of tallow candles, three of munitions, three of soap, and three of hides (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 20, report of the customhouse).
100. Ibid., Livorno, 7 July 1848. See also Bortolotti, p. 77.
101. G. Mori, "Linee," p. 22.
Chapter Four Elimination of Abuses: Formation of New Institutions
1. See, for example, Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 7. See also Giuliano Ricci, "Livorno," GAT 11 (1837): 114.
2. Bandi e Ordini Toscani, 1836. Notification of 12 August 1836. A copy of the original concession dated 8 October 1590 is printed in Guarnieri, Livorno marinara, p. 511.
3. Ricci, "Livorno," p. 114. See also Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 6.
4. For example, the Parisian merchant Auguste Degas in a letter to the merchant firm of Morre, Ulrich, and Company in Livorno called the use of a sotto-sconto in the sale of a cargo of Degas's tobacco in Tuscany "oppressive and abominable." The transaction, it was noted, conformed to local practice but was obviously not calculated or understood by the seller (ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October to the secretary of finance, Cempini).
5. ACCL, Delib., 18 June 1822.
6. Ibid., 27 June 1822. This meeting was attended by important members of the merchant community who were not currently serving as deputies in the chamber. The final vote in favor of the proposal was thirty-five to eight.
5. ACCL, Delib., 18 June 1822.
6. Ibid., 27 June 1822. This meeting was attended by important members of the merchant community who were not currently serving as deputies in the chamber. The final vote in favor of the proposal was thirty-five to eight.
7. The concerns of small retail merchants were clearly outlined in a general proposal of reform made by the chamber of commerce to the merchant community in 1835 (ASL, Gov., f. 158. Aff. Div. 1835, 9 June 1835) and in a letter of the governor to the secretary of finance (ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini).
8. The tactic was described in a letter of the governor to the secretary of finance (ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835: 27 March 1835 to Cempini).
9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.
10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.
11. Ibid.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.
10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.
11. Ibid.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 November to the secretary of finance.
10. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825: 14 March to the secretary of finance.
11. Ibid.
12. ASL, Gov., f. 131. Aff. Div., 1826: 24 August, secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
13. ASL, Gov., Aff. Div., 1835: 9 June, memorial of the chamber of commerce.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.
15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.
16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.
15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.
16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.
15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.
16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.
15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.
16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 899, busta: camera di commercio 1835. Livorno, 3 July 1835: Panajotti Palli, president of the chamber, to the governor of Livorno, forwarding the letters of important merchant firms in Livorno, all in support of the proposed reforms.
15. Ibid., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 8 October 1836 to Cempini.
16. Ibid., ''the eye principally turned to large foreign commerce."
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., f. 162. Aff. Div. 1836: Florence, 26 December 1836: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. For a published summary of the abuses and the provisions of the new law see Bowring, Statistica, pp. 30-31.
19. In 1818 the secretary of finance, Frullani, remarked polemically that the chamber of commerce should concern itself primarily with the business practices of the mezzani which, he said, were alienating foreigners far more than the tax of 1 percent. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8. Florence, 7 July 1818: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
20. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: customhouse of Livorno, Moretti. Typical was the expression of an anonymous writer who remarked that "in our city the profession of mezzano is the refuge of all those people who for their social position are unwilling to practice the mechanical trades, or other unfortunates, otherwise honorable, who did not succeed in commerce" (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63). For the case of a merchant falling on hard times and becoming a mezzano, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 3 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno. One of the memorials of the "nations" in Livorno to the Tuscan government in 1757 remarked that "notwithstanding long-standing regulations forbidding them to exercise commerce on their own behalf, they [ mezzani ] have adopted the custom of keeping the best deals to themselves, either openly or through utilizing a fictitious name" (Baruchello, p. 494).
19. In 1818 the secretary of finance, Frullani, remarked polemically that the chamber of commerce should concern itself primarily with the business practices of the mezzani which, he said, were alienating foreigners far more than the tax of 1 percent. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, b. 8. Florence, 7 July 1818: Frullani to the governor of Livorno.
20. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., f. 533. Livorno, 10 May 1823: customhouse of Livorno, Moretti. Typical was the expression of an anonymous writer who remarked that "in our city the profession of mezzano is the refuge of all those people who for their social position are unwilling to practice the mechanical trades, or other unfortunates, otherwise honorable, who did not succeed in commerce" (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63). For the case of a merchant falling on hard times and becoming a mezzano, see ASL, Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Livorno, 3 January 1837: David Ferdinandes Leiba to the governor of Livorno. One of the memorials of the "nations" in Livorno to the Tuscan government in 1757 remarked that "notwithstanding long-standing regulations forbidding them to exercise commerce on their own behalf, they [ mezzani ] have adopted the custom of keeping the best deals to themselves, either openly or through utilizing a fictitious name" (Baruchello, p. 494).
21. The most important summary sets of regulations governing the profession were promulgated 21 November 1758 and 24 January 1769.
22. See articles 34 and 35 of the 1815 regulation governing the chamber's activities.
23. The French "nation," for example, reported in 1757 that "in Livorno all wish to leave the occupation of laborer or artisan to become a mezzano such that there is a lack of skilled and even unskilled labor" (Baruchello, p. 494).
24. For the above see the reports from the Livorno customhouse
in ASF, Misc. di Fin., f. 533. 10 May 1823: Livorno customhouse, Moretti. 5 September 1823: A. D. Cappelli, director of the customhouse to the administrative office of the Royal Revenues, Florence. See also the complaint of Carlo and Luigi Vecchi, Luigi Costa, and Leone Coen, freight mezzani, against the unauthorized handling of freight contracts by clerks in commercial firms (ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 63. Livorno, 2 August 1834).
25. See ACCL, Delib., 11 December 1815. In the meeting of 23 December 1816 (ibid.), "it was decided to represent to the government that the chamber believes it neither advantageous to commerce nor useful to the royal treasury to limit the number of mezzani ." The chamber opposed especially limiting the mezzani di cambio to ten: "The instances of exchange that are exercised in this city annually reach very large numbers so that the actual number of mezzani —ten—authorized to handle this activity by law is insufficient," especially since "some of those who have the authorization do little or nothing in this branch of commerce."
26. Ibid., 11 December 1815.
25. See ACCL, Delib., 11 December 1815. In the meeting of 23 December 1816 (ibid.), "it was decided to represent to the government that the chamber believes it neither advantageous to commerce nor useful to the royal treasury to limit the number of mezzani ." The chamber opposed especially limiting the mezzani di cambio to ten: "The instances of exchange that are exercised in this city annually reach very large numbers so that the actual number of mezzani —ten—authorized to handle this activity by law is insufficient," especially since "some of those who have the authorization do little or nothing in this branch of commerce."
26. Ibid., 11 December 1815.
27. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65. Livorno, 20 November 1850: Agostino Kotzian, Francesco Cartoni, Cesare Papanti, Giovanni Formigli, Pietro Bastogi, Rapporto della commissione istituita con la resoluzione ministeriale del 3 Feb. 1850 intorno al progetto di regolamento sopra i mezzani della piazza di Livorno .
28. See n. 24.
29. See especially the observations of G. Baldasseroni (22 April 1846), those of a commission of merchants and bankers in the city (20 November 1850), and those of the Consulta di Stato (12 January 1853), all in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 65.
30. Contents of the letter reported in ACCL, Delib., 31 October 1815. In reply, however, the chamber stressed the detriment that any restriction on the extraction of specie would have on the principle of free trade.
31. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 19 January to the secretary of finance.
32. Ibid., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819: 18 September to the secretary of finance.
31. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818: 19 January to the secretary of finance.
32. Ibid., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819: 18 September to the secretary of finance.
33. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 12 June 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the secretary of finance, Cempini.
34. Ibid., Livorno, 5 March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo [the Imperial and Royal Government]. See also ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 14 September to the director of the department of finance.
33. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 12 June 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the secretary of finance, Cempini.
34. Ibid., Livorno, 5 March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo [the Imperial and Royal Government]. See also ASL, Gov., f. 1020. Copialettere governatore, 1836: 14 September to the director of the department of finance.
35. Gazzetta di Firenze, 14 July 1829.
36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
36. Indicatore livornese, 3 August 1829.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16. Livorno, 20 May 1829: memorial of Walser, Senn, and Bacry to the governor of Livorno. Ellipsis in original.
40. For the discussion of the difference between useful and useless employment of capital and the role that the discount bank would play in encouraging the former see ibid., the memorial cited, and a second memorial from the same authors to the secretary of finance, Cempini, 21 June 1829.
41. Guido Sonnino, Saggio sulle industrie, marina, e commercio in Livorno sotto i primi due Lorenesi (1737-1790) (Cortona, 1909), p.
42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.
43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.
44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.
42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.
43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.
44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.
42. ACCL, Delib., 25 November 1815. For a general summary of the proposal see Baruchello, p. 564.
43. Ibid., 28 November 1815.
44. Ibid., 30 November 1815.
45. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, no. 8. Livorno, 22 July 1818: B. Bartoletti to the secretary of finance, Frullani. Bartoletti was the secretary of the chamber of commerce. See also ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 16, Livorno, 20 May 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the Throne.
46. ASL, Gov., f. 1001. Copialettere governatore, 1818. Livorno, 19 January: governor to the secretary of finance.
47. ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 160, no. 8.
48. The proposals are in ASF. Fin. C.R., f. 16. March 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the I. and R. Governo; 20 May 1829: Walser, Senn, Bacry to the governor of Livorno; 12 June 1829 to Cempini, the secretary of finance. The last contains a summary project for the bank.
49. ACCL, Delib., 15 March 1831.
50. Ibid., 22 March 1831.
49. ACCL, Delib., 15 March 1831.
50. Ibid., 22 March 1831.
51. Baruchello, pp. 584-585.
52. This paragraph is based in large part on material drawn from Commissioner Mochi's first two reports, 7 October 1837 and 9 January 1838. Both are in ASL, Gov., f. 899, b: Banca di Sconto, 1837.
53. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Report 13: Mochi, Livorno, 7 October 1840. "And in truth if in the past bankers had been the greatest users, today they are for the most part surpassed by the other merchants."
54. ASL, Gov., f. 194, n. 7. Aff. Div., 1842. Livorno, 28 May 1842: Mochi to the governor of Livorno; ibid.: Mochi's letter of 21
June 1842 announced that the discount rate had been lowered to 4 percent.
55. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 24 September 1842: Mochi, report 21.
56. Ibid., report 25: 18 October 1843.
55. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 24 September 1842: Mochi, report 21.
56. Ibid., report 25: 18 October 1843.
57. ASL, Gov., f. 279. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 29 February 1848: Mochi, special report.
58. The issue of the baratto illustrates the support that the discount bank enjoyed in the merchant community. Early in 1849, the president of the bank remarked that the excessive redemption of notes issued by the organization was threatening to exhaust the bank's entire cash reserve (ASL, Gov., f. 325, no. 17. Aff. Div., 1850. Livorno, 13 May 1851: discount bank, published annual report). In response, the most wealthy members of the merchant community promised in writing to abstain from this activity and, insofar as it was possible, to use their specie to buy bank notes. The action, however, was considered merely palliative and temporary. Pressure for some form of government relief was made not directly by the bank—private corporation—but by the chamber of commerce. In response the government declared a moratorium on the redemption of bank notes with a face value above 200 lire from February 9 to July 10. On February 12, merchants and bankers in the city pledged to continue employing bank notes in their commercial operations. As a result they were held in high esteem throughout the period—higher, indeed, than the treasury notes issued by the government (ASL, Gov., f. 300, no. 15. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Mochi, report 48).
59. Mochi declared that were it not for the extraordinary factors described in n. 58 the profit for 1849 would not have exceeded that of 1848 (ibid., Livorno, 20 January 1850: Mochi, report 50).
60. The police commissioner for the San Marco quarter reported to the governor that a memorial was circulating in the merchant community demonstrating the damage that would result to commerce from the emission of paper money. The commissioner reported that public opinion was generally opposed to paper money and that this view was shared by the majority of deputies in the chamber of commerce (ASL, Gov., f. 300, no. 20. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 10 January 1849: delegazione di San Marco to the governor of Livorno).
61. The only significant instance occurred during the first year of the bank's operation (Enrico Mayer, "Banca di Livorno. Primo Bilancio presentato dal direttore della medesima il di[dì] 11 Maggio
1839," GAT 13 (1839): 141-149. Debts that remained uncollected for one year were often collected the following year and were reflected in the subsequent budget (ASL, Gov., f. 300, n. 15. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 28 May 1849: Mayer, published report).
62. See the bank's first balance sheet published in GAT (see n. 61). See also ASL, Gov., f. 181, n. 14. Aff. Div., 1841. Livorno, n.d.: Mochi, report 14.
63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.
64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.
65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.
63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.
64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.
65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.
63. Information drawn from the published annual reports of the bank in ASL, Gov., f. 194, 205, 233.
64. Ibid., f. 261, n. 11. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 5 October 1847: Mochi, report 42.
65. Ibid., f. 279, n. 12. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 13 May 1848: Mayer, published report.
66. Serristori, "Delle banche toscane di sconto e di circolazione," AGA, nuova seria 3 (1857): 194-203. "Moreover, it should be noted that the bank of Florence today prefers to entrust its capital to landed proprietors rather than business men, which is contrary to its initial scope" (ibid., p. 195).
67. Kent Roberts Greenfield, Economics and Liberalism in the Risorgimento, pp. 142-143.
68. The system consisted of setting up individual revolving accounts in twenty-one classes varying from 1,000 to 150,000 lire. The lowest class was added to insure the participation of tradesmen and retailers. Credit was granted to a member of this class, however, only if the request was cosigned by someone enjoying a credit limit of 10,000 lire or above (ASL, Gov., f. 8-9, b. Banca di Sconto, 1837. Livorno, 7 October 1837: Mochi, report 1).
69. In 1844, Mochi estimated that of the 1,313 shares in the bank held by people residing in Livorno, 504 shares were held by nonmerchants. He attributed this to the fact that many found shares in the bank to be a more attractive and secure investment than land (Ibid., f. 222. Aff. Div. 1844, no. 11. Livorno, 27 May 1844: Mochi, report 22).
70. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 18 October 1843: Mochi, report 25.
71. Ibid.
70. ASF, Misc. Fin. I, f. 41. Livorno, 18 October 1843: Mochi, report 25.
71. Ibid.
72. Torelli wrongly asserted that it was the only example of the spirit of association (Torelli, Dell'avvenire del commercio europeo, 3: 59).
73. Pierallini, Ms, "Osservazioni sulla pace cogli Ottomani e sulla marina e commercio di Livorno," 1764.
74. The petition was signed by Alessandro Patrino[Patrinò], Moise Fernandez, Domenico Castelli, Stefano Bielietz, Mospignotti, Iallia, and Despotti, G. O. Tossizza, and Giorgio Reggio. All styled themselves
as "public traders in this city who own ships" (ASL, Gov., f. 124. Livorno, 24 July 1823 to the governor of Livorno).
75. Ibid., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 25 July to the secretary of state, Florence.
74. The petition was signed by Alessandro Patrino[Patrinò], Moise Fernandez, Domenico Castelli, Stefano Bielietz, Mospignotti, Iallia, and Despotti, G. O. Tossizza, and Giorgio Reggio. All styled themselves
as "public traders in this city who own ships" (ASL, Gov., f. 124. Livorno, 24 July 1823 to the governor of Livorno).
75. Ibid., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 25 July to the secretary of state, Florence.
76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.
77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.
78. Ibid.
76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.
77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.
78. Ibid.
76. ASL, Gov., f. 124. Florence, 25 Nov. 1823: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno.
77. Ibid., f. 1008. Copialettere governatore, 1825:14 March to the I. and R. Governo.
78. Ibid.
79. ASF, Estero, f. 2623, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno, 1828. Livorno, 2 January 1828: Francesco Janer to Garzoni-Venturi, governor of Livorno. The urging of the deputies of the chamber of commerce on the issue in ACCL, Delib., 29 December 1827.
80. Article II of the treaty stipulated: "Passage through the Dardanelles and the canal of the Bosphorus from now on will be entirely open to merchant ships under the Tuscan flag with or without cargo whether coming from the Mediterranean to pass into the Black Sea or vice-versa. The above-named Tuscan ships cannot be arrested nor held under any pretext, with the result that true merchant ships flying the Tuscan flag will enjoy free navigation in the Black Sea under the same conditions and with the same privileges accorded to the subjects and ships of Austria."
81. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October 1833: chamber of commerce (Niccolo Pezzer, vice president) to the governor of Livorno.
82. Ibid. Both requests were warmly supported by the governor. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833. 25 October: governor to the secretary of state.
81. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October 1833: chamber of commerce (Niccolo Pezzer, vice president) to the governor of Livorno.
82. Ibid. Both requests were warmly supported by the governor. Ibid., f. 1017. Copialettere governatore, 1833. 25 October: governor to the secretary of state.
83. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 September to the I. and R. Governo.
84. Ibid., 26 September 1823 to the I. and R. Governo. That the Aristide was engaged in the commerce of Russian grain seems evident from a letter of the captain of the port reporting that in order to receive permission to pass into the Black Sea the ship was forced to raise the Austrian flag (ASF, Estero, f. 2624, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno . Livorno, 21 July 1830: D'Angiolo, captain of the port to G. Vivoli, secretary of the ufficio di sanita[sanità] .
83. ASL, Gov., f. 1007. Copialettere governatore, 1823: 24 September to the I. and R. Governo.
84. Ibid., 26 September 1823 to the I. and R. Governo. That the Aristide was engaged in the commerce of Russian grain seems evident from a letter of the captain of the port reporting that in order to receive permission to pass into the Black Sea the ship was forced to raise the Austrian flag (ASF, Estero, f. 2624, b. Carteggio Governatore Livorno . Livorno, 21 July 1830: D'Angiolo, captain of the port to G. Vivoli, secretary of the ufficio di sanita[sanità] .
85. ASL, Gov, f. 1009. Copialettere governatore, 1824: 14 May to the I. and R. Governo.
86. Ibid.
85. ASL, Gov, f. 1009. Copialettere governatore, 1824: 14 May to the I. and R. Governo.
86. Ibid.
87. ASL, Gov., f. 180.
88. By the 1850s, though, the hauling of grain from the Mediter-
ranean to the ports of Western Europe appears to have been extremely lucrative (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 6 May 1853: I.R. Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile to the R. Delegato Straordinario di Livorno); ibid., f. 101. Livorno, 23 October 1857: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno; ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464. Livorno, n.d.: captain of the port.
89. Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 12.
90. ASL, Gov., f. 153. Aff. Div., 1833. 22 October: Niccolo Pezzer to the governor of Livorno.
91. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67, b. Marina Mercantile Toscana . Livorno, 3 December 1849: captain of the port to the R. Delegato Straordinario.
92. In 1827, Cappelli, head of the customhouse in Livorno, remarked that although in September and October of that year a few more ships entered Livorno than Genoa, "it was not without interest to note that the proportion of foreign to national ships arriving in the two ports was one to two in Genoa and thirteen to one in Livorno" (ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 391. Livorno, 5 November 1827: Cappelli to Giuseppe Parer, Seg. Intimo., Florence). A comparative prospectus of the arrivals in Genoa and Livorno in 1831 noted that the excess of 149 arrivals in Genoa was due in large part to the exclusive commerce of the former with the ports of Spain, Portugal, and Sicily, commerce handled with the ships of its own nation, "the number of which is far superior to that of Tuscany" (ibid., Misc. di Finanza, series I, f. 13).
93. See note 80. See also Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 123.
94. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 481, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno . Livorno, 10 October 1836: governor to the secretary of finance.
95. ASL, Gov., f. 218. Aff. Div., 1843. 7 May 1843: unsigned memorial.
96. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67, b. Marina Mercantile Toscana . Livorno, 31 December 1849: captain of the port to the R. Delegato Straordinario.
97. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 195.
98. In this matter the government moved with extreme caution. To protect its revenue it refused to lower charges levied on ships from states enjoying favored status but instead simply doubled anchorage charges on those that did not enjoy such status. For the moment the government refused to tamper with its customs charges. Special exemptions continued in force for the ships of all nations carrying cereals, then in critically short supply. For a good sense of the prevailing caution, see ASL, Gov., f. 250. Aff. Div., 1846, n. 271.
Livorno, 3 October 1846: governor of Livorno to the secretary of state.
99. Negotiation dated 23 February 1847. MS in the BLL.
100. For a copy of these agreements see ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 67.
101. In 1819 the Tuscan government, through its consuls in Genoa, Marseilles, and Naples, supported the efforts of the monastery of Montenero (roughly five miles southeast of Livorno) to sell timber from its excellent stands (''the resource and commerce of that monastery") to foreign states for ship construction (ASL, Gov., f. 1002. Copialettere governatore, 1819. Livorno, 13 February to Tuscan consuls in Genoa, Marseilles, and Naples).
102. Guido Sonnino, Saggio sulle industrie, marina, e commercio in Livorno, p. 60.
103. Rope manufacturers in Genoa and Marseilles used the poorer quality hemp produced in Piedmont (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
104. Ibid. The rope industry in 1830 was one of the largest in Livorno. Rope was produced in four large and four small factories; in time of full production it employed from 200 to 300 workers (Francesco Bonaini, Livorno, considerato nelle sue presenti condizioni e nel suo avvenire, principalmente in ragione del taglio dell'Istmo di Suez e della Centrale Italiana (Florence, 1856), pp. 49-50.
103. Rope manufacturers in Genoa and Marseilles used the poorer quality hemp produced in Piedmont (ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
104. Ibid. The rope industry in 1830 was one of the largest in Livorno. Rope was produced in four large and four small factories; in time of full production it employed from 200 to 300 workers (Francesco Bonaini, Livorno, considerato nelle sue presenti condizioni e nel suo avvenire, principalmente in ragione del taglio dell'Istmo di Suez e della Centrale Italiana (Florence, 1856), pp. 49-50.
105. Filippo Mariotti, "Delle esposizioni industriali e delle industrie toscane nel 1854," AGA, 2 (1855): 504.
106. ASL, Gov., f. 1003. Copialettere governatore, 1820. Livorno, 26 June 1820: to the department of state.
107. Ibid.
106. ASL, Gov., f. 1003. Copialettere governatore, 1820. Livorno, 26 June 1820: to the department of state.
107. Ibid.
108. ASF, Estero, f. 2623, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno, 1828. Livorno, 6 June: governor to the secretary of state.
109. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 638. Livorno, 29 June 1827: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto." Also ibid., f. 640. Livorno, 12 July 1828: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
110. ASF, Estero, f. 2622, b. Carteggio Governatore di Livorno, 1825-1826. Livorno, 10 November 1826: report of the governor. Also G. Vivoli, Ms, "Accrescimento progressivo," 1: p. 228. And G. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, pp. 102-103.
111. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 644. Livorno, 4 August 1830: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
112. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Prospetto numerico dei bastimenti quadri di bandiera toscana addetti al porto di Livorno e all'Isola dell'Elba dell'anno 1820 all'anno 1850 inclusive.
113. ASL, Gov., f. 145. Aff. Div., 1831. Livorno, 26 March 1831:
R. D'Angiolo, captain of the port, to the governor of Livorno. An extensive report on the state of the Tuscan merchant marine in 1829-30.
114. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. "Prospetto."
115. ASL, Gov., f. 145. Aff. Div., 1831. Livorno, 26 March 1831: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno.
116. In 1842, Carlo Bargagli, the captain of the port, remarked on the difficulty of recruiting skilled captains who met the residence requirements and "who correspond ably and faithfully to the proprietors both in keeping down expenses and in executing shrewdly their commercial speculations." He attributed to this fact the slow rate of growth [ poco incremento ] of the merchant marine in Livorno after 1823 (ASL, Gov., f. 199. Aff. Div., 1842, no. 356. Livorno, 3 June 1842: Bargagli, captain of the port).
117. The poor quality of crewmen serving on Tuscan ships was a cause of general lament. Carlo Chigi remarked that as governor of Portoferraio (Elba), he had tried to maintain the Elban flag distinct from that of Tuscany, "because of the disagreeable practices [ cattive operazioni ] which were committed under the latter" (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Livorno, 9 January 1851: Chigi to the R. Delegato Straordinario, Livorno).
118. The situation, however, was not uniform throughout the entire duchy. On the island of Elba, which possessed poor soil and a numerous population, there existed a strong incentive for the development of an indigenous marine. Faced with the necessity of drawing their livelihood from the sea, the Elbans developed a fleet and in addition to fishing entered into commercial relations with the ports of Spain and southern France (Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 10).
119. Ibid., pp. 10-11.
118. The situation, however, was not uniform throughout the entire duchy. On the island of Elba, which possessed poor soil and a numerous population, there existed a strong incentive for the development of an indigenous marine. Faced with the necessity of drawing their livelihood from the sea, the Elbans developed a fleet and in addition to fishing entered into commercial relations with the ports of Spain and southern France (Serristori, Livorno ed i suoi traffici, p. 10).
119. Ibid., pp. 10-11.
120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.
121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."
122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.
123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.
120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.
121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."
122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.
123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.
120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.
121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."
122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.
123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.
120. ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 464, b. Marina. Florence, 28 July 1852: Adriano Piccolommi to the minister of the interior.
121. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 21 June 1850: Uffizio Principale di Marina Mercantile, "Nota dei bastimenti mercantili toscani che hanno lasciato la bandiera toscana e preso qualla gerosolimitana."
122. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394 and 464.
123. Ibid., Fin. C.R., f. 67. Livorno, 22 June 1850: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the R. Delegato Straordinario. Ibid., Misc. di Fin., Series II. f. 394, b. 101. Alexandria: Tuscan consul, duke of Casigliano, to the minister of finance.
124. See chap. 7.
125. The number of large merchant ships based in Livorno was
73 in 1847, 76 in 1848, 70 in 1849, and 73 in 1850 (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464, b. Marina).
126. Bonaini, Livorno, pp. 10-11.
127. From 1846 to 1855 the number of middle-range ships in Livorno and Elba ( bastimenti di gran cabotaggio ) grew from 54 to 71 and the long-range ships ( lungo corso ) from 30 to 100 (ibid., p. 272). A good portion of the coastal trade was now being handled by steamships.
128. See the attacks made on the recommendation of the consul of Alexandria that the Tuscan merchant marine strive to win as many ships to its banner as possible (ASF, Misc. di Fin., Series II, f. 464, b. Marina. Livorno, 9 January 1851: Carlo Chigi to the R. Delegato Straordinario; ASL Gov., f. 319, n. 1347. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 19 January 1851: R. Delegato Straordinario to the minister of finance).
129. The governor estimated that the entire job would cost about 100,000 scudi and that over the long run it would pay for itself, since more commerce would be attracted to the port and ships using the new facilities could be assessed a small charge, which they would gladly pay for the added protection (ASL, Gov., f. 1004. Copialettere governatore, 1827. 26 June: to the secretary of finance).
130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
130. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 35 (1840). Livorno, 30 September 1840: A. Mighi to the captain of the port.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid., f. 34 (1839). Florence, 8 May 1839: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno.
133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.
134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."
135. Ibid.
133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.
134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."
135. Ibid.
133. Primarily in the Annali di Livorno dalla sua origine sino all'anno di Gesu[Gesù] Cristo 1840 (Livorno, 1842-46), in four volumes. Despite its title, the Annali terminated at the time that the city fell under the domination of Francis II of Lorraine. Vivoli continued his chronicle of Livorno's history in the "Accrescimento progressivo," a two-volume manuscript in the ASF, Seg. Gab., f. 670.
134. Ibid., map 13: "Livorno quale probabilmente dovra[dovrà] addivenire allorquando fara[farà] d'uopo aprire il nuovo porto al fanale."
135. Ibid.
136. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 34 (1840). Livorno, 25 May 1840: Vivoli to the segretario intimo del gran duca.
137. Ibid., f. 35. Livorno, 1 August 1840: G. Vivoli to Fratelli Valaperta, Galli, and Brambilla, Natt. di P. Cajrati, Gug. Ulrich, C. E. Pasteur, and Gaddi di Angiolo. Given the secret nature of the negotiations, no official announcement was made when they were broken off. Vivoli remarked later that the project simply had "an
unhappy outcome.'' (Vivoli, Progetto per ampliare il porto di Livorno grandemente, in tre annie con lieve spesa [Livorno, 1849], p. 12). Semiani E. Borgheri, one of the project's backers, remarked in 1847 that capital that had been pledged for the enterprise (largely by Milanese firms) was allowed simply to disperse ( Corriere livornese 1, no. 12 [3 August 1847]).
136. BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 34 (1840). Livorno, 25 May 1840: Vivoli to the segretario intimo del gran duca.
137. Ibid., f. 35. Livorno, 1 August 1840: G. Vivoli to Fratelli Valaperta, Galli, and Brambilla, Natt. di P. Cajrati, Gug. Ulrich, C. E. Pasteur, and Gaddi di Angiolo. Given the secret nature of the negotiations, no official announcement was made when they were broken off. Vivoli remarked later that the project simply had "an
unhappy outcome.'' (Vivoli, Progetto per ampliare il porto di Livorno grandemente, in tre annie con lieve spesa [Livorno, 1849], p. 12). Semiani E. Borgheri, one of the project's backers, remarked in 1847 that capital that had been pledged for the enterprise (largely by Milanese firms) was allowed simply to disperse ( Corriere livornese 1, no. 12 [3 August 1847]).
138. ASL, Gov., f. 284, n. 255. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 March 1848: captain of the port to the governor of Livorno.
139. Corriere livornese 1, no. 10 (27 July 1847).
140. ASL, Gov., f. 266, n. 281. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 13 April 1848: Carlo Bargagli, captain of the port, to the governor.
141. This pressure took the form of petitions from individual merchants to the central government (many collected in ASL, Gov., f. 266, n. 281. Aff. Div., 1847), articles in the Corriere livornese (see especially the issues of July 27 and 30 and August 3 and 10, l847), and the formal resolutions of the chamber of commerce (see ACCL, Delib., 9 March, 12 April, 9 July, and 12 August 1847).
142. ACCL, Delib., 12 April 1847.
143. G. Mori, "Linee e momenti," pp. 22-23.
144. Dalgas, "Ancora del porto di Livorno,' Corriere livornese 1, no. 14 (10 August 1847).
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
145. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 23 February 1836: R. Cempini to O. Forni, director of the customhouse, Livorno. Cempini urged Forni to solicit specifically the opinions of the merchants Filicchi, Dalgas, Ulrich, Grant, and Moor.
146. Ibid., Livorno, 27 Feb. 1836: Filicchi to Forni.
147. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Ignazio Torricelli to Forni.
148. Ibid., Livorno, 11 March 1836: Dalgas to Forni.
149. Ibid., Livorno, 7 March 1836: Torricelli to Forni.
150. Ibid., Livorno, 8 May 1836: Forni to Cempini.
151. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 10 April 1838: A. Kotzian to the grand duke.
152. Ibid. The announcement was dated 12 April 1838.
151. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 10 April 1838: A. Kotzian to the grand duke.
152. Ibid. The announcement was dated 12 April 1838.
153. For the protests of Dini-Castelli that he had been despoiled by his principal financial intermediaries and his demands for compensation see ibid., Florence, 23 July 1838: Dini-Castelli to the secretary of finance. Also ibid., f. 53. Florence, 22 December 1840: Dini-Castelli to the secretary of finance.
154. Carlo Corsini, "La Prima ferrovia in Toscana: La Strada Ferrata Leopolda. Da Firenze a Livorno" (Tesi di Laurea in Storia Economica:Facolta [Facoltà] di Economia e Commercio, 1960-61), p. 424. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my thanks to Professor
Corsini for making his dissertation available to me and for facilitating my research in other ways.
155. Seven people signed a cover letter that accompanied a formal request for approval of the project from the chamber of commerce. The list was headed by Niccola Manteri and included Giorgio Pietro Ulrich and Fortunato Regini, who had condemned the project in 1836 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Livorno, 4 April 1838: Commissione provissoria per la strada ferrata to the chamber of commerce).
156. Ibid., Livorno, 5 April 1838: chamber of commerce to the governor of Livorno. See also ACCL, Delib., 5 April 1838.
155. Seven people signed a cover letter that accompanied a formal request for approval of the project from the chamber of commerce. The list was headed by Niccola Manteri and included Giorgio Pietro Ulrich and Fortunato Regini, who had condemned the project in 1836 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Livorno, 4 April 1838: Commissione provissoria per la strada ferrata to the chamber of commerce).
156. Ibid., Livorno, 5 April 1838: chamber of commerce to the governor of Livorno. See also ACCL, Delib., 5 April 1838.
157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).
158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."
157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).
158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."
157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).
158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."
157. A position indicated in an unsigned note (probably from the secretary of finance) to the governor, dated 16 April 1838 (ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52).
158. Ibid., Florence, 24 April 1838: Fenzi-Senn, Manifesto .
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke. The number represented one-sixth of the total shares. The author of an article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (15 [July 1846]: 27) was mistaken when he remarked that "the Leopold railway had not a single shareholder in Tuscany."
161. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke.
162. Ibid., Livorno, 20 December 1839: A. Kotzian to the secretary of finance, Cempini.
161. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 5 June 1839: Fenzi-Senn to the grand duke.
162. Ibid., Livorno, 20 December 1839: A. Kotzian to the secretary of finance, Cempini.
163. "As long as the doubt remains of whether or not the government will grant the requested concession one cannot hope for any new shareholder." (Ibid.)
164. Ibid. Though unsigned, a document in the same file entitled "Osservazioni sulle dimande [ sic ] qui appresso notate dei Signori Fenzi e Senn, e concernenti il privilegio per la costruzione delia strada ferrata da Livorno a Firenze," provided, it seems, an official response to the demands. It opposed letting the promoters arbitrarily set freight and passenger rates and argued that they should be set to insure a maximum return of 6 percent to the investors. Also, it opposed absolutely any notion of partial construction, arguing that the line had to be built as a single unit.
163. "As long as the doubt remains of whether or not the government will grant the requested concession one cannot hope for any new shareholder." (Ibid.)
164. Ibid. Though unsigned, a document in the same file entitled "Osservazioni sulle dimande [ sic ] qui appresso notate dei Signori Fenzi e Senn, e concernenti il privilegio per la costruzione delia strada ferrata da Livorno a Firenze," provided, it seems, an official response to the demands. It opposed letting the promoters arbitrarily set freight and passenger rates and argued that they should be set to insure a maximum return of 6 percent to the investors. Also, it opposed absolutely any notion of partial construction, arguing that the line had to be built as a single unit.
165. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 52. Florence, 15 June 1840: Fenzi-Senn to A. Manetti, direttore R. Consiglio degl'Ingegneri: "We have the pleasure of informing [the government] that the entire capital of 30 million stipulated in our proclamation of 24 April 1838 has already been accumulated and assured."
166. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 150.
167. Baruchello, p. 596.
168. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 15 (July, 1846): 27.
169. "This first concession [the Leopoldina ] stimulated also among us a speculative mentality geared to request the favor of other concessions of this sort" (Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 152).
170. Carlo Ilarione Petiti, Delle strade ferrate italiane e del migliore ordinamento di esse. Cinque discorsi (Capolago, 1845), p. 227.
171. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 15 (July 1846): 27.
172. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 152.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
173. The preliminary concession for the line was awarded to Teodoro F. Mastiani Brunacci, Giorgio G. Zust, Michel'Angelo Barlugi and Son, Leone Arbib and Company, Enrico Rodolfo Ghebard, Angiolo Bartoli, and Bonaiuto Paris Sanguinetti (Petiti, Delle strade ferrate, p. 221).
174. Ibid.
175. Ibid., p. 242.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., pp. 221-222, 243.
179. See pp. 161-164.
180. Baldasseroni, Leopoldo II, p. 153.
181. C. De Biase, Il Problema delle ferrovie nel Risorgimento italiano (Modena, 1940), p. 16.
182. "Still [despite the abuses of speculation]—in the end, Tuscany found itself endowed with a more extensive rail network than normally, with its own efforts, it would have been able to construct" (ibid., p. 145).
183. See pp. 158-159.
184. Guerrazzi, "Osservazioni intorno al discorso della corona," in Corriere livornese 2, no. 138 (25 July 1848).
185. See pp. 217-218.
Chapter Five Social Attitudes and Voluntary Associations
1. Giuliano Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria in Toscana," GAT 12 (1838): 283-297; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricoltura toscana," ibid., 365-381. Both articles were originally presented orally at the Labronica Academy.
2. Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria," p. 291.
3. Ibid., p. 293; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricol-
tura," pp. 373-374. Obviously, the very self-sufficient character of the Tuscan economy was a sign of its relative backwardness. It was also, to Ricci, as we shall see, one of its relative strengths.
4. Ibid., pp. 379-380.
2. Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria," p. 291.
3. Ibid., p. 293; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricol-
tura," pp. 373-374. Obviously, the very self-sufficient character of the Tuscan economy was a sign of its relative backwardness. It was also, to Ricci, as we shall see, one of its relative strengths.
4. Ibid., pp. 379-380.
2. Ricci, "Sui caratteri generali dell'industria," p. 291.
3. Ibid., p. 293; idem, "Delle condizioni generali dell'agricol-
tura," pp. 373-374. Obviously, the very self-sufficient character of the Tuscan economy was a sign of its relative backwardness. It was also, to Ricci, as we shall see, one of its relative strengths.
4. Ibid., pp. 379-380.
5. In addition to the published acts of the academy see Carlo Pazzagli, L'Agricoltura toscana nella prima meta[metà] dell'800 (Florence, 1973).
6. The best introduction to this material is Carla Ronchi, "Liberismo e protezionismo in Toscana prima del 1848," Studi storici 1 (January-March 1960): 244-284.
7. BLL, Carte Ricci . Ms, "Educazione in Livorno," September-October 1838, pp. 4-5.
8. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
9. Ibid.
7. BLL, Carte Ricci . Ms, "Educazione in Livorno," September-October 1838, pp. 4-5.
8. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
9. Ibid.
7. BLL, Carte Ricci . Ms, "Educazione in Livorno," September-October 1838, pp. 4-5.
8. Ibid., pp. 8-9.
9. Ibid.
10. See Enrico Mayer, "Istituto dei Padri di Famiglia in Livorno," Guida dell'educatore 2 (September-October 1837): 331-335; Regalamento della societa[società] (dei Padri di Famiglia] (Livorno, 1840).
11. Ibid. A list of emeritus members of the school, which includes such important families as the Doveri, Dalgas, Grabau, Chelli, Fernandes, De Larderel, Binard, Pacho[Pachò], D'Angiolo, Sansoni, and Macbean, shows that the institution made a definite appeal to the local elite.
10. See Enrico Mayer, "Istituto dei Padri di Famiglia in Livorno," Guida dell'educatore 2 (September-October 1837): 331-335; Regalamento della societa[società] (dei Padri di Famiglia] (Livorno, 1840).
11. Ibid. A list of emeritus members of the school, which includes such important families as the Doveri, Dalgas, Grabau, Chelli, Fernandes, De Larderel, Binard, Pacho[Pachò], D'Angiolo, Sansoni, and Macbean, shows that the institution made a definite appeal to the local elite.
12. "If many similar schools should be opened in Livorno, nothing better would I desire of my native city" (Ricci, Ms, "Educazione in Livorno," p. 11).
13. Ibid.
12. "If many similar schools should be opened in Livorno, nothing better would I desire of my native city" (Ricci, Ms, "Educazione in Livorno," p. 11).
13. Ibid.
14. Antonio Benci, in his "Intorno all'educazione italiana per rispetto al popolo" ( Antologia 32 [May 1826]: 113), indicated that the schools hoped to get the child through the entire course of study in two years. An inspector from the school in Pisa, however, reported that although the course in that city had been pared down to eighteen months it was still too long to allow many to complete it (Inspector Raimondo Merconi to the society in Pisa, ibid. 46 [June 1832]: 87).
15. Luigi Ridolfi, Cosimo Ridolfi e gli istituti del suo tempo (Florence, 1901), pp. 41-42. Francesco Baldasseroni, Il Rinnovamento civile in Toscana (Florence, 1931), pp. 104-105.
16. Societa[Società] per la Diffusione del Metodo di Reciproco Insegnamento, "Adunanza 27 February 1826," Antologia 24 (November-December 1826): 89.
17. Ibid. 10 (May 1823): 80-81.
16. Societa[Società] per la Diffusione del Metodo di Reciproco Insegnamento, "Adunanza 27 February 1826," Antologia 24 (November-December 1826): 89.
17. Ibid. 10 (May 1823): 80-81.
18. Scuole di reciproco insegnamento, "Rapporto," ibid., 33
(March 1829): 172.
19. Segretario della Societa[Società] pel Mutuo Insegnamento di Livorno, "Terzo Rapporto," ibid., 43 (August 1831): 117.
20. Ibid.
19. Segretario della Societa[Società] pel Mutuo Insegnamento di Livorno, "Terzo Rapporto," ibid., 43 (August 1831): 117.
20. Ibid.
21. Enrico Mayer, "Frammenti d'un viaggio pedagogico, no. 11. Friburgo—II Padre Girad," Guida dell'educatore 2 (1837): 43-44.
22. Lambruschini, "Sull'Istruzione del popolo" (Memoria letta ai Georgofili 4 December 1831), Antologia 45 (January 1832): 76.
23. ASL, Gov., f. 183, n. 146. Livorno, 5 February 1848: Governor Corsini to the Soprintendenza agli Studi.
24. Ibid., Florence, 8 February 1841: I. e R. Soprintendeza agli Studi to the governor of Livorno.
23. ASL, Gov., f. 183, n. 146. Livorno, 5 February 1848: Governor Corsini to the Soprintendenza agli Studi.
24. Ibid., Florence, 8 February 1841: I. e R. Soprintendeza agli Studi to the governor of Livorno.
25. Francesco Pera, Ricordi e biografie livornesi (Livorno, 1867), p. 87.
26. This announcement, dated 25 August 1828, can be found in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 25 (1825).
27. Augusto Dussauge, secretary of the society in 1845, estimated the average annual cost of maintaining a child in the school at 28 lire. Duodecimo Rapporto della Societa[Società] del Mutuo Insegnamento (Livorno, 1845), p. 21.
28. Carlo Sansoni, Secondo Rapporto della Societa[Società] del Mutuo Insegnamento (Livorno, 1842), p. 6.
29. Giuseppe Doveri, "Terzo Rapporto della Societa[Società] del Mutuo Insegnamento," Antologia 43 (August 1831): 110.
30. Doveri, Quarto Rapporto della Societa[Società] del Mutuo Insegnamento (Livorno, 1833), p. 12.
31. Doveri, Sesto Rapporto della Societa[Società] del Mutuo Insegnamento (Livorno, 1835), p. 5.
32. Membership in the society was restricted to Christians. In 1832 a society was formed in the Jewish community, and the philanthropic energies of the Jewish commercial elite were tapped for the support of its efforts to diffuse instruction among the Jewish population of the city.
33. ACCL, Delib., 8 August 1834.
34. Augusto Dussauge, Rapporto Asili Infantili (Livorno, 1844), p. 8.
35. Dussauge, Rapporto e regolamenti degli Asili Infantili (Livorno, 1836), p. 7.
36. Ibid., p. 9.
35. Dussauge, Rapporto e regolamenti degli Asili Infantili (Livorno, 1836), p. 7.
36. Ibid., p. 9.
37. Dussauge, Rapporto sugli Asili Infantili (Livorno, 1837), p. 19.
38. Dussauge, Rapporto sugli Asili Infantili (Livorno, 1846), pp. 4, 15. From a method devised by Ferrante Apporti, the original founder
of the kindergartens in Italy, it was estimated that there were roughly 6,000 children of both sexes of kindergarten age in Livorno.
39. Enrico Mayer, Una Scuola elementare per le fanciulle povere da far seguito agli Asili Infantili: Pensieri diretti alle signore componenti la Societa[Società] per gli Asili in Livorno (Livorno, 1837).
40. Dussauge, Rapporto sugli Asili Infantili di carita[carità] per le femmine in Livorno per gli anni 1840 e 1841 (Livorno, 1842).
41. As indicated from a perusal of Livornese marriage contracts in ANF.
42. The most cogent statement of this position is provided by Enrico Mayer in Una Scuola elementare: "Let us educate, therefore, our pupils in a way which is consonant with their future; let us not cut them out of their condition but improve this condition by studying the life of the people to learn the way to decrease the vices and increase the virtues. . . . Let instruction [technical training] continue to be graded according to the various social categories. Education, however, does not admit grades. It is the same for everyone, because morality and religion, which form its basis, still speak to the true equality of men. Good mother, good daughter, virtuous woman, these are titles that apply to all social categories. Nor are they vain titles. And woe to him who prevents the most abject among the daughters of the poor by practicing these virtues to carry her head high among those that the world styles more fortunate and grand."
43. The list included such families as the Bastogi, Cipriani, Dalgas, Doveri, Dussauge, Giera, Gordini, Grabau, Lardarel, Macbean, Manteri, Mayer, Pate, Sansoni, Senn, and Ulrich (report dated 2 July 1833 in the Carte Vivoli, f. 27). From 1833 to 1836, as membership in the society expanded from 56 to 113, it included many more important local families, among them the Bartolomei, Borgheri, Castelli, Grant, Malenchini, Ricci, Rodocanacchi, and Stub (ibid., f. 30).
44. For detailed breakdowns of the extraordinary income of the society see the reports of the secretary, Dussauge, dated 15 February 1840, 12 March 1842, and 22 March 1844, and found respectively in the Carte Vivoli, f. 35, 37, and 38.
45. "E cosa non puo[può] cotesto spirito? Nel mentre che educa, ed ingentilisce gli animi, crea dei prodigi. Dal Vosto piccolo Istituto alle piu[più] vaste imprese di pubblica e privata beneficenza, di cui van liete le prime capitali d'Europa, tutto è dovuto alla legge di associazione" (Dussauge, Rapporto e regolamenti degli Asili Infantili [Livorno, 1836], p. 7).
46. Indicatore livornese 1, no. 29 (14 September 1829). The opening of the savings bank in Florence was described in greater detail in a letter dated 5 July 1829 from the president of the new institution,
Cosimo Ridolfi, to the secretary of the administrative council, Ferdinando Tartini Salvatici ( GAT 3 [1829]: 481-483).
47. "Manifesto per l'istituzione di una Cassa di Risparmio in Livorno," in Documenti relativi alla Cassa di Risparmio di Livorno (Livorno, 1836).
48. Livorno, 30 December 1837. Bali Ferdinando Sproni, Rapporto annuale Cassa di Risparmio, pp. 10-11.
49. "Manifesto," in Documenti relativi alla Cassa di Risparmio di Livorno .
50. G. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno 1840 (Livorno, 1841), p. 19.
51. Ibid. The adventitious character of the working-class population in Livorno, however, made the task especially difficult: "A great part of them live independent and nomadic existences in the very bosom of society and therefore do not experience the direct influence of the other more civilized and moral classes." In 1836 the administration of the bank had attempted to break down the popular prejudice by sending three savings books to each of the sponsors and urging them to distribute the books to those members of the lowest classes over whom they had the greatest influence, "exhorting them to profit from this praiseworthy institution which will bring them those benefits and advantages for which it is exclusively destined" (Livorno, 28 November 1836. Bali Ferdinando Sproni to the sponsors in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 30). From the subsequent appeals it appears that the plan proved successful.
50. G. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno 1840 (Livorno, 1841), p. 19.
51. Ibid. The adventitious character of the working-class population in Livorno, however, made the task especially difficult: "A great part of them live independent and nomadic existences in the very bosom of society and therefore do not experience the direct influence of the other more civilized and moral classes." In 1836 the administration of the bank had attempted to break down the popular prejudice by sending three savings books to each of the sponsors and urging them to distribute the books to those members of the lowest classes over whom they had the greatest influence, "exhorting them to profit from this praiseworthy institution which will bring them those benefits and advantages for which it is exclusively destined" (Livorno, 28 November 1836. Bali Ferdinando Sproni to the sponsors in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 30). From the subsequent appeals it appears that the plan proved successful.
52. "Manifesto," article 3, in Documenti relativi alla Cassa di Risparmio .
53. Ibid., articles 4, 8, and 9.
54. Ibid., article 20.
52. "Manifesto," article 3, in Documenti relativi alla Cassa di Risparmio .
53. Ibid., articles 4, 8, and 9.
54. Ibid., article 20.
52. "Manifesto," article 3, in Documenti relativi alla Cassa di Risparmio .
53. Ibid., articles 4, 8, and 9.
54. Ibid., article 20.
55. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto Cassa di Risparmio, 1840, p. 18.
56. Ibid., p. 10.
57. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
55. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto Cassa di Risparmio, 1840, p. 18.
56. Ibid., p. 10.
57. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
55. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto Cassa di Risparmio, 1840, p. 18.
56. Ibid., p. 10.
57. Ibid., pp. 22-23.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
58. Pacho[Pachò], Rapporto e prospetto della Cassa di Risparmio, Livorno, 1839 (Livorno, 1841), p. 21. While Pacho[Pachò] urged granting loans to private individuals, he suggested that they be secured by dependable cosigners rather than mortgages, which would require too much time to liquefy if the loans were forfeited.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 6.
61. Ibid., p. 11.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 18.
64. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
Chapter Six Merchants and Porters
1. Baruchello, p. 219.
2. On the lack of assimilation and the cultural roots of the resentment, see in particular F. D. Guerrazzi, Raccolta di documenti relativi ai facchini forestieri detti di dogana (Livorno, 1847).
3. Baruchello, p. 521.
4. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Also Bortolotti, p. 85.
5. Ibid.
4. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. Also Bortolotti, p. 85.
5. Ibid.
6. ACCL, Delib., 22 March 1831.
7. ''The Chamber limits itself for the moment to implore . . . that the government deign to order that the loading functions be left open to favor the local dockworkers [ facchini del paese ]. Without it, these miserable individuals would be forced to take bread bathed in the sweat of their labor out of the mouths of their innocent children and turn it over to those few individuals (already rich) who make up the privileged company of foreigners and who have not even participated in the work for which the fee has been paid." Ibid.
8. An anonymous opinion dated 21 April 1834 (Livorno) noted that the proposal would open the occupation to the blessings of free trade and free competition and would result in lower costs to the benefit of commerce in general and the individual merchants in particular: "portage charges no longer determined by the tariff which regulates the work of the facchini di dogana would visibly decline to the advantage of commerce and the class of merchants who would now be free to entrust the work to whomsoever would prove most advantageous to them." In Guerrazzi, Raccolta di documenti relativi ai facchini, p. 11.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 155. Aff. Div., 1834. 30 July: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
10. Ibid., f. 156. Aff. Div., 1834:22 September: Deputati Michel Angiolo Lanfranchi and Pietro Bassi.
11. Ibid., 9 October: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
12. Ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835:6 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 155. Aff. Div., 1834. 30 July: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
10. Ibid., f. 156. Aff. Div., 1834:22 September: Deputati Michel Angiolo Lanfranchi and Pietro Bassi.
11. Ibid., 9 October: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
12. Ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835:6 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 155. Aff. Div., 1834. 30 July: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
10. Ibid., f. 156. Aff. Div., 1834:22 September: Deputati Michel Angiolo Lanfranchi and Pietro Bassi.
11. Ibid., 9 October: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
12. Ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835:6 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
9. ASL, Gov., f. 155. Aff. Div., 1834. 30 July: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
10. Ibid., f. 156. Aff. Div., 1834:22 September: Deputati Michel Angiolo Lanfranchi and Pietro Bassi.
11. Ibid., 9 October: president of the Buon Governo to the governor of Livorno.
12. Ibid., f. 1019. Copialettere governatore, 1835:6 February to the president of the Buon Governo.
13. The sovereign dispatch reconfirming the rights of the privileged company was reported dated 27 March 1837. I have been unable to trace it in the archives or in the published collection of leggi e bande . I have discovered a notification of the administrative office of the Royal Revenues dated 28 May 1837 which declared that
"the company of dockworkers attached to the customhouse will continue to exercise the monopoly of which it is in possession in all of the city and free port in the cases and modes established by the orders in force. The obligations that it [the company] has contracted with the customhouse, commerce, and the [local] dockworkers who aid the company in the diverse tasks will remain in force. ASL., Gov., f. 163. Aff. Div., 1837. Court cases in which the privileges of the company were upheld against the merchants reported in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 17. 7 December 1837: facchini to Cempini.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
14. ASL, Gov., f. 187. Aff. Div., 1841, n. 400. Livorno, 2 July 1841: governor to the secretary of finance.
15. Ibid., f. 186, n. 340. Livorno, 2 June 1841: Francesco Benigni and Giovanni Favilli to the governor of Livorno.
16. Ibid., nos. 240, 328. Livorno, 22 June 1841: Niccola Manteri, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno. The chamber of commerce in particular considered that the assertion would not be advantageous to commerce and would further oppress a large number of porters already suffering under the current system of privilege.
17. Ibid., f. 179, n. 713. Livorno, 6 November 1840: F. Rodocanacchi, president of the chamber of commerce, to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., f. 185, n. 270. Livorno, 6 May/15 June 1841: governor of Livorno to the auditor.
19. Ibid., f. 272, n. 604. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 11 June 1847: auditor to the governor of Livorno.
20. ASF, Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21. Report to the grand duke dated 23 July 1847. An unsigned report asserted that the deputies who really opposed the resolution were in the majority and that merchants were more apt to express support for the privileged company in private than in public. ASF, Fin. Seg., f. 1149, "Conclusioni della commissione."
21. ASF, Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21. Report to the grand ducal government, 27 July 1847.
22. Ibid., 4 September 1847.
21. ASF, Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21. Report to the grand ducal government, 27 July 1847.
22. Ibid., 4 September 1847.
23. ASL, Gov., f. 272. Livorno, 9 August 1847: governor to the secretary of finance. Recommends that the privileged company be dissolved and that a commission be set up to work out a new regulation on the whole matter. Ibid., Florence, 20 August 1847: secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. Announces the sovereign intention to abolish the privileged company and to appoint a commission to study the whole matter. Ibid., Livorno, 27
August 1847: governor to the secretary of finance. Reports the gratitude of the chamber of commerce for the above resolution in which it sees "great advantages and benefit for a large portion of the numerous population of this city."
24. ASF, Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21. Report to the grand ducal government 27 August 1847. Reports an impromptu violin concert given on the steps of the house of Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi, who had written a work favorable to the cause of the local dockworkers. See n. 2, chapter 6.
25. Reported in the Corriere livornese 1, no. 15 (13 August 1847).
26. Both the governor and the gonfaloniere of the city reported on 28 September that the local dockworkers believed that they would be enjoying the rights of the dissolved privileged company by October 1 and that if they were disappointed there could be trouble. ASF, Misc. di Fin. II, f. 481, b: Carteggio Governatore di Livorno . Livorno, 28 September 1847: G. Sproni to the secretary of finance. ASL, Gov., f. 272. Aff. Div., 1847. 28 September: governor to the secretary of finance. The secretary of finance replied to the governor that time was needed to work out a regulation to take the place of one that had functioned for centuries, but assured him that the principle of abolition had already been established and was not under discussion. This fact, he said, circulated among the dockworkers should serve to eliminate any diffidence. Ibid., secretary of finance to the governor of Livorno. The report of the final negotiations between the government and the spokesman for the dockworkers, Luigi Fabbri, is in ibid. The final regulation dated 7 October is in ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 19.
27. "The Company will be wholly dependent on the chamber of commerce and must observe all the provisions and regulations that it promulgates, pending, as needed, the approval of the superior government." Ibid., article 27.
28. Ibid., Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21, Ins. 1. Report to the grand ducal government: 8 August 1847. "Some would propose a commercial police force made up of Livornese dockworkers excluding those from Bergamo."
27. "The Company will be wholly dependent on the chamber of commerce and must observe all the provisions and regulations that it promulgates, pending, as needed, the approval of the superior government." Ibid., article 27.
28. Ibid., Seg. Gab. Append., f. 21, Ins. 1. Report to the grand ducal government: 8 August 1847. "Some would propose a commercial police force made up of Livornese dockworkers excluding those from Bergamo."
29. For the January uprising see in particular Vittorio Marchi, Memorie e rimembranze nella vita politica di Agostino Micheli (Livorno, 1969). The events are also described in Enrico Mayer, "Una Parola al popolo Livornese," Corriere livornese 2, no. 62 (25 January 1848), and Giuliano Ricci, "I Fatti di Livorno," ibid., no. 63 (28 January 1848). See also BLL. Carte Ricci . "Copialettere,'' 13 January 1848: to Aglebert, Bologna.
30. Ibid.
29. For the January uprising see in particular Vittorio Marchi, Memorie e rimembranze nella vita politica di Agostino Micheli (Livorno, 1969). The events are also described in Enrico Mayer, "Una Parola al popolo Livornese," Corriere livornese 2, no. 62 (25 January 1848), and Giuliano Ricci, "I Fatti di Livorno," ibid., no. 63 (28 January 1848). See also BLL. Carte Ricci . "Copialettere,'' 13 January 1848: to Aglebert, Bologna.
30. Ibid.
31. Reported in the Corriere livornese 2, no. 59 (14 January 1848).
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
31. Reported in the Corriere livornese 2, no. 59 (14 January 1848).
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
31. Reported in the Corriere livornese 2, no. 59 (14 January 1848).
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. ASF, Seg. Gab. Append., f. 23, b. 2. Florence, 15 January 1848: G. Baldasseroni, secretary of finance, to De Larderel, gonfaloniere of the city of Livorno.
35. ASL, Gov., f. 280, n. 67. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 24 January: governor to the secretary of finance. Ibid., Florence, 26 January 1848: secretary of state to the governor of Livorno indicated that the requests had been granted.
36. Corriere livornese 2, no. 64 (1 February 1848).
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
37. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 17 March 1848.
38. Ibid., 1 May 1848. "I have reason to believe that they [the facchini ] along with the people of the Venezia quarter are the linch-pins of internal order."
39. Ibid., 8 May 1848.
40. Ibid., 27 May 1848.
41. Ibid., 4 June 1848.
42. Ibid., 13 June 1848. In response to threats on Ricci's life. "I am receiving advice from all sides that my life is in danger: the Veneziani tell me not to fear, but I know that in secret they are watching over me. Oh! If all my friends were like them."
43. Ibid., 30 May 1848. Referring to Bartelloni and Guerrazzi.
44. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Copialettere." 11 June: to Gino Capponi.
45. ASL, Gov., f. 279. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 12. Livorno, 16 April 1848: A. Mochi, Report 44 on the discount bank.
46. Proclamation published in the Corriere livornese 12, no. 64 (1 January 1848).
47. Ibid., 12, no. 62 (25 January 1848).
46. Proclamation published in the Corriere livornese 12, no. 64 (1 January 1848).
47. Ibid., 12, no. 62 (25 January 1848).
48. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 20 May 1848. "I facchini e i Veneziani dal conto loro si dispongono a troncar le braccia e le gambe ai perturbatori cui attribuiscono e con ragione lo stagnar dei commerci."
Chapter Seven Pressure from Below
1. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 27 January 1848.
2. Both incidents were reported in the Corriere livornese 1, no. 39 (5 November 1847).
3. The best summary of this whole affair is in Palmira Jona, I
Moti politici di Livorno, 1848-49 (Milan, 1909), pp. 20-22. For the murder of Roberti, one of the leaders of the society, and the lynching of an assistant accused of attacking a baker see ibid., p. 45.
4. A copy of the manifesto may be found in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 40. It was dated 23 October 1847 (Livorno) and signed by the leaders of the organization: Gustavo Lauri, Giorgio Roberti, Giorgio Malanima, Fran. Colombo, Giuseppe Bartolini, and Francesco Cambiaso.
5. Giuliano Ricci was struck by the novelty of the phenomenon in Livorno and thought it worthy of study. He described the incident in some detail, he said, "Because the phenomenon of a true coalition of workers is new for us, and merits study." Talking to the bakery workers, Ricci sensed the influence of foreign ideas: "Their words indicate ideas poorly digested and not theirs, ideas which clash sharply with the uncultivated way in which they are formulated and delivered." But he did not consider the phenomenon inherently threatening: "The outcome has convinced me ever more that among us popular indifference, if not antipathy, makes serious agitation of this sort impossible" (BLL, Carte Ricci . ''Copialettere," 28 October 1847: to Cosimo Ridolfi).
6. The average wage of the baker's apprentice was five paoli. In addition, he could eat all the bread he wanted at work and take a pound of it home. Ricci considered the income of the baker's apprentice "much above the other monthly wage earners in the city" (ibid.).
7. ASL, Gov., f. 294, n. 1015. Aff. Div., 1848.
8. Ibid., n. 1010. Florence, 15 December 1848: minister of the interior to the governor of Livorno, announcing the final rejection of the bakery workers' petition.
7. ASL, Gov., f. 294, n. 1015. Aff. Div., 1848.
8. Ibid., n. 1010. Florence, 15 December 1848: minister of the interior to the governor of Livorno, announcing the final rejection of the bakery workers' petition.
9. Ricci reported that "the abuses of a mob which doesn't work and wishes to be paid have forced a suspension of the work" (BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memoria," 8 May 1848).
10. The incident reported in the Corriere livornese 2, no. 97 (9 May 1848). See also ASL, Gov., f. 287, no. 462. Aff. Div., 1848: "Popolare tumulto di muratori e manuali per asserta mancanza di lavori di loro professione in Livorno."
11. ASL, Gov., f. 297, n. 1202. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 28 December 1848.
12. The protests of the two groups were linked because traditionally stevedores were drawn exclusively from the oldest active sailors (" agli individui addetti alia marina piu[più] anziani "); ibid., f. 315, n. 1093. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 27 September 1849: captain of the port, Bargagli, to the Delegato Straordinario.
13. "The captains and owners of coastal vessels in Livorno, not obligated by a fixed tariff, fix the terms for the sailors they enroll as they please in such a way that all losses are borne by them. In this way they become an object of speculation for the ship owners . . . and in their hands the sailors become material objects, much as the tools of production are in the hands of the artisan" (ibid., f. 285, n. 343. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, March 1848).
14. Ibid., f. 290. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 694. Livorno, 1 July 1848: facchini to the gonfaloniere .
15. Ibid., Livorno, 3 July 1848: gonfaloniere to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 297. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 1202. Florence, 4 January 1849: minister of finance, Adami, to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 315. Aff. Div., 1849, n. 1093. Livorno, 27 Sept. 1849: captain of the port, Bargagli, to the Delegato Straordinario.
13. "The captains and owners of coastal vessels in Livorno, not obligated by a fixed tariff, fix the terms for the sailors they enroll as they please in such a way that all losses are borne by them. In this way they become an object of speculation for the ship owners . . . and in their hands the sailors become material objects, much as the tools of production are in the hands of the artisan" (ibid., f. 285, n. 343. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, March 1848).
14. Ibid., f. 290. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 694. Livorno, 1 July 1848: facchini to the gonfaloniere .
15. Ibid., Livorno, 3 July 1848: gonfaloniere to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 297. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 1202. Florence, 4 January 1849: minister of finance, Adami, to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 315. Aff. Div., 1849, n. 1093. Livorno, 27 Sept. 1849: captain of the port, Bargagli, to the Delegato Straordinario.
13. "The captains and owners of coastal vessels in Livorno, not obligated by a fixed tariff, fix the terms for the sailors they enroll as they please in such a way that all losses are borne by them. In this way they become an object of speculation for the ship owners . . . and in their hands the sailors become material objects, much as the tools of production are in the hands of the artisan" (ibid., f. 285, n. 343. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, March 1848).
14. Ibid., f. 290. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 694. Livorno, 1 July 1848: facchini to the gonfaloniere .
15. Ibid., Livorno, 3 July 1848: gonfaloniere to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 297. Aff. Div., 1848, n. 1202. Florence, 4 January 1849: minister of finance, Adami, to the governor of Livorno. Ibid., f. 315. Aff. Div., 1849, n. 1093. Livorno, 27 Sept. 1849: captain of the port, Bargagli, to the Delegato Straordinario.
16. The resolution is quoted in the BLL, Carte Sproni . Lucca, 22 September 1876: P. Pieri, G. Chica, Corte Appello, Comparsa Conclusionale Facchini Livornesi Manovella vs. Real Governo .
17. Ibid.
16. The resolution is quoted in the BLL, Carte Sproni . Lucca, 22 September 1876: P. Pieri, G. Chica, Corte Appello, Comparsa Conclusionale Facchini Livornesi Manovella vs. Real Governo .
17. Ibid.
18. See chapter 6, n. 18.
19. BLL, Carte Sproni . Livorno, 6 July 1870: Luigi Fabbri, "Parere per la verita[verità] a favore della carovana del facchini di manovella di Livorno."
20. ACCL, Delib., 28 Nov. 1848.
21. ASL, Gov., f. 277. Aff. Div., 1847, n. 972. Livorno, 3 June 1848: facchini di travaso to the governor of Livorno.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
22. In a letter of December 1847 in ibid.
23. Ibid., Livorno, 12 May 1848, chamber of commerce (T. Borgheri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
24. Ibid., Livorno, 24 June 1848: governor to the secretary of finance, Florence.
25. Ibid., f. 273, n. 760. Aff. Div., 1847. Zavoranti Livornesi, "Redami a carico del navicellai; Regolamento disciplinare," notes that a proposed regulation had been transmitted to the governor on 27 August 1841.
26. Ibid., Livorno, 7 November 1847. C. Bargagli, Uffizio di Sanita[Sanità] to the governor of Livorno.
27. Ibid., f. 295., n. 1074. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 3 January 1849: governor to the minister of finance, Florence.
28. Ibid., f. 310, n. 764. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 26 July: Vincenzo Paolini to the Delegato Straordinario on efforts to block boats without suitable equipment from carrying ballast. Ibid., Livorno, 27 July 1849: captain of the port to the Delegato Straordinario. Notes complaints of captains in the port on the excessive price of ballast. Ibid.,
f. 311, n. 805. Livorno, 9 July 1849: Lori and Company to the Delegato Straordinario. Complaints about threats made by the "traditional company" on the life of Pietro Damerini, whom Flori had commissioned to haul ballast.
29. Ibid., f. 275. Aff. Div., 1847. Livorno, 9 November: auditor to the governor.
30. Ibid., Livorno, 4 November 1847: chamber of commerce (Elia L. Pana[Panà], president) to the governor.
31. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 28 February 1848.
32. Ibid., 6 July 1848.
31. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Memorie," 28 February 1848.
32. Ibid., 6 July 1848.
33. ASL, Gov., f. 295, n. 1070. Aff. Div., 1848. Florence, 1 February 1849: proclamation of the minister of finance, Adami.
34. Ibid., f. 303, n. 280. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 28 March: consiglieri del governo . "Pending the return of our economic principles . . . which we hope to assist in the near future by revoking completely the privileges inauspiciously conceded to the different portage services in this city, we feel obliged to recommend granting the requests given the clearly established precedents and our extraordinary circumstances."
35. Ibid., f. 302, n. 267. Aff. Div, 1849. Livorno, n.d.: consiglieri del governo to the governor of Livorno.
36. Ibid., f. 304, n. 282. Livorno, 23 March 1849: Delegato Governatore di San Leopoldo to the governor of Livorno.
33. ASL, Gov., f. 295, n. 1070. Aff. Div., 1848. Florence, 1 February 1849: proclamation of the minister of finance, Adami.
34. Ibid., f. 303, n. 280. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 28 March: consiglieri del governo . "Pending the return of our economic principles . . . which we hope to assist in the near future by revoking completely the privileges inauspiciously conceded to the different portage services in this city, we feel obliged to recommend granting the requests given the clearly established precedents and our extraordinary circumstances."
35. Ibid., f. 302, n. 267. Aff. Div, 1849. Livorno, n.d.: consiglieri del governo to the governor of Livorno.
36. Ibid., f. 304, n. 282. Livorno, 23 March 1849: Delegato Governatore di San Leopoldo to the governor of Livorno.
33. ASL, Gov., f. 295, n. 1070. Aff. Div., 1848. Florence, 1 February 1849: proclamation of the minister of finance, Adami.
34. Ibid., f. 303, n. 280. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 28 March: consiglieri del governo . "Pending the return of our economic principles . . . which we hope to assist in the near future by revoking completely the privileges inauspiciously conceded to the different portage services in this city, we feel obliged to recommend granting the requests given the clearly established precedents and our extraordinary circumstances."
35. Ibid., f. 302, n. 267. Aff. Div, 1849. Livorno, n.d.: consiglieri del governo to the governor of Livorno.
36. Ibid., f. 304, n. 282. Livorno, 23 March 1849: Delegato Governatore di San Leopoldo to the governor of Livorno.
33. ASL, Gov., f. 295, n. 1070. Aff. Div., 1848. Florence, 1 February 1849: proclamation of the minister of finance, Adami.
34. Ibid., f. 303, n. 280. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 28 March: consiglieri del governo . "Pending the return of our economic principles . . . which we hope to assist in the near future by revoking completely the privileges inauspiciously conceded to the different portage services in this city, we feel obliged to recommend granting the requests given the clearly established precedents and our extraordinary circumstances."
35. Ibid., f. 302, n. 267. Aff. Div, 1849. Livorno, n.d.: consiglieri del governo to the governor of Livorno.
36. Ibid., f. 304, n. 282. Livorno, 23 March 1849: Delegato Governatore di San Leopoldo to the governor of Livorno.
37. See Guerrazzi's strong public pronouncement on this theme in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 273 (5 January 1849).
38. ASL, Gov., f. 304. No. 282. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 5 April 1849: Commissione Governativa to the Segreteria di Stato, Florence: "Despite the open violation of economic principles, the commission proposes for political necessity that it be conceded."
39. Ibid., f. 290, n. 750. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 20 July: chamber of commerce (Torello Borghieri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
40. Ibid., f. 295, n. 1060. Livorno, 20 December 1848: governor of Livorno to the ministry of finance.
38. ASL, Gov., f. 304. No. 282. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 5 April 1849: Commissione Governativa to the Segreteria di Stato, Florence: "Despite the open violation of economic principles, the commission proposes for political necessity that it be conceded."
39. Ibid., f. 290, n. 750. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 20 July: chamber of commerce (Torello Borghieri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
40. Ibid., f. 295, n. 1060. Livorno, 20 December 1848: governor of Livorno to the ministry of finance.
38. ASL, Gov., f. 304. No. 282. Aff. Div., 1849. Livorno, 5 April 1849: Commissione Governativa to the Segreteria di Stato, Florence: "Despite the open violation of economic principles, the commission proposes for political necessity that it be conceded."
39. Ibid., f. 290, n. 750. Aff. Div., 1848. Livorno, 20 July: chamber of commerce (Torello Borghieri, president) to the governor of Livorno.
40. Ibid., f. 295, n. 1060. Livorno, 20 December 1848: governor of Livorno to the ministry of finance.
41. The decree—dated 18 May 1849—abolished all privileges accorded to "consortia or companies of porters, and other Livornese laborers" authorized between 1 November 1848 and 11 April 1849. Ibid., f. 305, n. 392. Aff. Div., 1849. Florence, 18 May 1849.
42. ACCL, Delib., 16 July 1850. The chamber complained "how impossible it was for the chamber of commerce, both for its dignity and for the loss of time, to involve itself in the details of the dockworker company and to police its affairs."
Chapter Eight 1848: The Trauma of Merchant Benevolence
1. Peter N. Stearns, 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe (New York, 1974), provides the best recent synthesis. Priscilla Robertson, Revolutions of 1848: A Social History (New York, 1952), is still useful, particularly for the bibliography on Italy. Giorgio Candeloro, La Rivoluzione nazionale 1846-1849 . Storia dell'Italia moderna, vol. 3 (Milan, 1960), provides the best synthesis and bibliography for the revolutions in Italy. Delio Cantimori's article "Italy in 1848" (in The Opening of an Era: 1848, edited by Francois Fejto[Fejtö] [New York, 1966], pp. 114-142) provides an intelligent outline of the Italian situation in English. Charles Breunig's The Age of Revolution and Reaction (2d ed. [New York, 1977]) provides a good general introduction to the period.
2. Giorgio Candeloro, Dalla restaurazione alia rivoluzione nazionale 1815-1846 . Storia dell'Italia moderna, 3d ed. (Milan, 1958), 2: 353-364.
3. For Venetian events I am heavily indebted to Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848-49 (New York, 1979). Ginsborg also does an excellent job of setting Venetian events within a general Italian and European context.
4. Candeloro, 2: 275-310.
5. Carlo Francovich, Albori socialisti nel Risorgimento (Florence, 1962), pp. 139-173.
6. On the importance of the University of Pisa for the formation of a radical culture among Tuscan youth see Ersilio Michel, Maestri e scolari dell'universita[dell'università] di Pisa nel Risorgimento nazionale (1815-1870) (Florence, 1949).
7. Aside from the useful biographical information found in the Enciclopedia italiana and the Dizionario del Risorgimento nazionale, I have found to be particularly illuminating Guerrazzi's Note autobiografiche e poema (Florence, 1899) and his Apologia della vita politica scritta da lui medesimo (Florence, 1851).
8. Benedetto Croce, La Letteratura della Nuova Italia: Saggi critici (Bari, 1914), 1:27-44.
9. Cesare Spellanzon, Storia del Risorgimento e dell'unita[dell'unità] d'Italia (Milan, 1936), 3: 119-120.
10. Agostino Gori, Storia della rivoluzione italiana durante il periodo delle riforme (Florence, 1897), p. 77; Antonio Zobi, Storia civile della Toscana (Florence, 1852), 5: 27.
11. Gori, p. 81; Spellanzon, pp. 117-118, 180.
12. Zobi, p. 41.
13. Gori, p. 47.
14. Ibid., p. 348.
15. Ibid., p. 349.
13. Gori, p. 47.
14. Ibid., p. 348.
15. Ibid., p. 349.
13. Gori, p. 47.
14. Ibid., p. 348.
15. Ibid., p. 349.
16. Zobi, pp. 307-322; Giovanni La Cecilia, Memorie storico politiche dal 1820-1876 (Rome, 1877), 4: 105, 114-115.
17. Ibid., p. 108; ibid., 5: 143; Gori, p. 467.
16. Zobi, pp. 307-322; Giovanni La Cecilia, Memorie storico politiche dal 1820-1876 (Rome, 1877), 4: 105, 114-115.
17. Ibid., p. 108; ibid., 5: 143; Gori, p. 467.
18. La Cecilia, 4: 116.
19. See pp. 196-197.
20. See table 11.
21. See p. 51.
22. See pp. 183, 333-334 n. 38.
23. See pp. 187-188.
24. The best description of this whole incident and of the official and private relief efforts can be found in ASF, Seg. di Gab., f. 670. G. Vivoli, Ms, "L'Accrescimento progressivo di Livorno," vol. 1, entry for 1817. See also the random materials in BLL, Carte Vivoli, f. 21.
25. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 633. Livorno: 26 January 1824. F. Sproni, "Prospetto."
26. Ibid.; ibid., f. 635. Livorno, 19 February 1825: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
25. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 633. Livorno: 26 January 1824. F. Sproni, "Prospetto."
26. Ibid.; ibid., f. 635. Livorno, 19 February 1825: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto."
27. Baldasseroni, Il Rinnovamento civile, p. 372.
28. Corriere livornese II, no. 79 (24 March 1848).
29. ASF, Stato Civile, 12130. "Comunita[Comunità] di Livorno. Stato delle Anime, Parrocchia Santissima Trinita[Trinità], 1841."
30. ASL, Comunita[Comunità], f. 636. Livorno, 20 February 1826: gonfaloniere, "Prospetto." R. Busacca, "Sulle condizioni economiche delle Toscana relativamente al commercio delle manifatture," AGA 2 (1855): 399.
31. See above pp. 125-127.
32. Guido Quazza, La Lotta sociale nel Risorgimento. Classi e governi dalla Restaurazione all'unita[all'unità] (1815-1861) (Turin, 1951), p. 106; Gori, pp. 175-176.
33. Ibid.
32. Guido Quazza, La Lotta sociale nel Risorgimento. Classi e governi dalla Restaurazione all'unita[all'unità] (1815-1861) (Turin, 1951), p. 106; Gori, pp. 175-176.
33. Ibid.
34. Nicola Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi nell'Ottocento (Rome, 1966), p. 80.
35. Ibid.
34. Nicola Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi nell'Ottocento (Rome, 1966), p. 80.
35. Ibid.
36. ASL, Governatore, f. 266, n. 281 supplies the figures for large square-rigged ships arriving in the port from 1827 to 1846. ASF, Fin. C. R., f. 101 supplies the figures for 1847-1852. On the general relationship of subsistence crisis and depression in 1848 see Ernest Labrousse, "Panoramas de la crise," in Aspects de la crise et de la depression de l'economie[l'économie] francaise[française] au milieu du XIX e siecle[siècle], 1846-1851
(Bibliotheque[Bibliothèque] de la Revolution[Révolution] de 1848, Etudes[Études] XIX) (La Roche-SurYon, 1956), pp. iii-xiv.
37. See pp. 208-209.
38. See pp. 204-209.
39. Badaloni, pp. 90-91.
40. Quazza, p. 180.
41. Giuliano Ricci, "Copialettere," 20 October 1847.
42. Ibid., 28 October 1847.
41. Giuliano Ricci, "Copialettere," 20 October 1847.
42. Ibid., 28 October 1847.
43. Spellanzon, p. 460.
44. Ibid.
43. Spellanzon, p. 460.
44. Ibid.
45. Zobi, 5: 291-292. Zobi argues that Guerrazzi was not the author of the anonymous pamphlet.
46. Ibid., p. 292.
47. Ibid., p. 293.
45. Zobi, 5: 291-292. Zobi argues that Guerrazzi was not the author of the anonymous pamphlet.
46. Ibid., p. 292.
47. Ibid., p. 293.
45. Zobi, 5: 291-292. Zobi argues that Guerrazzi was not the author of the anonymous pamphlet.
46. Ibid., p. 292.
47. Ibid., p. 293.
48. Spellanzon, p. 460.
49. Ibid., p. 416.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., pp. 461-462.
48. Spellanzon, p. 460.
49. Ibid., p. 416.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., pp. 461-462.
48. Spellanzon, p. 460.
49. Ibid., p. 416.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., pp. 461-462.
48. Spellanzon, p. 460.
49. Ibid., p. 416.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., pp. 461-462.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
52. Pietro Martini, ed., Il Quarantotto in Toscana. Diario inedito del Conte Luigi Passerini de'Rilli (Milan, n.d.), p. 61.
53. Ibid., p. 63.
54. Ibid., p. 64.
55. Ibid., p. 96.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 98.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 99-100.
60. Ibid., p. 100.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 111.
63. Ibid., p. 112.
64. Ibid., pp. 112-114. This source presents three accounts of the affair which, despite their different biases, generally agree on the sequence of events. These include the Corriere livornese, the official Gazzetta di Firenze, and the memoirs of the radical leader Giovanni La Cecilia.
65. Ibid., p. 113.
66. Ibid., pp. 114-116 reproduces proclamations of the central government dated 3 and 4 September 1848.
67. Ibid., pp. 126-127 reproduces material from the Gazzetta di Firenze and the Verbali dell'Assemblea .
68. Ibid., p. 123.
69. Ibid., pp. 128-129 reproduces the minutes of the meeting drawn from an Estratto dal registro della communita[communità] di Livorno .
70. Ibid., pp. 136-137 reproduces the official report from F. Tartini, G. Bondi, and A. Duchoque to the minister of the interior.
71. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
72. Ibid., p. 141.
73. On Montanelli's political career see Giuseppe Montanelli, Memorie sull'Italia e specialmente sulla Toscana da1 1814 al 1850 (Florence, 1963).
74. Vittorio Marchi, Memorie e rimembranze nella vita di Agostino Micheli (Livorno, 1969), p. 85.
75. On October 13 a large delegation arrived at the railroad station in Florence from Livorno and marched to the Pitti Palace (the royal residence) shouting for the creation of a Montanelli-Guerrazzi ministry (P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 148). On October 20 a large demonstration was held in Livorno to protest efforts to select moderate candidates for a new ministry (ibid., pp. 150-151). At the same time, La Cecilia received a short note from Guerrazzi: ''La Cecilia! Tomorrow I need a loud popular demonstration. The Corriere [ livornese ] must provide it. The intrigues and plots of the moderates are incredible; they need to be silenced by fear" (ibid., p. 151; La Cecilia, 4: 231).
76. Monitore toscano, 15 December 1848, cited in Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti Livornesi, p. 128.
77. Ibid.
76. Monitore toscano, 15 December 1848, cited in Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti Livornesi, p. 128.
77. Ibid.
78. Ada Foa[Foà], "La Politica interna del governo provisorio toscano," Archivio Storico Italiano 77 (1919): 233.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
79. Announcement in the Corriere livornese 3, no. 308 (12 February 1849).
80. Ibid., 17 February 1849.
81. Ibid.; Foa[Foà], p. 241.
82. Ibid.
83. Ibid., pp. 242-243.
84. Ibid., p. 243.
85. Ibid., p. 244.
86. Marchi, pp. 125-126.
87. Ibid., pp. 272-273.
86. Marchi, pp. 125-126.
87. Ibid., pp. 272-273.
88. Pietro Bastogi, Della carta monetata e dei suoi effetti in Toscana. Discorso di Pietro Bastogi scritto in Pisa il 10 Gennaio 1849 (Pisa, 1849), cited in V. Marchi, Memorie e rimembranze, p. 273. I have been unable to find a copy of the original pamphlet.
89. Foa[Foà], p. 244. In a speech before parliament on January 25,
Guerrazzi rejected a forced loan as difficult to assign, perilous to collect, and impossible to execute quickly. ( Assemblee del Risorgimento, vol. 5; Tuscany, no. 2, Seduta 25 January 1849, p. 374.)
90. Foa[Foà], p. 245.
91. Ibid., p. 246.
90. Foa[Foà], p. 245.
91. Ibid., p. 246.
92. Guerrazzi, Apologia della vita politica, pp. 145-153.
93. For Guerrazzi's views on the viability of a republican form of government see Corriere livornese 2 (8, 11, and 15 April 1848).
94. P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 277.
95. Ibid., pp. 249-250.
96. Ibid., pp. 256-261.
97. Ibid., p. 250.
98. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
94. P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 277.
95. Ibid., pp. 249-250.
96. Ibid., pp. 256-261.
97. Ibid., p. 250.
98. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
94. P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 277.
95. Ibid., pp. 249-250.
96. Ibid., pp. 256-261.
97. Ibid., p. 250.
98. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
94. P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 277.
95. Ibid., pp. 249-250.
96. Ibid., pp. 256-261.
97. Ibid., p. 250.
98. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
94. P. Martini, ed., Diario Passerini, p. 277.
95. Ibid., pp. 249-250.
96. Ibid., pp. 256-261.
97. Ibid., p. 250.
98. Ibid., pp. 253, 255.
99. Foa, p. 261.
100. Ibid. notes that despite the reforms, sympathy for the grand duke remained strong. With the collapse, virtually all the economic provisions of the provisional government were abolished without visible protest.
99. Foa, p. 261.
100. Ibid. notes that despite the reforms, sympathy for the grand duke remained strong. With the collapse, virtually all the economic provisions of the provisional government were abolished without visible protest.
101. La Cecilia, 5: 233.
102. P. Martini, Diario livornese: Ultimo Periodo della rivoluzione del 1849 (Livorno, 1961), pp. 50-55.
103. Ibid., p. 62.
104. Ibid., pp. 68-74.
102. P. Martini, Diario livornese: Ultimo Periodo della rivoluzione del 1849 (Livorno, 1961), pp. 50-55.
103. Ibid., p. 62.
104. Ibid., pp. 68-74.
102. P. Martini, Diario livornese: Ultimo Periodo della rivoluzione del 1849 (Livorno, 1961), pp. 50-55.
103. Ibid., p. 62.
104. Ibid., pp. 68-74.
105. The fate, first, of the local companies of volunteers isolated in the Tuscan countryside and then of the city as it faced an advancing Austrian army kept the state of opinion at a fever pitch. P. Martini's report for April 16 is typical. "Early, the central plaza and the surrounding roads were crowded with armed men, menacing in their appearance and their language. Merchants and industrialists—seeing that it would be a day of strikes and of general disorder [ gran bailamme ]—did not even attempt to put their hands on their keys (ibid., p. 113).
106. Attacks on the bakeries occurred on the mornings of April 16 and 17. These attacks possessed a class character, because at a time of scarcity only the rich could afford bread and thus avoid the less palatable substitutes. In response to the riots, the government sought to obtain the necessary flour by permitting bakers to send grain to mills in the hinterland—at Pisa and Calci—to be ground into flour, "with the responsibility that they bring back as many sacks of flour as sacks of grain exported" ( Corriere livornese 3 [17 April 1849]). This provision, however, could work only as long as these areas were not under the full control of the forces of reaction.
107. For the inability of public works to meet more than the needs of a small percentage of the population see Corriere livornese 2, no. 79 (24 March 1848). For clashes at the sites in April 1849 see P. Martini, Diario livornese, p. 105. For the sad state of public finance see ibid., p. 283.
108. The loans were announced April 25 (ibid., pp. 211-212).
109. Ibid., pp. 184-185. For the importance of a Jacobin legacy in the resistance see also Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi, p. 146 and F. Catalano, "Socialismo e comunismo in Italia dal 1846 al 1849," RSR 38 (1951): 314. In response to Guarducci, a member of the crowd shouted that "democracy cannot recognize or admit class distinctions" and concluded that "to resolve our cause, the sole competent sovereign is the offended party—that is, the sovereign people [ il popolo re ]!''
108. The loans were announced April 25 (ibid., pp. 211-212).
109. Ibid., pp. 184-185. For the importance of a Jacobin legacy in the resistance see also Badaloni, Democratici e socialisti livornesi, p. 146 and F. Catalano, "Socialismo e comunismo in Italia dal 1846 al 1849," RSR 38 (1951): 314. In response to Guarducci, a member of the crowd shouted that "democracy cannot recognize or admit class distinctions" and concluded that "to resolve our cause, the sole competent sovereign is the offended party—that is, the sovereign people [ il popolo re ]!''
110. P. Martini, Diario livornese, p. 164.
111. Ibid., pp. 207, 241, 279, 287.
110. P. Martini, Diario livornese, p. 164.
111. Ibid., pp. 207, 241, 279, 287.
112. The stipend was initiated on April 23. In announcing his decision to accept it, Guarducci said that he was turning over his officer's pay in the civil guard to the families of those who had helped to defend the fatherland and of those who had been killed or wounded in the Florentine reaction (ibid., p. 201).
113. Moderates on the governing commission (such as Dr. Gaetano Salvo consistently sought to restrain the radicals and permit free emigration from the city, on occasion even carrying families past armed vigilantes waiting at the gates of the city to detain them (ASF, Seg. di Gab., Append. f. 28, b. 12: "Rapporto del Dottor Gaetano Salvi concernente la di lui condotto nel disimpegano delle proprie ingerenze come Deputato al Governo di Livorno dal 19 Aprile a tutto il 6 Maggio 1849."
Chapter Nine The End of Reform
1. Livomo's position in the state marked it for special fiscal exactions. In March 1848 the government imposed an extraordinary 700,000 lire tax on Tuscan commerce and indicated that over half (360,000 lire) would be imposed on Livorno (ACCL, Delib., 1 April 1848). The move was especially resented by the merchant community, as the burden placed on the port city was more than three times that placed on the capital (ibid., 4 May 1848; 28 July 1848). A year later the exaction was transformed into a 140,000 lire tax and a 220,000 lire interest-bearing loan (ibid., 29 May 1849). In April 1849,
as the city prepared to defend itself against an Austrian army, the chamber of commerce consented to grant an immediate loan of 100,000 lire to the commune (ibid., 22 and 23 April 1849). Following the city's defeat, the Austrian general D'Aspre imposed on the city a war tax of 1.2 million lire, to be paid in twenty-four hours (ibid., 17 May 1849). Finally, to meet the grave financial situation in the postrevolutionary period, the government doubled the commercial tax on Livorno's imports and levied a forced loan on the state of 30 million lire. (On the commercial tax see Luigi Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana dagli inizi del secolo XVIII alla caduta del Granducato [Milan, 1965], p. 364; on the forced loan and other exactions of the period see Baruchello, Livorno, pp. 599-602.)
The immediate effect of these measures was to aggravate bitterness toward Florence, to enhance the separateness of foreign merchant houses in the city, and to stimulate several families to formally renounce commerce. (For the resentment toward the relatively light burdens placed on the commerce of Florence see ACCL, Delib., 28 July 1848.) Efforts of foreign merchant houses in the city to avoid paying the charges imposed on Livornese commerce were repeatedly rejected, even when these efforts were backed by the representatives of their native states (ibid., 22 April and 28 August 1849). The government, however, was willing to exempt those who could prove that they had ceased to engage in commercial activity (ibid., 12 August 1849).
2. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Copialettere." Livorno, 22 March 1848: to Landucci.
3. Ibid., "Memorie," 24 August 1848.
4. Ibid., 29 August 1848.
5. Ibid., 12 September 1848.
2. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Copialettere." Livorno, 22 March 1848: to Landucci.
3. Ibid., "Memorie," 24 August 1848.
4. Ibid., 29 August 1848.
5. Ibid., 12 September 1848.
2. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Copialettere." Livorno, 22 March 1848: to Landucci.
3. Ibid., "Memorie," 24 August 1848.
4. Ibid., 29 August 1848.
5. Ibid., 12 September 1848.
2. BLL, Carte Ricci . "Copialettere." Livorno, 22 March 1848: to Landucci.
3. Ibid., "Memorie," 24 August 1848.
4. Ibid., 29 August 1848.
5. Ibid., 12 September 1848.
6. ASL, Gov., f. 313. Aff. Div., 1849, n. 917. Livorno, 11 September 1849: Delegato Straordinario to the minister of public instruction, Florence. Ibid., Florence, 9 January 1850: minister of public instruction to the Delegato Straordinario reported the government's rejection of the petition. See also ASF, Fin. C.R., b. 1849:25 August to 11 September, Asili Infantili di Livorno .
7. Raffaello Lambruschini, "Considerazioni sull'insegnamento del popolo," Il Pensiero pedagogico del Risorgimento, edited by Lamberto Borghi (Florence, 1958), pp. 229-230.
8. ACCL, Delib., 16 June 1849.
9. A law on public and private instruction in June 1852 placed primary education under the control of a new ministry of public instruction and charity.
10. See pp. 155-157.
11. See pp. 157-158.
12. On the chamber's recommendation see ACCL, Delib., 10 and 18 February 1851. On the description of the port see Alessandro Cialdi, Studi idrodinamici nautici e commerciali sul porto di Livorno e sul miglioramento ed ingrandimento del medesimo (Florence, 1853), p. 68.
13. A decree of 13 May 1851 entrusted to a French engineer, Poirel, ''the task of systematizing the port of Livorno" (Baruchello, Livorno, p. 603).
14. ACCL, Delib., 14 April 1852 and 29 March 1853.
15. On the military argument see G. Moil, "Linee," p. 22. On the Dalgas memorandum see pp. 158-159.
16. The value of discounted paper in 1853 was 35,736,322 lire, and in 1856, 35,785,788 lire. This surpassed the previous high of 23,446,144 lire in 1840 (ASL, Gov., f. 641, n. 530).
17. Ibid., f. 531, n. 693. Florence, 5 May 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., 30 August 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
16. The value of discounted paper in 1853 was 35,736,322 lire, and in 1856, 35,785,788 lire. This surpassed the previous high of 23,446,144 lire in 1840 (ASL, Gov., f. 641, n. 530).
17. Ibid., f. 531, n. 693. Florence, 5 May 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., 30 August 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
16. The value of discounted paper in 1853 was 35,736,322 lire, and in 1856, 35,785,788 lire. This surpassed the previous high of 23,446,144 lire in 1840 (ASL, Gov., f. 641, n. 530).
17. Ibid., f. 531, n. 693. Florence, 5 May 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
18. Ibid., 30 August 1856: minister of finance to the governor of Livorno.
19. ASF, Fin. C.R., Livorno, 9 July 1856: A. Mochi, commissioner of the discount bank.
20. See pp. 196-200.
21. See pp. 208-209.
22. From the deliberations of the chamber of commerce, problems occurred in the following areas: First, conflicts over jurisdictional rights: these included jurisdictional disputes between the companies of the Manovella and Sacco and claims by them and other groups for exclusive fights in handling new sectors of the city's trade. Second, internal disputes in the companies: these included grievances about work assignments, worker insubordination and supervisor arbitrariness, and efforts by retiring workers to handpick their successors. Third, worker dishonesty, which consisted principally of thefts of merchandise passing through the city and of fraud in measuring. Fourth, disputes over existing tariffs, which produced two major work stoppages.
23. ACCL, Delib., 6 May 1851 and 29 January 1857.
24. Ibid., 21 September 1853 and 24 November 1853.
25. Ibid., 25, 28 April 1860 and 16 July 1860 contains information and responses for the first strike of the dockworkers; 5, 6 April 1865 contains information and responses for the second strike.
23. ACCL, Delib., 6 May 1851 and 29 January 1857.
24. Ibid., 21 September 1853 and 24 November 1853.
25. Ibid., 25, 28 April 1860 and 16 July 1860 contains information and responses for the first strike of the dockworkers; 5, 6 April 1865 contains information and responses for the second strike.
23. ACCL, Delib., 6 May 1851 and 29 January 1857.
24. Ibid., 21 September 1853 and 24 November 1853.
25. Ibid., 25, 28 April 1860 and 16 July 1860 contains information and responses for the first strike of the dockworkers; 5, 6 April 1865 contains information and responses for the second strike.
26. This process culminated in the abolition of the constitution in 1852 and in a further weakening of municipal authority in 1853.
A clear, perceptive analysis of this process can be found in the following works of Giuseppe Pansini: "Gli ordinamenti comunali in Toscana dal 1849 al 1853," RST 2 (1956): 33-75, and "I Liberali moderati toscani e la crisi administrativa del granducato," ibid., 5 (1959): 29-154.
27. J. Luchaire, Essai sur l'evolution[l'évolution] intellectuelle de l'Italie de 1815 à 1830 (Paris, 1906), pp. 230-231.
28. Giuliano Ricci, Cenni sopra le basi del sistema municipale toscano per occasione della legge del 30 maggio 1847 (Livorno, 1847), p. 4.
29. Ibid.
28. Giuliano Ricci, Cenni sopra le basi del sistema municipale toscano per occasione della legge del 30 maggio 1847 (Livorno, 1847), p. 4.
29. Ibid.
30. Leopoldo Galeotti, Della riforma municipale. Pensieri e proposte (Florence, 1847), p. 26.
31. It is only fair to note that this interpretation of the evolution of liberal opinion clashes in one or more respects with other views of the liberal phenomenon in Tuscany. It is in fundamental disagreement with the interpretation of Raffaelo Cempini that in the first half of the nineteenth century, "Tuscan moderates 'did not shake themselves much from a paternalism little more enlightened and far ranging than of old," and that in them "there did not seem yet mature a true liberal consciousness" (R. Cempini, Contributo alla storia del 1848 in Toscana, in Il 1848 nella storia italiana ed Europa, edited by Ettore Rota, vol. 2 (Milan, 1948). It also disagrees with his view that "such a consciousness would be born later, during the decade of foreign domination, along with the belief in national unification [ coscienza unitaria ]" (ibid.).
While disagreeing with Paolo Alatri's implicitly negative view of Tuscan liberalism in the first half of the nineteenth century, this interpretation generally supports his assertion that during the 1850s, after the restoration of the grand ducal regime, "there was not progress of a liberal consciousness . . . [but instead] a general retreat that touched all spheres" (P. Alatri, "I Moderati toscani, il richiamo del granduca e il decennio di preparazione." RSR 39 no. 4 [1952]: 354). While agreeing with Giuseppe Pansini's assessment of the centralizing tendencies of the grand ducal government after 1849, my evidence does not support his view of the continued strength of municipal sentiments in the 1850s. Rather, it follows the views of Ernesto Ragionieri ("Politica e amministrazione nello stato unitario," Studi storici 1 [1960]: 472-512), Carlo Pischedda ("Appunti ricasoliani (1853-1859),'' RSI 68 [1956]: 37-79), and Arnoldo Salvestrini ( I Moderati toscani e la classe dirigente italiana [Florence, 1965]) that after 1850, moderate-liberals in Tuscany were more concerned with order and good administration than with freedom. Having supported Louis
Napoleon's coup d'etat[d'état] in France, they transferred their support from the grand ducal regime in Tuscany to Victor Emmanuel in Piedmont when it appeared that the grand duke's connection with Austria and his refusal to actively support the drive for national liberation might provoke a renewed outbreak of popular disorder.
32. ASF, Fin. C.R., f. 101. Livorno, 23 October 1857: Cav. Martellini, captain of the port, to L. Bargagli, governor of Livorno. The situation was well summarized by the captain of the port (Cantini) in 1854: "If the movement of cereals in this city has been extraordinary, this must be attributed to the unlimited freedom that has been given to speculators of this and similar goods for which this port has become a center of activity. One can predict that insofar as the principle of free trade spreads, Livorno will lose its extraordinary advantage, given the tendency of things left to their natural course to balance themselves out" (ASF, Misc. di Fin. II, f. 464. Livorno, 1854: comments of Cantini, captain of the port). For an understanding of Livorno's decline as a free port of deposit I am indebted to Patricia Herlihy ("Russian Trade and the Mediterranean Markets, 1774-1861," p. 204; and "Russian Wheat and the Port of Livorno, 1794-1865," Journal of European Economic History 5 [1976]: 45-68).
33. ACCL, Delib., 25 July 1862.
34. The memorial commissioned by the chamber was presented at its meeting of 27 December. Its dire predictions are summarized in Baruchello, Livorno, p. 621.
35. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Livorno ed il suo portofranco considerato nel passato, nel presente e nell'avvenire da un vecchio livornese, socio dell'Accademica Labronica (Florence, 1863). Wrongly attributed by G. Mori in "Linee" (p. 41) to T. Pergola.
36. Ibid., p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
38. Ibid., pp. 508, 511.
39. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 48.
35. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Livorno ed il suo portofranco considerato nel passato, nel presente e nell'avvenire da un vecchio livornese, socio dell'Accademica Labronica (Florence, 1863). Wrongly attributed by G. Mori in "Linee" (p. 41) to T. Pergola.
36. Ibid., p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
38. Ibid., pp. 508, 511.
39. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 48.
35. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Livorno ed il suo portofranco considerato nel passato, nel presente e nell'avvenire da un vecchio livornese, socio dell'Accademica Labronica (Florence, 1863). Wrongly attributed by G. Mori in "Linee" (p. 41) to T. Pergola.
36. Ibid., p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
38. Ibid., pp. 508, 511.
39. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 48.
35. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Livorno ed il suo portofranco considerato nel passato, nel presente e nell'avvenire da un vecchio livornese, socio dell'Accademica Labronica (Florence, 1863). Wrongly attributed by G. Mori in "Linee" (p. 41) to T. Pergola.
36. Ibid., p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
38. Ibid., pp. 508, 511.
39. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 48.
35. Giovanni Baldasseroni, Livorno ed il suo portofranco considerato nel passato, nel presente e nell'avvenire da un vecchio livornese, socio dell'Accademica Labronica (Florence, 1863). Wrongly attributed by G. Mori in "Linee" (p. 41) to T. Pergola.
36. Ibid., p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 13-14.
38. Ibid., pp. 508, 511.
39. Ibid., pp. 41-42, 48.
40. Sergio Camerani, "Lo Spirito pubblico in Toscana nel 1859," RST 2 (1957): 103.
41. Ibid., p. 114. See also Marion Miller, "Communes, Commerce and Coloni: Internal Divisions in Tuscany 1830-1860," Historical Journal 21 (1978): 844.
40. Sergio Camerani, "Lo Spirito pubblico in Toscana nel 1859," RST 2 (1957): 103.
41. Ibid., p. 114. See also Marion Miller, "Communes, Commerce and Coloni: Internal Divisions in Tuscany 1830-1860," Historical Journal 21 (1978): 844.
42. ACCL, Delib., 7 May 1849; Baruchello, Livorno, pp. 613-614.
43. Il Romito I (15 October 1859). Another attack appeared in l'Indipendenza italiana (n. 62). A moderate reply to this article appeared in La Nazione 1 (9 October 1859).
44. La Nazione 1 (24 October 1859).
45. More immediate evidence for this position was presented in 1859. In December the British ambassador to the court at Turin, Sir James Hudson, asserted that "the Livornese would be content to lose the free port in return for the political improvements achieved with the annexation to Piedmont" (reported in ACCL, Delib., 23 February 1860). The chamber formally protested Hudson's opinion, which was reported in all the newspapers, and empowered Pietro Bastogi—then in Florence—to deny the statement "and thus tranquilize the city" (ibid.). Bastogi, though, refused to intervene on the grounds that Tuscany had not yet voted for annexation to Piedmont and that the chamber, therefore, should not admit that its rights were in question (ibid., 1 March 1860).
46. Lo Zenzero (20 October 1862).
47. Ibid.
46. Lo Zenzero (20 October 1862).
47. Ibid.
48. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie della citta[città] di Livorno. Poche Parole d'un Livornese (Livorno, 1867). Though the writer of this pamphlet is anonymous, its contents closely reflect the views of Giuseppe Ferrigni, a local manufacturer of rope and sail and a member of the chamber of commerce.
49. Ibid., p. 25.
50. Ibid., p. 21.
51. Ibid., pp. 13-14, 57. The author argued that the elimination of the city's privileges would increase the prices of sugar, coffee, and pepper but would lower the prices of such basic articles of mass consumption as wine, oil, meat, cheese, flour, pasta, and bread.
48. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie della citta[città] di Livorno. Poche Parole d'un Livornese (Livorno, 1867). Though the writer of this pamphlet is anonymous, its contents closely reflect the views of Giuseppe Ferrigni, a local manufacturer of rope and sail and a member of the chamber of commerce.
49. Ibid., p. 25.
50. Ibid., p. 21.
51. Ibid., pp. 13-14, 57. The author argued that the elimination of the city's privileges would increase the prices of sugar, coffee, and pepper but would lower the prices of such basic articles of mass consumption as wine, oil, meat, cheese, flour, pasta, and bread.
48. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie della citta[città] di Livorno. Poche Parole d'un Livornese (Livorno, 1867). Though the writer of this pamphlet is anonymous, its contents closely reflect the views of Giuseppe Ferrigni, a local manufacturer of rope and sail and a member of the chamber of commerce.
49. Ibid., p. 25.
50. Ibid., p. 21.
51. Ibid., pp. 13-14, 57. The author argued that the elimination of the city's privileges would increase the prices of sugar, coffee, and pepper but would lower the prices of such basic articles of mass consumption as wine, oil, meat, cheese, flour, pasta, and bread.
48. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie della citta[città] di Livorno. Poche Parole d'un Livornese (Livorno, 1867). Though the writer of this pamphlet is anonymous, its contents closely reflect the views of Giuseppe Ferrigni, a local manufacturer of rope and sail and a member of the chamber of commerce.
49. Ibid., p. 25.
50. Ibid., p. 21.
51. Ibid., pp. 13-14, 57. The author argued that the elimination of the city's privileges would increase the prices of sugar, coffee, and pepper but would lower the prices of such basic articles of mass consumption as wine, oil, meat, cheese, flour, pasta, and bread.
52. ACCL, Delib., 2 and 23 January 1863 indicates that this had been partially accomplished with the preparation of a memorial by the president of the chamber, Francesco Malenchini: Camera di Commercio e Arti di Livorno, Memoria sulle franchigie commerciali della citta[città]. Al Governo e al parlamento (Livorno, 1863). Ibid., 9 and 22 December 1863 indicates that another memorial on the issue had been prepared by Tomaso Corsi. Both, officially sanctioned by the chamber, modified the tone of strident protest and more or less openly acknowledged the diminished role that the city's privileges continued to play in its commercial life and the necessity of government help in enabling the city to adjust to a very different economic future. These concerns were also expressed in the memorial of a group generally quite partial to preserving the city's traditional privileges. (See Memoria dei negozianti di manifatture, chincaglierie e ferrareccie della citta[città] di Livorno a S.E. il presidente del consiglio dei ministri del Regno d'Italia [Livorno, 1867].)
53. Reported in Baruchello, Livorno, p. 627. The merchant com-
munity of the city found the tax particularly aggravating after its rate was doubled in 1850. In that year income from the tax climbed to 824.731.16 lire from the 340.658 lire of the previous year (Dal Pane, La Finanza toscana, p. 364).
54. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 627.
55. ACCL, Delib., 3 and 24 June 1865; Baruchello, Livorno, pp. 624-627.
56. The statistics on Livorno's navigational and commercial contacts with other states of the Italian peninsula are fragmentary. Drawing on a report of the Russian government, Giovanni Bowring suggested that 18 percent of Livorno's imports in 1823 were drawn from other parts of the Italian peninsula; by 1834 the figure had climbed to 28.6 percent (Bowring, Statistica, p. 21). By 1881 commercial movements between Livorno and other national ports constituted 38.7 percent of the city's navigation. (Camera di Commercio ed Arti di Livorno, Movimento del commercio e della navigazione di Livorno nell'anno 1880 [Livorno, 1881].)
57. ACCL, Delib., 15 May, 27 October, and 6 December 1860; 19 April, 14 June, 11 July, and 6 August 1861; 5 and 12 June 1862. Ultimately, after extensive negotiations, the government agreed to turn over the Fortezza Nuova to the merchant community, but the community could not raise the necessary capital to mount the project.
58. These prospects were suggested in interviews between representatives of the merchant community and the king (ACCL, Delib., 25 April 1860 and 12 June 1862. An optimistic assessment of Livorno's future was especially prevalent in Francesco Bonaini, Livorno considerato nelle sue presenti condizioni e nel suo avvenire principalmente in ragione del taglio dell'Istmo di Suez e della Centrale Italiana (Florence, 1856), pp. 12-22.
59. Bortolotti, Livorno, p. 170.
60. Bonaini, Livorno considerato, p. 30.
61. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie, pp. 31-32.
62. Ibid., pp. 58-60.
61. Sull'abolizione delle franchigie, pp. 31-32.
62. Ibid., pp. 58-60.
63. Bonaini, Livorno considerato, pp. 25-29.
64. Memoria dei negozianti di manifatture, chincaglierie e ferrareccie, pp. 15-16.
65. Ibid., pp. 16-17.
64. Memoria dei negozianti di manifatture, chincaglierie e ferrareccie, pp. 15-16.
65. Ibid., pp. 16-17.
66. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 619.
67. Municipio di Livorno. Atti della commissione per l'istituzione di magazzini generali o docks (Livorno, 1867), pp. 29-30.
68. Ibid., pp. 111-115.
67. Municipio di Livorno. Atti della commissione per l'istituzione di magazzini generali o docks (Livorno, 1867), pp. 29-30.
68. Ibid., pp. 111-115.
69. ACCL, Delib., 14 March 1866; Baruchello, Livorno, p. 628.
70. Ibid., 21 May 1868.
69. ACCL, Delib., 14 March 1866; Baruchello, Livorno, p. 628.
70. Ibid., 21 May 1868.
71. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 632.
72. G. Mori, "Linee," p. 25. The project was completed in 1878.
73. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 656.
74. Formal requests for linking the city to a central Italian rail network were expressed in sessions of the chamber of commerce on 21, 25 April and 15 May 1860 and on 12 June 1862. On two occasions (in 1860 and 1862) the requests were made directly to the king. (See ACCL, Delib. )
75. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 656.
76. Ibid.
75. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 656.
76. Ibid.
77. Nicola Badaloni reports that Livorno's inclusion in a central Italian rail network was opposed by Pietro Bastogi. Bastogi and his associates, it seems, controlled the major newspaper in Livorno, La Gazzetta di Livorno, and thus were able to influence public opinion in the city. On the occasion of parliamentary elections in 1865, Vincenzo Malenchini—one of the city's representatives in parliament—made explicit references to Bastogi's position: "If Livorno reelects Bastogi it would mean that it was wrong to request a station on the Alta Italia. It would also mean that Livorno must not even request something that would be clearly useful to the city if it should go against the personal interests of the large banker" (BLL, Ms, "Lettere di Vincenzo Malenchini ad Ugo Federighi," 15 March 1875. Cited in Nicola Badaloni, "La Vita politica a Livorno fra il '60 e l'80," Movimento operaio 4 [1952]: 419). Municipal rivalry with Pisa was especially intense. In 1871, Pisa's successful request for a line to Collesalvetti in effect isolated Livorno. Livorno's response—a request for a line from Viareggio to Livorno and Cecina—would have isolated Pisa. The project was resurrected in 1903, but the stretch from Viareggio to Livorno was ultimately not considered because "it was not other than the response to an act of hostility completed by Pisa in 1871" (Baruchello, Livorno, p. 659).
78. Salvatore Orlando estimates that of the 706,892 tons of merchandise introduced into the port in 1904, approximately 500,000 were shipped into the interior, 137,000 of these via the canal ( fosso dei navicelli ) constructed at the time of Cosimo I (1530) (Salvatore Orlando, Il Porto di Livorno. Qual'e[Qual'é] e quale dovrebbe essere [Livorno, 1906], pp. 7, 11).
79. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 634.
80. Ibid., p. 635.
79. Baruchello, Livorno, p. 634.
80. Ibid., p. 635.
81. Orlando, Il Porto di Livorno, p. 13.
82. Orlando (ibid., p. 15) provides the following comparative statistics:
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83. Ibid.
81. Orlando, Il Porto di Livorno, p. 13.
82. Orlando (ibid., p. 15) provides the following comparative statistics:
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83. Ibid.
81. Orlando, Il Porto di Livorno, p. 13.
82. Orlando (ibid., p. 15) provides the following comparative statistics:
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83. Ibid.
84. Gustavo Uzielli, Genova e Livorno: Porti europei (Florence, 1906), cited in Baruchello, Livorno, p. 661.
85. If true, this would represent a significant portion of the 99,477,627 lire reportedly spent by the government on naval construction in the period. Francesco Saverio Nitti, Il Bilancio dello Stato dal 1862 al 1896-97 (Naples, 1900), p. 242, cited in G. Mori, "Linee," p. 42.
86. Ibid., p. 30. The figures on coal imports are drawn from Giorgio Ricci, I Porti e la loro funzione nella economia nazionale (Livorno, 1926), p. 102.
85. If true, this would represent a significant portion of the 99,477,627 lire reportedly spent by the government on naval construction in the period. Francesco Saverio Nitti, Il Bilancio dello Stato dal 1862 al 1896-97 (Naples, 1900), p. 242, cited in G. Mori, "Linee," p. 42.
86. Ibid., p. 30. The figures on coal imports are drawn from Giorgio Ricci, I Porti e la loro funzione nella economia nazionale (Livorno, 1926), p. 102.
87. The best introduction to the history of these plans (with illustrations) can be found in Baruchello, Livorno, pp. 647-656, 663-682.
88. On recent developments in the container trade see Livorno produce (Livorno, 1979).
Chapter Ten Conclusion: Livorno and the Risorgimento
1. Denis Mack Smith remarks that "far more influential in the Risorgimento than national feeling was the diffuse sense of rebellion against governmental oppression. In retrospect people too easily assumed a necessary connection between nationalism and liberalism." He notes "that the pivotal rebellions of the Risorgimento were local risings against oppressive government, in fact that the key motives at first were more liberal than national" (Denis Mack Smith,
"A Prehistory of Fascism," in Italy from the Risorgimento to Fascism: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Totalitarian State, edited by A. William Salomone [Garden City, N.Y., 1970], pp. 109-111).
2. Storia d'Italia dal 1871 al 1915 (Bari, 1928; English translation Oxford, 1929), and Storia d'Europa nel secolo decimonono (Bari, 1932; English translation London, 1934).
3. Salomone, ed., Italy from the Risorgimento to Fascism, pp. 16-17.
4. Ibid., p. xxxi.
5. Ibid. See also Giuseppe Galasso, Croce, Gramsci e altri storici (Milan, 1969), and Ruggiero Romano, La Storiografia italiana oggi (n.p., 1978).
3. Salomone, ed., Italy from the Risorgimento to Fascism, pp. 16-17.
4. Ibid., p. xxxi.
5. Ibid. See also Giuseppe Galasso, Croce, Gramsci e altri storici (Milan, 1969), and Ruggiero Romano, La Storiografia italiana oggi (n.p., 1978).
3. Salomone, ed., Italy from the Risorgimento to Fascism, pp. 16-17.
4. Ibid., p. xxxi.
5. Ibid. See also Giuseppe Galasso, Croce, Gramsci e altri storici (Milan, 1969), and Ruggiero Romano, La Storiografia italiana oggi (n.p., 1978).
6. Letter to Salvatore Pres di Villamarina, Sardinian minister in Paris, 9 July 1857, cited in F. Ridella, La Vita e i tempi di C. Cabella (Genoa, 1923), p. 209.
7. David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley, The Peculiarities of German History. Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany (New York, 1984).
8. QC, p. 1, 997.
9. Ibid., pp. 784-785.
8. QC, p. 1, 997.
9. Ibid., pp. 784-785.
10. H. Stuart Hughes, "The Aftermath of the Risorgimento in Four Successive Interpretations," The American Historical Review 61 (1955): 76.