1. For converso attitudes toward the Inquisition, see Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem: The Magnus Press, 1981), 294-295. For the Spanish Protestant view, see Reginaldo González Montano, A Diseovery and Playne Declaration of Sundry Subtill Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spain (London: Ihon Day, 1568). For a Catholic viewpoint, see Caesare Carena, Tractatus de Officio Santissimae Inquisitionis, et modo procedendi in causis fidie (Cremona: Baptistam Belpierum, 1655), and D. de Simancas, De catholicis institutionibus (Vallisoleti: Aegidii de Colomies, 1552).

2. Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert, Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers , 20 vols. (Neufchastel: Samuel Faulche et Compagnie, 1765), 8: 775.

3. Ibid.

2. Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert, Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers , 20 vols. (Neufchastel: Samuel Faulche et Compagnie, 1765), 8: 775.

3. Ibid.

4. For the controversy over Llorente's work, see J. Pérez Villanueva, "La historiografía de la Inquisición española," in J. Pérez Villanueva and Bartolomé Eseandell Bonet, eds., Historia de la Inquisición en España y América , 4 vols. (Madrid: BAC, 1984), 1:14-16.

5. H. C. Lea, Historia de la Inquisición española , 3 vols. Trans. Angel Alcalá (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1982).

6. These results were first reported in Gustav Henningsen, "El banco de datos del Santo Oficio: Las relaciones de causas de la Inquisición española," Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia , CLXXIV: 549-570.

7. Agostino Borromeo, "Contributo allo studio dell' Inquisizioni e dei suoi rapporti con il potere episcopale nell' Italia spagnola del Cinquecento," Annuario dell' Instituto storico italiano per l'eta moderna e contemporanea , vols. 29-30, 219-276. Richard Greenleaf, The Mexican

Inquisition of the Sixteenth Century (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1969); B. Escandell Bonet, ''El tribunal peruano en la época de Felipe II," in Pérez Villanueva and Escandell Bonet, Historia de la Inquisición , 1:919-937.

8. See chap. 7, 401-404.

9. Ricardo García Cárcel, Orígenes de la Inquisición española (Barcelona: Peninsula, 1976), 137. García Cárcel contradicts himself in his second volume, but his assertion that the tribunal did not have commissioners until 1580 is also wrong. Ricardo García Cáreel, Herejía y sociedad en el siglo XVI (Barcelona: Peninsula, 1980), 137.

10. García Cárcel, Herejía , 17-124.

11. Robert I. Burns, S.J. The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia , 2 vols. (Canlbridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:4-7,9.

12. The linguistic and cultural division of post-Reeonquest Valencia is discussed in Joan Fuster, Nosaltres, els Valencians (Barcelona: Ediciones 62, 1962), 30.

13. Thomas Glick, Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), 11-13.

14. J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain (New York: The New American Library, 1966), 28-30.

15. Teresa Canet Aparisi, La audiencia valenciana en la época foral moderna (Valencia: Institució Valenciana D'Estudis I Investigació, 1986), 66, 72.

16. James Casey, The Kingdom of Valencia in the Seventeeth Century (Cainbridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 232.

17. Ibid., 225. For the medieval origins of Valencia's traditional laws, see Fuster, Nosaltres , 44-46.

1. Juan Antonio Llorente, A Critical History of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of Its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII (London: Geo. B. Wittaker, 1826; reprint ed., Williamstown, Mass., 1967), 11.

2. Ibid., 12.

1. Juan Antonio Llorente, A Critical History of the Inquisition of Spain from the Time of Its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII (London: Geo. B. Wittaker, 1826; reprint ed., Williamstown, Mass., 1967), 11.

2. Ibid., 12.

3. Llorente, A Critical History , 16-17.

4. For the migration of the Albigensian "perfecti" across the Pyrenees, see chap. V in E. Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error (New York: George Braziller, 1978), 89-102.

5. Eymerich's Directorium inquisitorum was first published in 1503 and then republished five times in Peña's edition between 1578 and 1607.

Nicolás Eymerich and Francisco Peña, Le manuel des inquisiteurs , ed. and trans. Louis Sala-Molins (Paris: Mouton, 1973), 15.

6. Tarsicio de Azcona, Isabel la Católica (Madrid: Editorial Católica, 1964), 378-379.

7. Albert A. Sicroff, Les controverses des statutes de pureté de sang en Espagne du XV au XVII siècle (Paris: Marcel Didier, 1960), 32-36.

8. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 397-398.

9. Beinart, Conversos on Trial , 308-309.

10. Elliott, Imperial Spain , 30-31, 43-44; Jaime Vicens Vives, An Economic History of Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 308-309.

11. Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain , 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1906-07), 1:27-28.

12. Llorente, A Critical History , 17.

13. Ibid., 23.

12. Llorente, A Critical History , 17.

13. Ibid., 23.

14. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 392.

15. Ibid., 396.

16. Ibid., 573-574.

17. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to gain control over the monastic reform movement during the pontificate of Alexander VI. Ibid., 591.

18. Ibid., 406.

14. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 392.

15. Ibid., 396.

16. Ibid., 573-574.

17. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to gain control over the monastic reform movement during the pontificate of Alexander VI. Ibid., 591.

18. Ibid., 406.

14. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 392.

15. Ibid., 396.

16. Ibid., 573-574.

17. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to gain control over the monastic reform movement during the pontificate of Alexander VI. Ibid., 591.

18. Ibid., 406.

14. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 392.

15. Ibid., 396.

16. Ibid., 573-574.

17. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to gain control over the monastic reform movement during the pontificate of Alexander VI. Ibid., 591.

18. Ibid., 406.

14. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 392.

15. Ibid., 396.

16. Ibid., 573-574.

17. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to gain control over the monastic reform movement during the pontificate of Alexander VI. Ibid., 591.

18. Ibid., 406.

19. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 44.

20. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 408.

21. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 47-48.

22. Lea, A History , 1:247-249.

23. AHN, Inquisition , September 13, 1484, leg. 533, f. 18.

24. AHN, Inquisition , June 26, 1484, leg. 533, f. 18.

25. Lea, A History , 1:248.

26. For threats made against Lieutenant-Inquisitor Baltasar Sánchez de Oruela, see AHN, Inquisition , January 8, 1521, leg. 533, f. 3.

27. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 49-50.

28. Ibid., 52, 80.

29. Ibid., 50.

30. Ibid., 55.

27. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 49-50.

28. Ibid., 52, 80.

29. Ibid., 50.

30. Ibid., 55.

27. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 49-50.

28. Ibid., 52, 80.

29. Ibid., 50.

30. Ibid., 55.

27. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 49-50.

28. Ibid., 52, 80.

29. Ibid., 50.

30. Ibid., 55.

31. AHN, Inquisition , December 8, 1497, lib. 242, ffs. 7v-8v.

32. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 52, 59.

33. AHN, Inquisition , November 21, 1498, lib. 242, ffs. 82-83.

34. AHN, Inquisition , March 21, 1499, lib. 252, f. 125.

35. Lea, A History , 1:243.

36. AHN, Inquisition , September 6, 1553, lib. 911, f. 76.

37. AHN, Inquisition , September 27, 1499, lib. 242, f. 152.

38. AHN, Inquisition , October 17, 1500; October 26, 1500, lib. 242, ffs. 231, 235.

39. AHN, Inquisition , September 12, 1520, lib. 317, ffs. 105-107.

40. AHN, Inquisition , May 8, 1500, lib. 242, f. 200.

41. Lea, A History , 1:329.

42. AHN, Inquisition , lib. 100, f. 133r-v. quoted in José Martínez Millán, La hacienda de la Inquisición, 1478-1700 (Madrid: CSIC, 1984), 75.

43. Lea, A History , 1:355.

44. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1554, lib. 1210, ffs. 52-54. The Suprema had followed a policy of specifically encouraging the provincial tribunals to use this formidable weapon; see AHN, Inquisition , August 18, 1545, lib. 322, ffs. 394-395.

45. AHN, Inquisition , "agravios hechos por el Inquisidor Aguilera" (1565-6), leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 90v. This important visitation really began on June 12, 1566, when Jerónimo Manrique presented his powers to the tribunal. Most of the evidence against the officials and inquisitors was presented to Manrique and not, as implied by García Cárcel, Herejía , 136-137, to his successor, Soto Salazar. AHN, Inquisition , June 12, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf. García Cárcel seems unaware of this first phase of the visitation.

46. AHN, Inquisition , "Memorial de los agravios que pretenden los oficiales reales de Su Magestad en esta ciudad y reino de Valencia se hazen por los Reverendos Inquisidores de dicha ciudad y reino a la juridición y preheminencias que la dicha Real Magestad tiene," May 18, 1567, leg. 1790, exp. 2, cap. 26.

47. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 88-90.

48. Lea, A History , 1:353.

49. AHN, Inquisition , January 11-28, 1528, leg. 533#2, f. 13.

50. Archivo del Reino de Valencia, February 10, 1525, Generalidad , lib. 1950, ffs. 19-103, quoted in García Cárcel, Orígenes , 111.

51. Casey, The Kingdom , 179.

52. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1565, leg. 503#1, nf.

53. AHN, Inquisition , (1556) procesos criminales, leg. 1781, exp. 1.

54. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 10. For the violation of the 1568 Concordia , see July 31, 1573, lib. 970, f. 429 For merchants who collaborated in this traffic, see the hearings held by the tribunal: AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1573, lib. 960, ffs. 434-435, 454. García Cárcel's assertion that the Valencia tribunal did not have commissioners until 1580 is patently untrue since the proceedings against the commissioner of Teruel date from 1573. García Cárcel, Herejía , 134.

55. AHN, Inquisition , August 28, 1514, lib. 960, f. 64. This sweeping

exemption was extended to the officials of all tribunals in 1568, Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 189.

56. García Cárcel, Herejía , 139; AHN, Inquisition , August 5, 1570, lib. 960, f. 16.

57. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1554, lib. 1210, f. 54.

58. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1586, lib. 1210, f. 58.

59. AHN, Inquisition , July 15, 1575, lib. 960, f. 43v.

60. AHN, Inquisition , July 9, 1575, lib. 960, f. 37.

61. For the special fuero enjoyed by the members of the Order of Montesa, see BNM, December 16, 1593, MSS 2731, f. 18.

62. Lea, A History , 1:429.

63. AHN, Inquisition , Instrucciónes de 1498, lib. 1210, f. 1431.

64. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1551, lib. 911, f. 18.

65. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 62.

66. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 60.

67. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1589, lib. 960, f. 28.

68. AHN, Inquisition , "Memorial de los agravios," May 18, 1567, leg. 1790, exp. 2, cap. 26.

69. AHN, Inquisition , January 7, 1564, leg. 519#2, f. 23.

70. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1565, leg. 503#1, nf.

71. AHN, Inquisition , "Memorial de los agravios," May 18, 1567, leg. 1790, exp. 2, cap. 31.

72. AHN, Inquisition , December 27, 1561, lib. 911, f. 230.

73. AHN, Inquisition , August 1, 1579, lib. 960, f. 581.

74. AHN, Inquisition , September 18, 1555, lib. 911, f. 154.

75. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1551, lib. 911, f. 18.

76. AHN, Inquisition , May 15, 1545, lib. 1210, ffs. 815-816.

77. AHN, Inquisition , December 25, 1552, lib. 911, f. 23.

78. AHN, Inquisition , March 23, 1553, lib. 960, ffs. 2-2v.

79. AHN, Inquisition , April 12, 1553, lib. 960, f. 614.

80. García Cárcel, Herejía , 251.

81. AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1553, lib. 960, nf.; August 4, 1553, lib. 911, ffs. 79-79v. Sensing the new attitude at Court, the Suprema ordered the tribunal not to proceed against the viceroy. AHN, Inquisition , August 5, 1553, lib. 911, ffs. 80-80v.

82. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1554, lib. 1210, f. 53.

83. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1554, lib. 1210, f. 54.

84. AHN, Inquisition , July 12, 1560, lib. 911, f. 353.

85. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, ffs. 58-60, 62, 63.

86. AHN, Inquisition , April 21, 1567, leg. 503#1, nf.

87. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 61.

88. AHN, Inquisition , October 5, 1583; January 13, 1584; February 8, 1610, leg. 505#1, ffs. 16, 26, 108.

89. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, ffs. 58, 60, 65.

90. AHN, Inquisition , November 14, 1560, lib. 497, f. 95.

91. AHN, Inquisition , February 21, 1568, lib. 911, f. 842.

92. AHN, Inquisition , February 9, 22, 1563, leg. 503#1, ffs. 46v, 65.

93. AHN, Inquisition , August 27, 1582, lib. 960, ffs. 18-23, 27.

94. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1595, lib. 960, f. 241.

95. Lea, A Histor y, 2:279.

96. AHN, Inquisition , July 1, 1592; August 26, 1592, leg. 505, ffs. 327-328, 331; July 20, 1592, lib. 960, f. 283.

97. Jover was released on bail at the tribunal's request, but the Audiencia evidently had no intention of cooperating with the tribunal on this case since he was promptly rearrested and returned to the royal prison. AHN, Inquisition , (1598), procesos criminals, leg. 1780, f. 6.

98. AHN, Inquisition , March 10, 1608, lib. 919, ffs. 550-553. The Suprema eventually ordered Sans to resign his post with the Audiencia. AHN, Inquisition , September 18, 1608, lib. 919, f. 575.

99. AHN, Inquisition , April 10, 1589, lib. 916, f. 730.

100. AHN, Inquisition , March 8, 1553, lib. 960, f. 8v-9.

101. AHN, Inquisition , March 23, 1553, lib. 960, f. 624.

102. AHN, Inquisition , March 9, 1627, lib. 922, ffs. 825-826; also see January 23, 1569, lib. 912, ffs. 103-103v, for the tribunal's complaints about the stubborn attitude of the Audiencia and its refusal to attempt to settle disputes amicably.

103. AHN, Inquisition , April 20, 1569, leg. 503#1, nf.; August 28, 1570, leg. 503#1, nf.

104. AHN, Inquisition , August 1, 1579, lib. 960, ffs. 589-590.

105. AHN, Inquisition , October 6, 1619, lib. 960, f. 587.

106. Sebastián Garciá Martínez, "Bandolerismo, Piratería, y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II," Estudis I (1972): 142.

107. Ibid., 142.

106. Sebastián Garciá Martínez, "Bandolerismo, Piratería, y control de moriscos en Valencia durante el reinado de Felipe II," Estudis I (1972): 142.

107. Ibid., 142.

108. AHN, Inquisition , October 20, 1597, lib. 917, f. 918.

109. J. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas en la ciutat y regne de Valencia , transcriber V. Castaneda Alcover (Madrid: Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos, 1934), 162-163.

110. García Martínez, "Bandolerismo," 129.

111. AHN, Inquisition , December 2, 1601, lib. 960, ffs. 272-273.

112. AHN, Inquisition , January 30, 1603, lib. 960, f. 258.

113. AHN, Inquisition , July 23, 1603, lib. 960, f. 262.

114. AHN, Inquisition , September 3, 1621, leg. 804#2, ffs. 174-176.

115. AHN, Inquisition , April 26, 1613, leg. 508#2, f. 406.

116. BNM, December 27, 1633, MSS 844, ffs. 7-7v.

117. AHN, Inquisition , August 11, 1600, lib. 918, ffs. 264-265.

118. AHN, Inquisition , August 14-18, 1600, lib. 918, ffs. 240-240v.

119. AHN, Inquisition , August 17, 1600, lib. 918, ffs. 238-238v.

120. The viceroy, marquis of Caracena, resorted to similar tactics in the case of familiar Pedro Linares. AHN, Inquisition , April 10, 1610, leg. 803#1, ffs. 632-664.

121. AHN, Inquisition , August 21, 1600, lib. 918, ffs. 266-266v. Also see AHN, Inquisition , January 19, 1627, lib. 920, ffs. 589-589v, for the tribunal's complaints about Viceroy Enrique de Ávila y Guzmán, marquis de Povar, and the way he favored the Audiencia and attacked the tribunal's jurisdiction over familiares in violation of the "spirit of the concordia."

122. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 120.

123. AHN, Inquisition , August 21, 1600, lib. 918, f. 266.

124. Lea, A History , 3:74.

125. García Cárcel, Herejía , 40.

126. AHN, Inquisition , January, 8, 1576, lib. 960, ffs. 230-232.

127. AHN, Inquisition , April 28, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf.; April 30, 1573, lib. 913, ifs. 42-45. Ribera was so peeved at the tribtmal that he refused to attend the auto de fé of May 3, 1573.

128. AHN, Inquisition , October 21, 1566, leg. 503#1, nf.

129. AHN, Inquisition , December 21, 1568, lib. 912, f. 8v.

130. AHN, Inquisition , June 15, 1568, lib. 912,, ffs. 112-113v.

131. AHN, Inquisition , June 21, 1568, lib. 912, f. 114.

132. For the details of these negotiations, see chap 2.

133. For the tribunal's relations with Archbishop Navarra, see Garcia Cárcel, Herejía , 41.

134. AHN, Inquisition , December 11, 1561, leg. 503#1, nf.

135. AHN, Inquisition , December 27, 1561, lib. 911, ffs. 229-230. For a confusing and incomplete account of this incident based on only partial knowledge of the documentation, see García Cárcel, Herejía , 41. García Cárcel clearly fails to appreciate or even comment on the importance of this event in the history of the tribunal.

136. AHN, Inquisition , December 24, 1561, leg. 324, ffs. 15v-16.

137. AHN, Inquisition , January 2, 1562, leg. 503#1, f. 13.

138. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1565, leg. 503#1, nf. The inquisitors had already taken refuge in the parish church of San Andrés where they had a chapel. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1565, leg. 1787, f. 2.

139. For a brief discussion of these "old taxes," see Casey, The kingdom , 156. For the jurats' efforts to make the tribunal's officials pay the sises, see AHN, Inquisition , June 2, 1576, lib. 960, f. 62.

140. Casey, The Kingdom , 167, 170-171.

141. AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1591, lib. 970, ffs. 330-331, 342v. Earlier in his term, Viceroy Moncada had had a bitter argument with the tribunal over the windows from which the inquisitors would watch the Corpus procession. AHN, Inquisition , June 16, 1582, lib. 916, ffs. 302-302v.

142. AMV, Manuels de consells y establiments , September 18, 20, 1591, lib. A-118, nf.

143. AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1591, lib. 960, f. 342v.

144. AHN, Inquisition , September 23, 1591, lib. 90, ffs. 365-367v.

145. AHN, Inquisition , September 26, 1592, lib. 960, f. 379.

146. García Martínez, "Bandolerismo," 153. As S. N. Eisenstadt has noted, center-periphery relations in the traditional monarchies were characterized by continuity and interpenetration whereby the institutions of the "center successfully permeated the periphery in an attempt to mobilize support for the policies of the center while relatively autonomous forces of the periphery have continually impinged on the center." S. N. Eisenstadt, "Varieties of Political Development: The Theoretical Challenge," in S. N. Eisenstadt, Building States and Nations , I:41-752 (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973), 56.

147. AHN, Inquisition , October 10, 1592, leg. 505#1, f. 339.

148. AHN, Inquisition , October 22, 1592, lib. 917, f. 367.

149. AHN, Inquisition , January, 25, 1592, lib. 960, ffs. 359-361.

150. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 57.

151. AMV, Manuels de consells y establiments , June 11, 1603, lib. A-30, nf.

152. AHN, Inquisition , July 6, 1603, lib. 960, f. 283.

153. AHN, Inquisition , May 16, 1609, lib. 960, ffs. 400-404.

154. AHN, Inquisition , March 23, 1553, lib. 960, ffs. 2-2v.

155. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1603, lib. 960, f. 295. It was Gaspar Daqui who acted as city council notary during the 1603 crisis. AMV, Manuels de consells y establiments , June 13, 1603, lib. A-130, nf.

156. AHN, Inquisition , December 11, 1561, leg. 503#1, ffs. 7-8v.

157. AHN, Inquisition , July 20, 1573, lib. 913, ffs. 3-4v.

158. AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1619, leg. 1784#1, f. 42.

159. AHN, Inquisition , May 19, 1612, leg. 804#2, nf.

160. AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1619, leg. 1784#1, f. 42v.

161. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 128.

162. Ibid., 129.

163. Ibid., 159.

164. Ibid., 196.

161. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 128.

162. Ibid., 129.

163. Ibid., 159.

164. Ibid., 196.

161. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 128.

162. Ibid., 129.

163. Ibid., 159.

164. Ibid., 196.

161. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 128.

162. Ibid., 129.

163. Ibid., 159.

164. Ibid., 196.

165. AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1619, leg. 1784#1, f. 53v.

166. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 179, 184.

167. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1614, leg. 506#1, f. 410.

168. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 189.

169. Ibid., 210.

168. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 189.

169. Ibid., 210.

170. AHN, Inquisition , July 12, 1618, leg. 506#2, f. 1797. Rome was already signaling its displeasure with the cult. AHN, Inquisition , April 28, 1618, leg. 506#2, f. 158.

171. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 309-312.

172. AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1619, leg. 1784#1, f. 37v. Also see Cabezas's letter attacking the cult: AHN, Inquisition , February 16, 1619, leg. 506#2, ffs. 70, 70v.

173. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 213.

174. AHN, Inquisition , May 27, 1619, leg. 506#2, f. 304.

175. AHN, Inquisition , June 12, 1619, leg. 506#2, f. 314.

176. AHN, Inquisition , July 22, 1619, leg. 506#2, f. 328.

177. AHN, Inquisition , August 28, 1619, leg. 506#2, f. 350.

178. AHN, Inquisition , March 9, 1620, leg. 506#2, f. 422.

179. AHN, Inquisition , June 26, 1634, leg. 507#1, f. 286.

180. AHN, Inquisition , September 3, 1621, leg. 804#2, ffs. 179-180. Also see the case of familiar Alejandro Portell who was turned over to the tribunal after being arrested on criminal charges by agents of the Audiencia: September 15, 1705, leg. 503#3, exp. 7.

181. AHN, Inquisition , March 29, 1661, leg. 503#2, exp. 5, ffs. 131-131v.

182. AHN, Inquisition , December 22, 1659, leg. 503#2, exp. 5, ffs. 93-95.

183. García Cárcel, Herej í a , 65; AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1571, leg. 503#1, nf.

184. Lea, A History , 4:356; Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 310-311.

1. Lea, A History , 2:457-458; García Cárcel, Orígenes , 180, notes that the period of grace in Valencia could be as long as six months.

2. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 180.

3. Ibid., 180.

2. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 180.

3. Ibid., 180.

4. Henry Kamen, Inquisition and Society in Spain in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985), 162. The edicts of grace were experimented with later in the sixteenth century as part of royal policy toward the Moriscos; Lea, A History , 3:340.

5. Lea, A History , 2:92-93.

6. Ibid., 94-96.

5. Lea, A History , 2:92-93.

6. Ibid., 94-96.

7. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1589, lib. 916, ffs. 670-671.

8. Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris: Gallimard, 1975), 62.

9. AHN, Inquisition , March 16, 1642, leg. 210, ffs. 311-313.

10. AHN, Inquisition , (1506), leg. 597#1, exp. 8.

11. AHN, Inquisition , September 23, 1568, leg. 802#1, nf.

12. Lea, A History , 2:93-94.

13. AHN, Inquisition , April 17, 1654, leg. 523#1, f. 7.

14. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1570, leg. 518#1, f. 9.

15. Lea, A History , 1:238.

16. AHN, Inquisition , October 18, 1517, lib. 497, ffs. 55-56.

17. AHN, Inquisition , July 31, 1560, leg. 1792, nf.

18. AHN, Inquisition , May 18, 1590, lib. 917, f. 61.

19. Alonso de Villadiego y Montoya, Instrucción política y práctica judicial (Madrid: B. Cano, 1788), 87.

20. AHN, Inquisition , leg. 508#2, nf., "memoria de las personas testificadas por Francisco Caffor."

21. AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1582, lib. 915, f. 376.

22. AHN, Inquisition , January 9, 13, 1687, leg. 803#1, ffS. 237v-238v.

23. AHN, Inquisition , November 22, 1680, leg. 804#2, nf.

24. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1790, leg. 562#1, f. 6.

25. AHN, Inquisition , December 17, 1764, leg. 562#2, f. 8.

26. AHN, Inquisition , January 24, 1612, leg. 804#2, f. 235v.

27. AHN, Inquisition , November 4, 1678, leg. 800#1, nf.

28. AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1691, leg. 803#2, nf.

29. AHN, Inquisition , April 8, 1671, leg. 800#1, nf.

30. John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 135-136.

31. Ibid., 130-132.

30. John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 135-136.

31. Ibid., 130-132.

32. Ibid., 137.

30. John H. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime in the Renaissance (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 135-136.

31. Ibid., 130-132.

32. Ibid., 137.

33. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 47.

34. Ibid., 48.

33. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 47.

34. Ibid., 48.

35. Virgilio Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control ideológico en la España del siglo XVI (Madrid: Taurus, 1983), 242.

36. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 214-215.

37. AHN, Inquisition , May 30, 1565, leg. 503#1, nf.

38. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf., charge #88.

39. AHN, Inquisition , (1566), leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf. "el lic. Bernardino de Aguilera Inquisidor de Valencia respondiendo a los cargos y capítulos que el lic. D. Jerónimo Manrique me ha puesto."

40. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime , 181.

41. Foucault, Surveiller , 46.

42. Lea, A History , 2:548-550. For a detailed defense of the need to conceal the names of witnesses, see AHN, Inquisition , October 8, 1528, lib. 320, ffs. 98v-99.

43. Villadiego y Montoya, Instrucción política , 64.

44. BNM, MSS 718, ffs. 84-86.

45. García Cárcel, Orígines , 183. For the acquisition of property that later became the inquisitorial compound, see ARV, Clero , "Instrumentos pertenecientes a la compra de casas en que se fábrica el real palacio de la Inquisició>n," lib. 1404. García Cárcel, Hereía , 204.

46. AHN, Inquisition , February 2, 1542, leg. 536#1, f. 3.

47. AHN, Inquisition , October 12, 1564, leg. 530#1, f. 8.

48. For complaints about the "ruinous state" of the prison, see AHN, Inquisition , August 16, 1563, leg. 503, f. 57v. The letter that may have prompted the Inquisitor-General's investigation came from Alcalde Benito Sanguino; AHN, Inquisition , January 22, 1582, lib. 915, ffs. 147-147v. García Cárcel, Herejía , 205-206.

49. AHN, Inquisition , March 11, 1583, lib. 915, ffs. 488-488v.

50. AHN, Inquisition , March 19, 1582, lib. 915, ffs. 331-334; García Cárcel, Herejía , 206-207, reproduces only one-half of the map drawn by the visitor which he mistakenly calls the "plan proposed," when as the text of the accompanying letter makes quite clear, it was a map of the Inquisition compound as it then existed.

51. Lea, A History , 2:513.

52. AHN, Inquisition , May 26, 1528, leg. 1790, exp. 1, ffs. 7v, 12v.

53. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 34.

54. AHN, Inquisition , lib. 918, f. 728, quoted in García Cárcel, Herejía , 204-205.

55. AHN, Inquisition , July 4, 1575, lib. 913, f. 495.

56. Tomás Cerdan de Tallada, Visita de la cárcel y de los presos (Valencia: Pedro de Huete, 1574); Lea, A History , 2:534.

57. AHN, Inquisition , July 18, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, ifs. 158v-165.

58. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 183.

59. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1623, leg. 507#1, ffs. 195-196.

60. AHN, Inquisition , March 27, 1564, leg. 519#1, f. 2. More than 20 percent of the accused confessed either during these early hearings or just after the accusation was presented.

61. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 123.

62. AHN, Inquisition , January 24, 1659, leg. 518#2, f. 14.

63. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1565, leg. 530#1, f. 8.

64. Lea, A History , 2:479.

65. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime , 147-148.

66. Lea, A History , 2:563-564.

67. AHN, Inquisition , October 26, 1537, leg. 536#3.

68. Lea, A History , 3:42.

69. Ibid., 3:4.

70. Ibid., 2:545-546.

68. Lea, A History , 3:42.

69. Ibid., 3:4.

70. Ibid., 2:545-546.

68. Lea, A History , 3:42.

69. Ibid., 3:4.

70. Ibid., 2:545-546.

71. See the cases of Vezquey ''Moro" in AHN, Inquisition , November 13, 1508, leg. 548#1, exp. 25; Esperanza Madrit, June 12, 1495, leg. 551#3, exp. 38; and Francisco Bairi, January 31, 1537, leg. 549#1, exp. 9.

72. BNM, "Instrucciones de Torquemada" (1484), MSS 935, f. 6v.

73. AHN, Inquisition , August 22, 157:3, leg. 559#3, f. 11.

74. AHN, Inquisition , October 8, 1576, leg. 548#1, f. 1.

75. AHN, Inquisition , January 4, 1521, leg. 559#2, f. 12.

76. Lea, A History , 2:538. Spanish jurisprudence in general tended in the direction of increasing the number of crimes in which the testimony of less desirable witnesses could be accepted. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal de la monarquía absoluta Madrid: Tecnos, 1969. 176-177.

77. Lea, A History , 2:543.

78. AHN, Inquisition , January, 4, 1521, leg. 559#1, f.

79. H. J. Berman, a noted authority on Roman law goes so far as to refer to "a virtual presumption of guilt" in criminal cases. Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 610, n. 35.

80. See Langbein, Prosecuting Crime , 235-236, for the denial of defense counsel in France. AHN, Inquisition , October 8, 1528, lib. 320, ffs. 98v-99v.

81. Lea, A History , 3:71-72.

82. AHN, Inquisition , December 23, 1654, leg. 523#1, f. 7.

83. Lea, A History , 3:74-75.

84. Langbein, Prosecuting Crime , 157. See Foucault, Surveiller , 41, for a description of the elaborate "arithmetic" of proofs.

85. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 209.

86. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 174-175. For complaints about the indiscriminate use of torture in the secular courts, see Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 153-154.

87. Torture was administered to 693 persons, or 19.4 percent, in the period after 1540. The relative leniency of the Valencia tribunal would seem to belie the impression given by Lea, who at one point asserts that "the regular practice was to repeat the torture." Lea, A History , 3:28-29. My figure is considerably lower than that given by García Cárcel, Herejía , 199, but it is based on a much larger number of cases extended over a longer period.

88. Lea, A History , 2:562; Langbein, Prosecuting Crime , 157. On the Valencia tibunal, about 30 percent were convicted with only one witness.

89. Foucault, Surveiller , 42-43.

90. García Cárcel, Orígines , 174.

91. From 1554 to 1820, the Valencia tribunal suspended 58 percent of its cases. In contrast, from 1530 to 1609, it suspended only 9 percent. García Cárcel, Herejía , 212.

92. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 186.

93. Exile was imposed in 8.4 percent of the cases from 1554 to 1820.

94. AHN, Inquisition , January, 18, 1567, leg. 503#1.

95. Some form of religious instruction was imposed on 8.3 percent of the cases. Reclusion affected 1.3 percent of the tribunal's victims.

96. AHN, Inquisition , December 17, 1764, leg. 562#2, f. 8.

97. The scourging was imposed on 7.3 percent of cases.

98. Lea, A History , 3:138. Public shaming affected 0.8 percent of cases.

99. Ibid., 142. Altogether, the Valencia tribunal imposed galley service on 8.2 percent of its victims, with slightly less than half (3.9%) being given the three-year minimum.

98. Lea, A History , 3:138. Public shaming affected 0.8 percent of cases.

99. Ibid., 142. Altogether, the Valencia tribunal imposed galley service on 8.2 percent of its victims, with slightly less than half (3.9%) being given the three-year minimum.

100. Tomás y Valiente, E1 derecho penal , 252.

101. Lea, A History , 3:143.

102. AHN, Inquisition , (1593), leg. 505#2, f. 121.

103. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, "Las carceles y sistema penitenciario bajo los borbones," Historia 16, 7 (October 1978): 74. The tribunal sentenced a little over one-tenth of its victims to forced labor.

104. Lea, A History , 3:151.

105. AHN, Inquisition , June 21, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 48.

106. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 207-208; García Cárcel, Herejía ,203.

107. Lea, A History , 3:162-166.

108. Lea, A History , 3:172-179.

109. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 394.

110. Lea, A History , 3:183-185.

111. Ibid., 195-199.

110. Lea, A History , 3:183-185.

111. Ibid., 195-199.

112. García Cárcel, Orígines , 191.

113. Ibid., 174.

112. García Cárcel, Orígines , 191.

113. Ibid., 174.

114. These figures came from my own calculations.

115. AHN, Inquisition , May 24, 1699, leg. 510#1, ffs. 136-137.

116. Lea, A History , 3:209-210.

117. See Foucault, Surveiller , 51-58, for a brilliant discussion of the political role of public executions under the Old Regime.

118. García Cárcel, Orígines , 191-192.

119. Ibid., 167, García Cárcel, Herejía , 206. Jaime Contreras and Gus-tar Henningsen, "Forty-four Thousand Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540-1700)," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds., The Inquisi-

118. García Cárcel, Orígines , 191-192.

119. Ibid., 167, García Cárcel, Herejía , 206. Jaime Contreras and Gus-tar Henningsen, "Forty-four Thousand Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540-1700)," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds., The Inquisi-

tion in Early Modern Europe (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986), 118-119.

120. AHN, Inquisition , May 12, 1512, lib. 960, f. 122.

121. Lea, A History , 2:180.

122. AHN, Inquisition , June 4, 1557, lib. 911, f. 237.

123. Lea, A History , 2:185.

124. AHN, Inquisition , May 2, 1562; November 21, 1562; December 2, 1562, leg. 503#1, ffs. 27, 41v.

125. AHN, Inquisition , August 17, September 16, 1572, leg. 503#1.

126. Lea, A History , 2:181. The 1566 visitation resulted in a number of charges of judicial irregularities being lodged against the two inquisitors. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 151. For Philip II's respect for the law and judicial system, see Geoffrey Parker, Philip II (London: Hutchinson, 1979), 58-60.

127. Lea, A History , 2:181.

128. AHN, Inquisition , April 30, 1568, leg. 503#1, nf.

129. AHN, Inquisition , August 2, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 498.

130. Villadiego y Montoya, Instrucción política , 66.

131. Robert Mandrou, Magistrats et sorciers en France au XVII siècle (Paris: Plon, 1968), 345.

132. Gustav Henningsen, "El 'banco de datos' del Santo Oficio: Las relaciones de causas de la Inquisición española," Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 174 (1977): 564.

133. AHN, Inquisition , November 23, 1632, leg. 508#2, f. 233.

134. Works such as Simancas, De catholicis institutionibus , were extremely influential. Lea, A History , 2:476. Also see Mario L. Oncaña Torres, "El corpus jurídico de la Inquisición española" in Pérez Villanueva, La Inquisición española , 912-916.

135. AHN, Inquisition , "Memoria de las causas despachadas en la inquisition de Valencia en los años de 1647 y 1648 y lo resuelto a ellas por el Illmo. Señor Obispo de Palencia Inquisidor-General y Señores del Consejo de Su Magestad," leg. 509#3, ffs. 243-244. The Suprema reviewed 3.7 percent of the sentences handed down by the tribunal, mitigating the penalty in 1.5 percent and increasing it in 0.6 percent.

136. AHN, Inquisition , June 17, 1658, leg. 510#3, ffs. 49-50.

137. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1683, lib. 932, f.

138. See Chap. VIII. Valencian law prescribed automatic death sentences for sodomites; Cerdan de Tallada, Visita , 197-198.

139. García Cárcel, Orígines , 135.

140. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 277-278, notes that salaries paid to inquisitors rose from 60,000 maravedís in 1498 to 250,000 in 1603 and for

fiscales, from 30,000 to 170,000 in the same period. Salaries always comprised the largest part of the tribunal's budget.

141. AHN, Inquisition , (1553), lib. 911, ffs. 102-103.

142. Lea, A History , 2:210. The third inquisitor was removed after 1677. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 258.

143. Llorente, A Critical History , 24.

144. AHN, Inquisition , January 12, 1561, lib. 324, f. 2v.

145. Lea, A History , 2:453.

146. Ibid., 453-454; AHN, Inquisition , September 10, 1569, lib. 497, f. 111v.

145. Lea, A History , 2:453.

146. Ibid., 453-454; AHN, Inquisition , September 10, 1569, lib. 497, f. 111v.

147. AHN, Inquisition , November 6, 1623, leg. 507#1, f. 165.

148. Lea, A History , 2:193.

149. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1520, lib. 317, f. 66v; April 10, 1671, lib. 498, ffs. 190v-191.

150. AHN, Inquisition , September 19, 1806; November 14, 1806; February 28, 1807; April 15, 1807, leg. 517#1, ffs. 20, 24, 34, 39.

151. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1606, lib. 332, ff. 9v-10.

152. Lea, A History , 2:455.

153. AHN, Inquisition , September 16, 1801, leg. 517#1, f. 89. Of Polop was given more time; December 15, 1801, leg. 517#1, f. 97.

154. AHN, Inquisition , October 6, 1498, lib. 242, nf.

155. In 1499, the original provision of September 10, 1495, was renewed and extended to those who had not originally come forward; AHN, Inquisition , April 25, 1499, lib. 242, nf.

156. AHN, Inquisition , April 25, 1499, lib. 242.

157. García Cárcel, Orígines , 144.

158. Burns, The Crusader Kingdom , 1:124.

159. AHN, Inquisition , October 14, 1575, lib. 497, ffs. 166v-178.

160. AHN, Inquisition , June 11, 1531; April 24, 1533, leg. 800#1, ffs. 1-2. Lea, A History , 2:330.

161. García Cárcel, Orígines , 154-157.

162. García Cárcel, Herejía , 159, 162.

163. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1570, lib. 497, f. 156v.

164. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1556, lib. 911, f. 188.

165. AHN, Inquisition , August 23, 1556, lib. 911, ffs. 203-205.

166. AHN, Inquisition , June 8, 1562, lib. 911, ffs. 497-500.

167. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1562, leg. 503#1, nf.

168. In his letter detailing the properties in Centelles's estate, the receiver noted the "mucha necesidad" in which the tribunal found itself at that time. AHN, Inquisition , July 4, 1566, leg. 503#1, exp. 1, nf.

169. García Cárcel, Orígines , 159-160.

170. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 94-95.

171. Ibid., 316.

172. Ibid., 103, 106-107.

170. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 94-95.

171. Ibid., 316.

172. Ibid., 103, 106-107.

170. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 94-95.

171. Ibid., 316.

172. Ibid., 103, 106-107.

173. AHN, Inquisition , November 6, 1556, leg. 503#1, nf. For the tribunal's struggles to take over benefices in Gandía and Mora, see AHN, Inquisition , February 28, 1567, and May 12, 1570, leg. 503#1.

174. AHN, Inquisition , February 9, March 3, 1563, leg. 503#1, ffs. 47v, 48v.

175. Henry, Kamen, "Confiscations in the Economy of the Spanish Inquisition," Economic History Review 17 (1965): 514-517.

176. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1588, lib. 916, ffs. 638-639.

177. See Chap. VI, below, for the tribunal's shifting attitude toward the Moriscos.

178. AHN, Inquisition , October 26, 1615, leg. 506#1, ffs. 507-510.

179. García Cárcel, Herejía , 147.

180. AHN, Inquisition , June 27, 1615; July 1, 1615, leg. 506, lib. 88, nf., ffs. 478-479. Quoted in Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 293-297. The Suprema also sent aid to the tribunal in the form of an emergency grant of 2,000 ducats to help cover salary payments.

181. García Cáreel, Herejía , 175. The original royal order dates from May 30, 1623. By March 5, 1624, the tribunal had received 5,211 Iliures in principal from the duke, and the Suprema ordered it immediately reinvested in the new censals situated in the city of Valencia. AHN, Inquisition , March 5, 1624, leg. 507#1, f. 277.

182. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 369-370.

183. Ibid., 370.

182. Martínez Millán, La hacienda , 369-370.

183. Ibid., 370.

184. AHN, Inquisition , February 23, 1706, leg. 2308, nf.

1. Julio Caro Baroja, El Señor Inquisidor y otras vidas pot oficio (Madrid: Alianza, 1968), 18.

2. Lea, A History , 2:233-237.

3. Caro Baroja, El Señor , 16.

4. Richard L. Kagan, Students and Society in Early Modern Spain (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), 90. For a more detailed study of this reform, see Stephen Haliczer, The Comuneros of Castile: The Forging of a Revolution, 1475-1521 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 207-220.

5. See chap. 1 for the attitude of the Audiencia and jurats.

6. For the importance of the post, see Casey, The Kingdom , 169.

7. AHN, Inquisition , 1592, leg. 1336, exp. 5.

8. Bernardo Boyl was married to Melchor Figuerola's daughter, Luciana, and applied for a familiatura in 1612; AHN, Inquisition , 1612, leg. 6232, exp. 7. In 1634, Boyl and Gaspar Figuerola appear as signatories to a petition signed by all the familiares of Valencia city and its immediate environs; AHN, Inquisition , May 13, 1634, leg. 1788#1, exp. 5.

9. AHN, Inquisition , 1620, leg. 1257, exp. 1.

10. AHN, Inquisition , April 18, 1715, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ff. 209v-210.

11. Ibid.

10. AHN, Inquisition , April 18, 1715, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ff. 209v-210.

11. Ibid.

12. AHN, Inquisition , 1637, leg. 1188, exp. 7.

13. For the difficulties of the Inquisition in Teruel, see chap. 1.

14. AHN, Inquisition , 1753, leg. 1288, exp. 27.

15. AHN, Inquisition , 1755, leg. 1236, exp. 22. In this genealogy, it was noted that "el Inquisitor-General le ha confiado los principales negocios de la mitra."

16. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 61.

17. AHN, Inquisition , 1592, leg. 1242, exp. 12.

18. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español (Barcelona: Ariel, 1976), 403.

19. Ibid., 403-404.

20. Ibid., 413-414.

18. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español (Barcelona: Ariel, 1976), 403.

19. Ibid., 403-404.

20. Ibid., 413-414.

18. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII español (Barcelona: Ariel, 1976), 403.

19. Ibid., 403-404.

20. Ibid., 413-414.

21. AHN, Inquisition , 1780, leg. 1324, exp. 16.

22. Annie Molinié-Bertrand, "Les 'Hidalgos' dans le royaume de Castille à la fin du XVIe siècle: Approche cartographique," Revue d'histoire économique et sociale , t. 52, no. 1 (1974), 66-68.

23. Janine Fayard, Les Membres du conseil de Castille à l'époque mo-derne (Geneva: Droz, 1979), 342-343.

24. Richard L. Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile, 1500-1700 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 120.

25. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Las clases privilegiadas en la España del Antiguo Régimen (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 1973), 75.

26. Ibid., 72.

27. Ibid., 78.

25. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Las clases privilegiadas en la España del Antiguo Régimen (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 1973), 75.

26. Ibid., 72.

27. Ibid., 78.

25. Antonio Domínguez Ortíz, Las clases privilegiadas en la España del Antiguo Régimen (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 1973), 75.

26. Ibid., 72.

27. Ibid., 78.

28. J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 184; Domínguez Ortíz, Las clases , 82.

29. Domínguez Ortíz, Sociedad y Estado , 349-350, for a discussion of the wholesale creation of titulos by the Bourbons.

30. AHN, Inquisition , 1597, leg. 1429, exp. 8.

31. AHN, Inquisition , 1597, leg. 1542, exp. 26, leg. 1549, exp. 26.

32. Marie Claude Gerbet, La noblesse dans le royaume de Castille (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1979), 137-138.

33. L. P. Wright, "The Military Orders in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spanish Society," Past and Present 43 (1969), 45, 51, 52.

34. Ibid., 55.

33. L. P. Wright, "The Military Orders in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Spanish Society," Past and Present 43 (1969), 45, 51, 52.

34. Ibid., 55.

35. AHN, Inquisition , 1743, leg. 1503, exp. 13.

36. AHN, Inquisition , 1601, leg. 1372, exp. 10; Ernesto Schäfer, El Consejo Real y Supremo de las Indias , 2 vols. (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 1935-1947), I:359.

37. AHN, Inquisition , 1575, leg. 1572, exp. 1. For a description of Seville's judicial system, see Francisco Morales Padrón, La ciudad del quinientos: Historia de Sevilla III (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla, 1977), 226-231.

38. AHN, Inquisition , 1589, leg. 1370, exp.

39. For this distinguished family, see above.

40. See the discussion of this term in Henry Kamen, European Society : 1500-1700 (London: Hutchinson, 1984), 120-124.

41. AHN, Inquisition , 1627, leg. 1415, exp. 8.

42. Kamen, European Society , 125.

43. See Elliott, The Count-Duke , 298, for the opposition to Olivares's proposal to modify the purity of blood statutes and reward those with a distinguished career in trade.

44. Langbein, 206.

45. Diego de Simancas, De catholicis institutionibus (Valladolid, 1552), quoted in Caro Baroja, El señor Inquisidor , 20.

46. Kagan, Students and Society , 97.

47. AHN, Inquisition , "Relación de los individuos de cada tribunal de la Inquisición," 1666, lib. 1323.

48. Kagan, Students and Society , 197.

49. Ibid., 98.

50. Ibid., 220-222.

48. Kagan, Students and Society , 197.

49. Ibid., 98.

50. Ibid., 220-222.

48. Kagan, Students and Society , 197.

49. Ibid., 98.

50. Ibid., 220-222.

51. AHN, Inquisition , "Relación de los individuos," lib. 1323, ffs. 24, 89-90. Some individuals simply could not afford the expense and time necessary to obtain advanced degrees. An extreme but perhaps not so unusual instance is that of Córdoba's inquisitor, Pedro de Villaviciencia Ferrer, who spent a total of 26 years at the University of Salamanca, 7 of which were at the Colegio Mayor de Cuenca. In contrast, licentiate Antonio de Ayala y Verganza, who had served on the Valencia tribunal some years earlier, took his graduate degree at the University of Ávila in just one year. "Relación de los individuos," ffs. 64-65, 24.

52. Kagan, Students and Society , 66, 109.

53. For the foundation of San Bartolomé, see Kagan, Students and Society , 66. None of the inquisitors of 1666 had attended San Bartolomé.

54. Kagan, Students and Society , 136.

55. Fayard, Les membres , 60.

56. For a breakdown of cases being heard by the Valladolid chancillería, see Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants , 110-111. For a description of the matters that came before the Council of Castile, see Fayard, Les membres , 14-18.

57. Ibid., 74, 78.

58. Ibid., 80.

59. Ibid., 61. Fayard points out that acceptance of such posts declined from the reign of Philip IV when graduates would rather remain in residence at the university than accept a position they considered unworthy of them.

56. For a breakdown of cases being heard by the Valladolid chancillería, see Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants , 110-111. For a description of the matters that came before the Council of Castile, see Fayard, Les membres , 14-18.

57. Ibid., 74, 78.

58. Ibid., 80.

59. Ibid., 61. Fayard points out that acceptance of such posts declined from the reign of Philip IV when graduates would rather remain in residence at the university than accept a position they considered unworthy of them.

56. For a breakdown of cases being heard by the Valladolid chancillería, see Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants , 110-111. For a description of the matters that came before the Council of Castile, see Fayard, Les membres , 14-18.

57. Ibid., 74, 78.

58. Ibid., 80.

59. Ibid., 61. Fayard points out that acceptance of such posts declined from the reign of Philip IV when graduates would rather remain in residence at the university than accept a position they considered unworthy of them.

56. For a breakdown of cases being heard by the Valladolid chancillería, see Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants , 110-111. For a description of the matters that came before the Council of Castile, see Fayard, Les membres , 14-18.

57. Ibid., 74, 78.

58. Ibid., 80.

59. Ibid., 61. Fayard points out that acceptance of such posts declined from the reign of Philip IV when graduates would rather remain in residence at the university than accept a position they considered unworthy of them.

60. Antonio Dominguez Ortíz, "Regalismo y relaciones iglesia estado en el siglo XVII," in Historia de la Iglesia en España , 5 vols., ed. Ricardo Garcia-Villoslada (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1979), 4:96-97.

61. AHN, Inquisition , "Relación de los individuos," 1666, lib. 1323, ffs. 18-19.

62. R. Olaechea, Anotaciones sobre la inmunidad , 299, as cited in Teófanes Egido, "El regalismo y las relaciones Iglesia-Estado en el siglo XVIII," in García-Villoslada, Historia , 4:134.

63. Dominguez Ortíz, "Regalismo," 103.

64. Ibid., 100.

63. Dominguez Ortíz, "Regalismo," 103.

64. Ibid., 100.

65. The condemnation and exile of the royal advocate general, Melchor de Macanaz, for his violently regalist Pedimento fiscal is a case in point. See chap. 9.

66. Out of 249, there were only two councillors of the Indies who were former inquisitors. One of these was a former inquisitor of Valencia, Pedro Gutierrez Flores. Schäfer, El consejo , 1:353-366.

67. Examples of this among the inquisitors of Valencia include Francisco Alarcón Covarrubias, Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo; Pedro Cifontes de Loarte, Bishop of Avila; and Fernando de Loazes, later bishop of Tarragona and Valencia.

68. Kagan, Students and Society , 80, points out that priests holding university degrees dominated benefices after the early sixteenth century.

69. Lea, A History , 2:416-418.

70. AHN, Inquisition , "Relación de los individuos," lib. 1323, f. 23. For the income of the Inquisitor-General around the same time, see Lea, A History , 2:196.

71. AHN, Inquisition , "Relación de los individuos," lib. 1323, f. 23.

72. Marcel Couturier, Recherches sur les structures sociales de Chateaudun (Paris: SEVPEN, 1969), 138-142, 228.

73. AHN, Inquisition , 1650, leg. 1342, f. 2. Both of Ochagavia's grandfathers as well as his father and brother served as familiares.

74. AHN, Inquisition , 1642, leg. 1189, f. 5, lib. 1323, "Relación de los individuos," ffs. 23-24.

75. Fayard, Les membres , 266.

76. AHN, Inquisition , 1713, leg. 1570, f. 23; Fayard, Les membres , 245.

77. Wright, "The Military Orders," 52; Dominguez Ortíz, Las clases , 23.

78. Ibid., 23-24.

77. Wright, "The Military Orders," 52; Dominguez Ortíz, Las clases , 23.

78. Ibid., 23-24.

79. Wright, "The Military Orders," 61.

80. See chap. 5.

81. For an excellent edition of this work complete with revealing notes, see Sebastián de Horozco, Cancionero , ed. Jack Weiner (Berne: Herbert Lang, 1976).

82. Jack Weiner, "Sobre el linaje de los Horozco," Actas del primer congreso internacional sobre la picaresca (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975), 793.

83. Ibid., 799.

84. Ibid., 797.

85. Ibid.; AHN, Inquisition , 1624, leg. 1431, f. 18.

82. Jack Weiner, "Sobre el linaje de los Horozco," Actas del primer congreso internacional sobre la picaresca (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975), 793.

83. Ibid., 799.

84. Ibid., 797.

85. Ibid.; AHN, Inquisition , 1624, leg. 1431, f. 18.

82. Jack Weiner, "Sobre el linaje de los Horozco," Actas del primer congreso internacional sobre la picaresca (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975), 793.

83. Ibid., 799.

84. Ibid., 797.

85. Ibid.; AHN, Inquisition , 1624, leg. 1431, f. 18.

82. Jack Weiner, "Sobre el linaje de los Horozco," Actas del primer congreso internacional sobre la picaresca (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975), 793.

83. Ibid., 799.

84. Ibid., 797.

85. Ibid.; AHN, Inquisition , 1624, leg. 1431, f. 18.

86. Weiner, "Sobre el linaje," 794-795.

87. AHN, Inquisition , 1616-20, leg. 1515, f. 2.

88. Weiner, "Sobre el linaje," 803.

89. For the financial difficulties of the members of the Council of Castile in the seventeenth century, see Fayard, Les membres , 426-427.

90. Lea, A History , 2:223-233.

91. AHN, Inquisition , March 12, 1600, lib. 918, f. 173.

92. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 324-326, 333-336, 346.

93. AHN, Inquisition , November 15, 1504, lib. 1210, ff. 1431-1432.

94. AHN, Inquisition , March 12, 1600, lib. 918, ffs. 173-174.

95. AHN, Inquisition , May 25, 1610, lib. 497, f. 284.

96. AHN, Inquisition , November, 20, 1484, lib. 1210, f. 1405.

97. AHN, Inquisition , 1560, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 10v.

98. Some of the early provincial inquisitors and Inquisitor-General Jiménez de Cisneros were associated with the rather puritanical monastic reform movement. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 396, 594.

99. AHN, Inquisition , September 28; October 2, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2. Inquisitor Bernardino de Aguilera was praised for his fairness by witnesses during the visitation of 1566.

100. AHN, Inquisition , May 29, 1528, leg. 1790, exp. 1, ffs. 28, 31.

101. Aguilera's health problems were probably the product of over-

work since his colleague, Gregorio de Miranda, had a nervous disorder and was absent for long periods.

102. AHN, Inquisition , October 3, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2.

103. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, list of charges against licentiate Bernardino de Aguilera, charge #5.

104. AHN, Inquisition , April 24, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, additional charges against licentiate Bernardino de Aguilera, charge #11.

105. See chap. 1.

106. AHN, Inquisition , September 6, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf.

107. AHN, Inquisition , August 30, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf.

108. AHN, Inquisition , "Agravios hechos por el inquisidor Aguilera ansi a la cuidad y reino de Valencia como a los particulares de dicha ciudad reino y districto," April 8, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf.

109. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1565, leg. 1790, exp. 2, nf.

110. AHN, Inquisition , June 27, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 120v.

111. AHN, Inquisition , June 30, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, f. 125.

112. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, leg. 1210. Items included in the Concordia that appear to have been derived from accusations lodged against Aguilera during the visitation of 1566 include #6 and #51, which modified the use of ecclesiastical censures and provided mechanisms for resolving jurisdictional conflicts without employing them, #11, which prohibited artisans from placing the Inquisition's shield over their doors, and #24, which denied the newly created commissioners the right to issue export licenses.

113. AHN, Inquisition , 1648, leg. 1487, exp. 3.

114. For the details of the recovery of Catalonia, see Elliott, Imperial Spain , 349. For Chacón y Narvaez's early career and his success with the Valencian estates, see AHN, Inquisition , November 27, 1666, lib. 1323, f. 50.

115. For the career of licentiate Alonso de Salazar Frías, see AHN, Inquisition , leg. 2220, exp. 21b. Salazar Frías played a key role in the Basque witchcraft trials of the early seventeenth century. Gustav Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1980). In 1619, he was sent to the Valencia tribunal to restore morale after the Padre Simón affair.

116. AHN, Inquisition , December 23, 1653, leg. 1784#2, f.

117. AHN, Inquisition , July 28, 1653, leg. 1784#2, f. 3.

118. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1653, leg. 1784#2, f. 4.

119. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1653, leg. 1784#2, f. 11.

120. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1653, leg. 1784#2, ff. 27-28.

121. AHN, Inquisition , December 23, 1653, leg. 1784#2, f. 229.

122. AHN, Inquisition , November 27, 1666, lib. 1323, f. 59.

123. Magali Safatti, Spanish Bureaucratic Patrimonialism in America (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1966), 38.

124. Even though Roche was born in Macaranbros, a village in the archbishopric of Toledo, he was descended from a distinguished Valencian family that was firmly entrenched in Valencia's municipal oligarchy. AHN, Inquisition , 1601, leg. 1372, exp. 6.

125. AHN, Inquisition , January 9, 1620, leg. 3707#1, ffs. 87v-88.

126. AHN, Inquisition , March 9, 1620, leg. 3707#1, f. 92v.

127. AHN, Inquisition , July 16, 1620, lib. 923, f. 114.

128. See below.

129. AHN, Inquisition , October 24, 1628, lib. 922, f. 937.

130. AHN, Inquisition , November 26, 1630, leg. 2317, nf.

131. AHN, Inquisition , July 19, 1636, leg. 509#1, f. 121.

132. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 509#1, ffs. 15-15v.

133. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 509#1, ffs. 14-14v.

134. AHN, Inquisition , February 8, 1636, lib. 926, f. 614.

135. AHN, Inquisition , January 11, 1638, lib. 926, ffs. 286-287.

136. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1627, lib. 922, f. 845.

137. AHN, Inquisition , January 28, 1631, lib. 923, ffs. 22-23.

138. AHN, Inquisition , January 13, 1638, leg. 509#1, f. 321.

139. AHN, Inquisition , April 3, 1639, leg. 1788#2, exp. 8.

140. AHN, Inquisition , September 2, 1636, leg. 509#1, f. 130; September 30, 1636, leg. 509#1, ffs. 7-7v. The prisoners had keys to their cells and an outside door was left open for them to enter and leave as they wished.

141. AHN, Inquisition , August 12, 1659, leg. 503#2, ffs. 76-77.

142. For the details of Roche's will, see ARV, Clero , September 6, 1647, lib. 11217, ffs. 1-5.

143. AHN, Inquisition , 1636, leg. 1506, exp. 9.

144. AHN, Inquisition , 1652, leg. 1265, exp. 2.

145. AHN, Inquisition , 1733, leg. 1284, exp. 1, f. 5.

146. AHN, Inquisition , October 25, 1529, leg. 1790#1, f. 47v.

147. AHN, Inquisition , lib. 1210, f. 1412.

148. AHN, Inquisition , April 29, 1558, lib. 911, ffs. 261, 269-270.

149. AHN, Inquisition , March 28, 1554, lib. 911, f. 126; September 27, 1556, f. 176v.

150. See Lea's incomplete account of the family; Lea, A History , 2:221.

151. Apparently this was not difficult for someone with basic skills, especially when many books of written formularies existed to help the uninitiated. One of these books, which may well have been available to

Juan del Olmo was Bartolomé de Albornoz, Arte de los contratos (Valencia, 1573), reference in Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile , 140.

152. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 1784#2, f. 19. José Vicente del Olmo, Relación histórica del Auto de fé que se celebró en Madrid: Este año de 1680 (Madrid: Roque Rico de Miranda, 1680).

153. AHN, Inquisition , August 14, 1696, lib. 933, nf.

154. AHN, Inquisition , 1750, leg. 2317, nf.

155. AHN, Inquisition , 1719, leg. 1281#1, exp. 1.

156. AHN, Inquisition , June 26, 1659, leg. 503#2, f. 74.

157. The Suprema clearly anticipated that Palomares would have to be given the opportunity to perform ''algunas informaciones de limpieza" in its letter of appointment. AHN, Inquisition , December 2, 1623, leg. 507#2, f. 16. Regarding Palomares's finances, see AHN, Inquisition , November 9, 1627, lib. 922, f. 723v.

158. AHN, Inquisition , September 28, 1627, lib. 922, f. 724.

159. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 509#1, f. 14v.

160. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 1784#2, f. 11v.

161. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1636, leg. 1784#2, f. 12.

162. AHN, Inquisition , November 18, 1636, leg. 509#1, nf.

163. AHN, Inquisition , Sept. 30, 1636, leg. 1784#2, f. 2.

164. AHN, Inquisition , April 20, March 10, 1638, ffs. 219, 238.

165. Lea, A History , 2:189.

166. AHN, Inquisition , November 27, 1687, lib. 498, f. 211. This carta acordada prohibiting the notarios from carrying out genealogical investigations confirms those of August 21, 1606, and April 8, 1624.

167. I. A. A. Thompson, War and Government in Habsburg Spain, 1560-1620 (London: Athlone Press, 1976), 200, 275.

168. AHN, Inquisition , January 23, 1638, lib. 926, f. 353.

1. Lea, A History , 2:273.

2. Jaime Contreras, El Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Galicia, 1560-1700 (Madrid: Akal, 1982), 67.

3. Ibid., 86.

2. Jaime Contreras, El Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Galicia, 1560-1700 (Madrid: Akal, 1982), 67.

3. Ibid., 86.

4. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1630, lib. 923, ffs. 405-406.

5. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1551, lib. 911, f. 18.

6. Lea, A History , 2:276.

7. AHN, Inquisition , April 14, 1551, lib. 911, f. 6.

8. Lea, A History , 2:276-277.

9. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1552, leg. 503#2, f. 45.

10. AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1552, leg. 503#2, f. 57.

11. See chap. 1, 27.

12. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, ffs. 56, 58.

13. García Cárcel, Herejía , 147.

14. AHN, Inquisition , "Libre dels familiares del sanctoffici del any 1575", leg. 628#1, exp. 1

15. AHN, Inquisition , June 1603, lib. 960, f. 211.

16. Numbers of familiares for the district have been arrived at by combining the list of 1602 with the names of familiares drawn from genealogies.

17. García Cárcel, Herejía , 149.

18. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1597, leg. 505#2, ffs. 89-90v.

19. AHN, Inquisition , December 24, 1619, leg. 502#1; February, 26, 1623, nf.

20. AHN, Inquisition , June 14, 1661, leg. 503#2, exp. 5, ffs. 137-137v; October 1, 1697, leg. 2306#1, nf.

21. For the number in 1748 and 1806, see J. Martínez Millán, "La burocracia del Santo Oficio en Valencia durante el siglo XVIII," Miscelanea Comillas , XL, no. 77 (1982), 155. Numbers were beginning to recover as early as 1720; AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1720, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ff. 350-356.

22. For an early reference to the appointment of an excessive number of notaries, see AHN, Inquisition , October 22, 1610, leg. 498, f. 286. In 1720, there were 60 serving notaries and only 5 commissioners. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1720, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ff. 356-356v.

23. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 72.

24. For references to the economy of Morella, see Casey, The Kingdom , 65, 75-76.

25. Ibid., 58.

24. For references to the economy of Morella, see Casey, The Kingdom , 65, 75-76.

25. Ibid., 58.

26. See Casey, The Kingdom , esp. chaps. 1 and 3.

27. Ibid., table 5, 38-39, 40.

26. See Casey, The Kingdom , esp. chaps. 1 and 3.

27. Ibid., table 5, 38-39, 40.

28. AHN, Inquisition , August 18, 1560, leg. 1792, nf. In 1560, the town was reputed to have over 40 familiares, but it could boast no more than 16 for the entire seventeenth century.

29. AHN, Inquisition , 1601-1602, leg. 806#1, nf.

30. AHN, Inquisition , March 27, 1553, lib. 960, ffs. 5-6v.

31. AHN, Inquisition , 1588, leg. 1781, exp. 7.

32. AHN, Inquisition , 1590, lib. 960, f. 52v.

33. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 77, notes the opposition of many Galician lords to the establishment of familiares on their estates. This potential opposition may have been one of the reasons the tribunal of Valencia fought so hard to evade the provisions of the Concordia of 1568 which stipulated the appointment of "ordinary persons" without titles or power. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 56.

34. Lea, A History , 2:279.

35. The tribunal promised to obey this provision of the Concordia in a letter to the Suprema: AHN, Inquisition , December 7, 1568, lib. 960, f. 45. Of course, it had no intention of abiding by this.

36. For a reference to the procedures used in an early genealogical investigation, see AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1551, lib. 911, f. 26; also see AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, ffs. 142v-143.

37. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1567, lib. 911, f. 803. Also see the testimony of licentiate Félix de Olmedo: AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, ffs. 142v-143.

38. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, ffs. 58-59.

39. AHN, Inquisition , December 24, 1568, leg. 503#1, nf.; December 23, 1568, lib. 912, f. 8.

40. AHN, Inquisition , May 7, 1569, leg. 503#1, nf.; May 10, 1569, lib. 916, f. 62; August 2, 1571, leg. 503#1, nf.

41. Lea, AHN, A History , 2:301.

42. AHN, Inquisition , January 30, 1591, leg. 505#1, f. 358.

43. AHN, Inquisition , October 22, 1630, lib. 923, ffs. 694-695.

44. AHN, Inquisition , September 12, 1607, leg. 608, exp. 12.

45. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1591, lib. 917, f. 247.

46. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1663, leg. 634#1.

47. On December 2, 1653, commissioner Miguel Giner explained his failure to interview more than three witnesses over 60 years of age during a genealogical investigation in Burriana by reporting that the village had suffered so badly from the epidemic of 1648 that those were the only elderly persons left in the village. AHN, Inquisition , December 2, 1653, leg. 619#1, exp. 2.

48. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1614, leg. 609#1, exp. 3.

49. AHN, Inquisition , March 15, 1620, leg. 614#1, exp. 5.

50. Sicroff, Pureté de sang , 203.

51. AHN, Inquisition , November 28, 1726, leg. 603#1, exp. 5.

52. AHN, Inquisition , September 2, 1761, leg. 601#1, exp. 5. Abadia's application was helped by the fact that his wife, Mariana Mulet, came from a family with a long tradition of membership in the corps of familiares.

53. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1743, leg. 603#1, exp. 2.

54. AHN, Inquisition , November 24, 1612, leg. 604#1, exp. 3.

55. AHN, Inquisition , November 10, 1639, leg. 654#1, exp. 6.

56. Felipe Gaspar Capero and his wife, Jerónima Capero, were cousins; therefore, Felipe was related to the suspect Vidal family of his mother-in-law. AHN, Inquisition , August 13, 1603, leg. 633#1, exp. 1. Also see July 18, 1675, leg. 633#1, exp. 3, for Nicolás Capero notary;

December 7, 1680, leg. 633#1, exp. 2, licentiate Juan Bautista Capero, notary of Traiguera.

57. AHN, Inquisition , March 3, 1649, leg. 605#1, exp. 18; January 10, 1596, leg. 633#3, exp. 19.

58. AHN, Inquisition , February 23, 1639, leg. 642#1, exp. 2.

59. AHN, Inquisition , October 11, 1698, leg. 637#1, exp. 6.

60. AHN, Inquisition , March 5, 1740, leg. 653#1, exp. 6.

61. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, 1615, leg. 653#2, exp. 8.

62. AHN, Inquisition , November 12, 1766, leg. 653#1, exp. 7.

63. AHN, Inquisition , March 16, 1682, leg. 627#1, exp. 5. Félix Breva's uncle, Dr. José Breva, had served as commissioner in Castellón, then as calificador, and finally as calificador of the Suprema. AHN, Inquisition , September 20, 1773, leg. 627#1, exp. 6.

64. AHN, Inquisition , June 2, 1769, leg. 627#3, exp. 3.

65. AHN, Inquisition , September 16, 1645, leg. 613#2, exp. 17.

66. AHN, Inquisition , October 18, 1575, lib. 497, f. 178.

67. AHN, Inquisition , October 6, 1590, lib. 916, ffs. 16, 18; September 2, 1761, leg. 601#1, exp. 5.

68. Bennassar, L'Inquisition espagnole , XV-XVI (Paris: Hatchette, 1979), 98.

69. García Cárcel, Herejía , 150.

70. García Cárcel, Las Germanías, 164-169.

71. For Charles V's policy of conciliating Castile's urban elite, which had played a leading role in the Comunero Revolution, see Haliczer, The Comuneros , 223-227.

72. Ibid., 222.

71. For Charles V's policy of conciliating Castile's urban elite, which had played a leading role in the Comunero Revolution, see Haliczer, The Comuneros , 223-227.

72. Ibid., 222.

73. AHN, Inquisition , July 15-16, 1566, leg. 1790, exp. 2, ffs. 842-885.

74. AHN, Inquisition , May 9, 1604, lib. 497, f. 255.

75. AHN, Inquisition , January 2, 1668, leg. 619#1, exp. 4.

76. AHN, Inquisition , May 12, 1643, leg. 652#2, exp. 10.

77. AHN, Inquisition , May 26, 1528, leg. 1790, f. 9. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 97.

78. The figures are drawn from Gandía in 1725. Casey, The Kingdom , 43.

79. AHN, Inquisition , May 8, 1600, leg. 505, f. 231.

80. AHN, Inquisition , August 28, 1587, lib. 916, ffs. 437-438.

81. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1590, lib. 960, ffs. 58-60.

82. AHN, Inquisition , August 25, 1607, lib. 918, ffs. 812-814.

83. AHN, Inquisition , January 27, 1660, leg. 503#2, exp. 5, ffs. 103-105·

84. AHN, Inquisition , October 11, 1698, leg. 637, exp. 6.

85. AHN, Inquisition , June 6, 1639, leg. 633#1, exp. 3.

86. AHN, Inquisition , November 10, 1723, leg. 623#2, exp. 3.

87. AHN, Inquisition , August 25, 1607, lib. 918, ffs. 812, 813.

88. Casey, The Kingdom , 102-105.

89. AHN, Inquisition , August 12, 1624, leg. 630#1, exp. 1.

90. Casey, The Kingdom , 45.

91. Ibid., 167-169.

90. Casey, The Kingdom , 45.

91. Ibid., 167-169.

92. AHN, Inquisition , September 26, 1585; November 8, 1632; July 8, 1628, leg. 616#3, exps. 17-19.

93. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 12.

94. AHN, Inquisition , March 29, 1653, leg. 614#1, exp. 4.

95. AHN, Inquisition , April 16, 1761, leg. 604#3, exp. 13.

96. AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1767, leg. 624#1, exp. 5.

97. AHN, Inquisition , March 13, 1590, leg. 633#1, exp. 8.

98. AHN, Inquisition , September 4, 1631, leg. 633#2, exp. 12.

99. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1648; April 12, 1658, leg. 655#1, exps. 6, 7.

100. AHN, Inquisition , March 10, 1752, leg. 655#2, exp. 9; leg. 655#1, exp. 5.

101. AMV, Insaculación , 1661, Tomo 4, f. 32.

102. AMV, Insaculación , 1686, Tomo 6, f. 171.

103. AMV, Insaculación , 1686, Tomo 6, f. 171.

104. Casey, The Kingdom , 46.

105. AHN, Inquisition , 1610, leg. 1783#2, exp. 11.

106. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1639, leg. 608#1, exp. 6.

107. AHN, Inquisition , September 26, 1596, lib. 960, f. 241. The precarious nature of mercantile wealth in the kingdom made the tribunal insist on enrolling only the best established merchants; March 16, 1660, leg. 503#2, ff. 110v-111.

108. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 125-126.

109. It was not unusual for an applicant to boast that he lived off the income from the agricultural land he rented out. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, 1641, leg. 645#1, exp. 14. Others were more adventurous. Miguel Barbera, who was described as possessing the best agricultural land in the village of Adzaneta, also engaged in the manufacture of wax. AHN, Inquisition , October 23, 1780, leg. 616#1, exp. 5.

110. AHN, Inquisition , March 9, 1754, leg. 614#1, exp. 6.

111. AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1771, leg. 609#1, exp. 5.

112. AHN, Inquisition , July 12, 1782, leg. 603#1, exp. 1.

113. AHN, Inquisition , November 14, 1575, leg. 617#3, exp. 16.

114. The Suprema permitted an important part of the investigation of Miguel Dalp to be waived because his son was serving as a familiar. AHN, Inquisition , June 28, 1616, leg. 503#1, nf.

115. AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1632, leg. 616#3, exp. 18.

116. AHN, Inquisition , September 28, 1640, leg. 620#2, exp. 11.

117. AHN, Inquisition , November 12, 1717, leg. 602#2, exp. 12.

118. When they married, Miguel Feliu and Jacinta Gavila were related to a total of thirteen familiares. AHN, Inquisition , December 3, 1648; January 10, 1658, leg. 655#1, exps. 6, 7.

119. AHN, Inquisition , June 4, 1641, leg. 623#2, exp. 7.

120. AHN, Inquisition , March 29, 1653, leg. 614#1, exp. 4.

121. AHN, Inquisition , January 11, 1655, leg. 625#1, exp. 2.

122. AHN, Inquisition , January 19, 1690, leg. 640#1, exp. 7.

123. AHN, Inquisition , May 17, 1747, leg. 617#1, exp. 5.

124. AHN, Inquisition , September 13, 1633, leg. 644#1, exp. 19.

125. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 104-106.

126. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1583, lib. 915, ffs. 448-448v.

127. Enrique Cock, Relación del viaje hecho pot Felipe II en 1595 a Zaragoza, Barcelona, y Valencia , eds. A. Morel-Fatio and A. Rodríguez Villa (Madrid: 1876), 208. When Philip II visited Valencia in 1585, Enrique Cock reported that everyone had to house members of the royal guard "except those who belonged to the Holy Office." Cock, Viage , 208.

128. AHN, Inquisition , July 27, 1638, leg. 509#1, nf.

129. AHN, Inquisition , July 27, 1640, leg. 509#1, nf.

130. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1658, lib. 1210, f. 64.

131. Lea, A History , 1:378.

132. AHN, Inquisition , October 17, 1626, lib. 922, f. 372.

133. AHN, Inquisition , July 5, 1639, lib. 498, f. 54.

134. Lea, A History , 1:378.

135. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 139. This was confirmed later in the century: AHN, Inquisition , January 12, 1668, lib. 498, f. 186.

136. Kagan, Lawsuits and Litigants , 29-30.

137. BNM, December 16, 1593, MSS. 2731, fss. 18-19.

138. See the tribunal's decision against the Count of Benavente in the criminal case that he brought against Pedro Polo, one of the familiares from his village of Villamarchante. Polo was absolved of the obviously trumped up charges. AHN, Inquisition , December 23, 1760, leg. 2320#1, nf.

139. AHN, Inquisition , October 12, 1576, leg. 1781, exp. 2.

140. AHN, Inquisition , "procesos criminales," leg. 1781#1, exp. 9.

141. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1551, lib. 911, f. 18.

142. Lea, A History , 1:446.

143. AHN, Inquisition , July 28, 1632, leg. 508#2, ffs. 171-174.

144. Lea, A History , 1:447-448.

145. Kamen, "Public Authority," 661, 665, 667-669.

146. Ibid., 679.

147. Ibid., 660-663.

145. Kamen, "Public Authority," 661, 665, 667-669.

146. Ibid., 679.

147. Ibid., 660-663.

145. Kamen, "Public Authority," 661, 665, 667-669.

146. Ibid., 679.

147. Ibid., 660-663.

148. AHN, Inquisition , July 28, 1632, "Memoria de algunos perdones hechos por el Marquis de los Vélez," leg. 1788#2, exp. 24.

149. Kamen, "Public Authority," 680.

150. AHN, Inquisition , July 14, 1631, lib. 923, ffs. 75-76.

151. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1633, leg. 508#2, f. 282.

152. AHN, Inquisition , July 28, 1632, leg. 1788#2, exp. 24, ffs. 15-16. The Audiencia and the viceroy had been authorized to commute penalties (including the death penalty) to monetary payments in several cedulas: Canet Aparisi, La Audiencia , 99.

153. AHN, Inquisition , June 20, 1628, lib. 922, f. 909.

154. AHN, Inquisition , October 31, 1628, lib. 922, f. 910.

155. AHN, Inquisition , July 28, 1632, leg. 1788#2, exp. 24, f. 3v.

156. Lea, A History , 1:448.

157. Ibid., 2:273.

156. Lea, A History , 1:448.

157. Ibid., 2:273.

158. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 148.

159. AHN, Inquisition , September 1, 1589, lib. 916, f. 713.

160. AHN, Inquisition , April 17, 1566; July 25, 1567; May 31, 1567, lib. 911, ffs. 666, 705, 764.

161. AHN, Inquisition , January 21, 1603, leg. 804#2, f. 4.

162. AHN, Inquisition , June 27, 1672, leg. 802#2, f. 55.

163. AHN, Inquisition , May 29, 1672, leg. 802#2, f. 16.

164. Contreras, El Santo Oficio , 75-76.

165. AHN, Inquisition , February 6, 1606, leg. 803#1, ffs. 303-304.

166. Carlo Ginzburg, "The Dovecoate Has Opened Its Eyes: Popular Conspiracy in Seventeenth-Century Italy," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds. The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986), 190.

167. Ibid.

166. Carlo Ginzburg, "The Dovecoate Has Opened Its Eyes: Popular Conspiracy in Seventeenth-Century Italy," in Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds. The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986), 190.

167. Ibid.

168. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 148.

169. AHN, Inquisition , February 8, 1575, lib. 913, f. 439.

170. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1566, lib. 911, ffs. 657-660.

171. AHN, Inquisition , June 27, 1566, leg. 1790, f. 29.

172. AHN, Inquisition , March 29, 1553, lib. 960, ffs. 6-6v.

173. AHN, Inquisition , November 12, 1610, lib. 960, ffs. 257-258.

174. AHN, Inquisition , October 24, 1642, leg. 803#1, nf.

175. See chap. 1.

176. For an account of a typical genealogical investigation, see "derechos de las informaciones de Jaime Fos y Anna Capella," AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1632, leg. 662#1, exp. 8. In this investigation, which cost 1,006 reales, Fos paid 44 reales to the fábrica de Sevilla.

177. AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1631, lib. 923, f. 148.

178. AHN, Inquisition , June 3, 1637, leg. 509#1, f. 228.

179. Lea, A History , 2:282.

180. This fee was 60 reales during the early seventeenth century, and it was collected by the tribunal's secretaries as part of the applicant's deposit. At times, the confraternity's receiver had great difficulty in obtaining these funds from the secretaries. AHN, Inquisition , March 13, 1618, leg. 509#2, f. 149.

181. Lea, A History , 2:283.

182. AHN, Inquisition , 1749, leg. 1746#1.

183. AHN, Inquisition , May 28, 1630, leg. 508#1, ffs. 270-271v; July 30, 1630, f. 302.

184. AHN, Inquisition , "Data y descargo dado por el Dr. Salvador Sales, depositario de pretendientes de familiares del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de Valencia de lo que pago por cuenta de la cofradía de familiares desde enero de 1701 hasta ultimos de diciembre," leg. 4667#1, ffs. 14-15·

185. AHN, Inquisition , July 24, 1645, leg. 509#2, f. 323.

186. AHN, Inquisition , April 25, 1632, leg. 807#2, nf.

187. AHN, Inquisition , April 25, 1632, leg. 807#2, nf.

188. AHN, Inquisition , April 1, 1632, leg. 807#1, nf.

189. AHN, Inquisition , April 14-18, 1632, leg. 807#2, nf.

190. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1632; June 14, 1645, leg. 807#2, nf.

191. AHN, Inquisition , May 2, 1649, leg. 807#2, nf.

192. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1632, leg. 807#2.

193. AHN, Inquisition , April 26, 1632, leg. 807#2, nf.

194. The 1649 visitation, for example, only yielded six denunciations or confessions, three of which were sent to the Zaragoza tribunal since the accused lived in that district, and only one resulted in prosecution by the Valencia tribunal.

195. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1565, leg. 503#1, nf.

196. AHN, Inquisition , May 4, 1774, leg. 640#2, exp. 11.

197. AHN, Inquisition , July 10, 1568, lib. 1210, f. 61.

198. This figure is drawn from a sample of 72 individuals who carried out genealogical investigations and whose ecclesiastical status was given in the document.

199. AHN, Inquisition , March 5, 1794, leg. 2388, nf.

200. This evidence is derived from a sample of 106 notaries whose ecclesiastical office is mentioned in genealogical investigations. The tribunal had the services of 50 notaries in the early 1740s, but by 1798, this had been reduced to 11. Martinez Millán, "La burocracia," 153.

201. AHN, Inquisition , June 25, 26, 1672, leg. 802#2, f. 48.

202. AHN, Inquisition , April 2, 1570, leg. 557#7.

203. AHN, Inquisition , February 1, 1649, leg. 529#2, f. 5.

204. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1613, leg. 559#1, f. 7.

205. AHN, Inquisition , June 5, 1616, leg. 653#1.

206. AHN, Inquisition , March 11, 1647, leg. 631#1, exp. 4.

207. AHN, Inquisition , May 13, 1752, leg. 605#2, exp. 17.

208. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 61, 254. For an example of the popularity of the Holy Office among seventeenth-century intellectuals, see Luis Diez de Aux, Compendio de la fiestas que ha celebrado la Imperial ciudad de Zaragoza (Zaragoza: Ivan de Lanuja y Quartanet, 1619), 81-82.

1. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 195. For the expansion of Jewish communities in medieval Valencia, see Robert I. Burns, Muslims, Christians and Jews in the Crusader Kingdom of Valencia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 137-138. For the Jews of medieval Valencia, see Leopoldo Piles Ros, "La judería de Alcira (notas para su estudio)," Sefarad XX (1960): 363-767; "La judería de Burriana: Apuntes para su estudio," Sefarad XII (1952): 105-124; and "Los judíos en la Valencia del siglo XV: El pago de deudas," Sefarad VII (1947): 151-156.

2. Philippe Wolff, "The 1391 Pogrom in Spain: Social Crisis or Not," Past and Present 50 (Feb. 1971): 9-10.

3. Ibid., 18.

2. Philippe Wolff, "The 1391 Pogrom in Spain: Social Crisis or Not," Past and Present 50 (Feb. 1971): 9-10.

3. Ibid., 18.

4. Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 371.

5. Francisco Márquez Villanueva, "Conversos y cargos concejiles en el siglo XV," Revista de Archivos, Museos y Bibliotecas 63 (1957): 505.

6. Angus Mackay, "Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile," Past and Present 55 (May 1972): 59-60. In Valencia, as in Castile, social pressure on the Jews appears to have decreased during the fifteenth century. Piles Ros, "Los judíos en la Valencia," 152, 154.

7. "Sentencia-Estatuto de Pero Sarmiento," June 5, 1449, quoted in Eloy Benito Ruano, Toledo en el siglo XV (Madrid: CSIC, 1961), 191-196.

8. Andrés Bernáldes, Historia de los Reyes Católicos , 599 et seq., cited by Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial , 21.

9. Vatican Archives, Reg. Vat. 394, 410 Nicolas V, September 24, 1449, quoted in Benito Ruano, Toledo , 198.

10. Alonso de Oropesa, Lumen ad revelationem gentium , cited in Albert Sicroff, Les controverses des statutes de pureté de sang , 72.

11. Beinart, Conversos , 23.

12. Benzion Netanyahu, The Marranos of Spain from the Late XVth to the Early XVIth Century (New York: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1966), 3.

13. Julio Caro Baroja, Los Judíos en la España moderna y contemporánea , 3 vols. (Madrid: Arión, 1962), 1:298.

14. AHN, Inquisition , August 1, 1487, leg. 534#1, exp. 6.

15. AHN, Inquisition , January 24, 1486, leg. 535#1, exp. 13.

16. Ordering meat from Jewish butchers was extremely common among Teruel's devout converso community. See the case of Manuel de Puixmija: AHN, Inquisition , January 11, 1486, leg. 542#2, exp. 39.

17. AHN, Inquisition , February 10, 1489, leg. 539#3, exp. 16.

18. Beinart, Conversos , 286-2.93, 297.

19. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1486, leg. 535#1, exp. 14.

20. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1490; August 17, 1496, leg. 543, exp. 11.

21. AHN, Inquisition , May 29, 1518, leg. 534#1, exp. 10.

22. See Chap. VIII for oaths sworn by the Old Christians charged with blasphemy.

23. AHN, Inquisition , June 8, 1519, leg. 559#3, exp. 12.

24. AHN, Inquisition , September 24, 1520, leg. 535#1, exp. 5.

25. Archivo General de Simancas, Patronato Real , March 31, 1492, leg. 28, f. 6. Quoted in Luis Suárez Fernández, Documentos acerca de la expulsión de los judíos (Valladolid: CSIC, 1964), 391-395. As I have argued elsewhere, see Stephen Haliczer, "The Castilian Urban Patriciate and the Jewish Expulsions of 1480-92," The American Historical Review 78 (February 1973): 49. The ideas expressed in the decree reflect the view of Jewish iniquity expressed in the writings of certain converso intellectuals rather than the reality of converso/Jewish social relations. Certainly, the portrait of Spain's Jews as eager to make converts among Christians is not in accord with Jewish traditions, while the outright hostility expressed toward the conversos (who would have been the only logical object of such a campaign) by Jewish rabbis and other Jewish observers during the fifteenth century makes it highly unlikely that it would have been seriously contemplated. Netanyahu, The Marranos , 135-201.

26. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1488, leg. 536#2., exp. 19.

27. AHN, Inquisition , August 22., 1486, leg. 534#1, exp. 2.

28. AHN, Inquisition , September 3, 1485, leg. 542#2, exp. 40; May 10, 1485, leg. 535#1, exp. 4; August 9, 10, 1485, leg. 542#2, exp. 25.

29. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1485, leg. 542#2, exp. 2.5.

30. Netanyahu, The Marranos , 175.

31. AHN, Inquisition , August 22, 1504, leg. 542#1, exp. 7.

32. AHN, Inquisition , October 9, 1501, leg. 542#1, exp. 15.

33. See the testimony of Francisca Janaloyas, AHN, Inquisition , May 10, 1485, leg. 135#1, exp. 14.

34. AHN, Inquisition , July 22, 1485, leg. 542#2, exp. 39.

35. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, 1493, leg. 801#2, exp. 4, ff. 312-314.

36. In Pedro Besant's case, the man noticed that he refused to eat any meat they purchased from Christian butchers and insisted on slaughtering chickens himself. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1486, leg. 535#1, exp. 14.

37. AHN, Inquisition , January 11, 1486, leg. 542#2, exp. 39.

38. AHN, Inquisition , January 25, 1492, leg. 540#1, exp. 6.

39. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1519, leg. 539#3, exp. 14.

40. AHN, Inquisition , May 19, 1519, leg. 539#3, exp. 14.

41. AHN, Inquisition , November 16, 1503; September 19, 1505, leg. 542#1, exp. 7. For a listing of additional trials involving these families, see García Cárcel, Orígines , 273, 301. García Cárcel is, of course, unaware of the way in which these trials first developed.

42. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 167, 171-174. The analysis of the social composition of Judaizers after 1540 comes from my own material.

43. Beinart, Conversos on Trial , 12-13.

44. This ''demonizing" process was a product of mid-century and may be seen in the text of Sentencia-Estatuto as well as in satires like the apocryphal correspondence between Yussuf, head of the Jewish community in Constantinople, and Chamorro, head of that in Toledo. Beinart, Conversos on Trial , 7-8. For the link between demonic practices and religious heresy made by the medieval church, see Norman Cohn, Eu rope's Inner Demons (New York: New American Library, 1977), 16-59.

45. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 138-139; Beinart, Conversos on Trial , 13.

46. AHN, Inquisition , May 10, 1491, leg. 598#2, nf.

47. See Chap. II for a discussion of the period of grace.

48. García Cárcel, Orígines , 180. In all too many cases, trials stemmed from trifling omissions in the original confession. The major charges levied against Jofre Belcayre, for example, were that he had not mentioned the names of all the persons who had participated in celebrating Judaic ceremonies with him and that he had once, some forty years earlier, discussed leaving Spain for Naples where he proposed to live as a Jew. For this, he was sentenced to die at the stake. AHN, Inquisition , August 26, 1516, leg. 539#1.

49. AHN, Inquisition , 1506, leg. 597#1, exp. 8, ffs. 28-40.

50. Juan Anton, one of these immigrants, had converted in Naples some years earlier and now lived in Teruel. Ibid., f. 56. In several cases,

the individuals listed on the census were later tried and penanced by the Holy Office. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 256, 300.

49. AHN, Inquisition , 1506, leg. 597#1, exp. 8, ffs. 28-40.

50. Juan Anton, one of these immigrants, had converted in Naples some years earlier and now lived in Teruel. Ibid., f. 56. In several cases,

the individuals listed on the census were later tried and penanced by the Holy Office. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 256, 300.

51. AHN, Inquisition , May 28, 1528, leg. 1790, exp. 1, ff. 15, 18-19.

52. AHN, Inquisition , May 28, 1528; June 21, 1528, leg. 1790#1, ffs. 17, 38-39.

53. AHN, Inquisition , May 29, 1528, leg. 1790#1, f. 27.

54. AHN, Inquisition , February 18, 1540, leg. 542#1, exp. 26.

55. This according to the testimony of Ausias Cardona, a familiar of the Holy Office who had known Almenara for twenty-five years.

56. Direct evidence that Munibrega actually made that statement comes from the testimony of Nuncio Bartolomé de Brezianos.

57. AHN, Inquisition , February 25, 1542, leg. 534#2, exp. 12. The admiral's intervention in favor of the conversos is recorded in his trial record. AHN, Inquisition , January 30, 1569, leg. 550#1, exp. 4, ff. 328-332.

58. AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1543; May 12, 1544, leg. 542#1, exp. 26.

59. Lea, A History , 3:433.

60. AHN, Inquisition , November 27, 1551, lib. 911, ffs. 6-6v.

61. James Boyajian, Portuguese Bankers at the Court of Spain (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 2-3.

62. Ibid., 8, 11.

61. James Boyajian, Portuguese Bankers at the Court of Spain (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1983), 2-3.

62. Ibid., 8, 11.

63. Vicente da Costa Mattos, Discursio contra los Judíos , Fr. Diego Gavilan Vega, trans. (Madrid: Viuda Melchor Alegre, 1680). The first Spanish edition was in 1633.

64. AHN, Inquisition , April 15, 1586, lib. 916, f. 516.

65. AHN, Inquisition , May 16, 1586, leg. 539#1, exp. 5.

66. AHN, Inquisition , June 16, 1586, leg. 539#1, exp. 5.

67. AHN, Inquisition , .March 24, 1638, leg. 804#2, ffs. 464-466.

68. For tax reform in the kingdom, see Henry Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain 1700-15 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), 323-327.

69. Lea, A History , 3:309. For a complete list of New Christians tried in Valencia between 1718 and 1726, see AHN, Inquisition , leg. 503#2, exp. 6.

70. Isabel de los Ríos was tried twice by the Holy Office. The first time, she was sentenced to reconciliation and perpetual imprisonment by the Logroño tribunal, and the second time, the Valencia tribunal handed down the death sentence. AHN, Inquisition , May 2, 1693; February 24, 1723 leg. 543#2, exp. 10.

71. For the testimony of Maria de Tudela, see AHN, Inquisition , 1718-19, leg. 160#2, exp. 11. For the trials of the leading Valencia tobacco

monopolists and their families, see AHN, Inquisition , leg. 3725#3, exps. 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 214, 221. For the coordination of the efforts of several tribunals on these cases, see AHN, Inquisition , May 16, 1719, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ffs. 317v-318; September 19, 1719, ffs. 329-330. The tribunal discussed its disappointment with the meager financial results of the case against Felipe de Paz in AHN, Inquisition , June 30, 1722; June 22, 1723, leg. 513#3, ffs. 398-399, 417-418v. The author would like to thank Rafael de Leca García for pointing out some of this material.

72. Sicroff, Les controverses , 88-93, 270-281.

73. Ibid., 93.

72. Sicroff, Les controverses , 88-93, 270-281.

73. Ibid., 93.

74. AHN, Inquisition , October 13, 1569, lib. 912, ffs. 150-150v.

75. AHN, Inquisition , August, 3, 1520, lib. 317, f. 68v.

76. AHN, Inquisition , February 6, 1531, lib. 320, f. 386.

77. AHN, Inquisition , June 20, 1682, leg. 807#1, nf.

78. Lea, A History , 3:169.

79. AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1567, leg. 503#1, nf.

80. AHN, Inquisition , March 8, 21, 1644, leg. 807#1, ffs. 5-6.

81. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1613, lib. 919, ffs. 848-849.

82. For the Suprema's insistence on maintaining the sanbenitos, see Lea, A History , 3:170.

83. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1627, lib. 922, f. 845; see also above.

84. AHN, Inquisition , June 22, 1627, lib. 922, f. 842.

85. AHN, Inquisition , August 23, 1628. This is contained in the tribunal's letter of September 12, 1628, lib. 922, ffs. 882-882v. This letter gives the text of the Suprema's letter of August 31, 1628.

86. AHN, Inquisition , August 31, 1628, lib. 922, f. 865.

87. This had occurred on January 28, 1628, according to an official document issued by Gregorio de Tapia, secretary of the Council of the Military, Orders. AHN, Inquisition , August 30, 1628, lib. 922, f. 857.

88. AHN, Inquisition , May 12, 1628, lib. 922, ifs. 858-859.

89. The actos positivos were affirmative decisions made by authorized institutions, including the Inquisition and the Council of the Military Orders, regarding the purity of blood of an applicant. Three were enough for a family to be considered of pure blood so that a family member presenting that number of actos would not have to undergo a formal genealogical investigation when he applied for a position covered by the "purity" statutes. Lea, A History , 2:306-308. Vicente boasted of his family's accumulation of actos positivos in AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1629, lib. 922, f. 844.

90. AHN, Inquisition , October 17, 1629, leg. 508#1, f. 176.

91. AHN, Inquisition , September 26, 1630, leg. 508#1, ff. 347-348.

92. AHN, Inquisition , October 10, 1647, leg. 509#3, f. 97.

93. AHN, Inquisition , August 11, 1699, leg. 1361#1, nf.

94. AHN, Inquisition , July 12, 1700, leg. 1361#1, ffs. 75-76.

95. This letter was brought into evidence by the fiscal as one of many reasons for rejecting Tomás Ginart y March's application. AHN, Inquisition , June 6, 1701, leg. 1361#1, ff. 225-226.

96. AHN, Inquisition , January 26, 1700, leg. 1361#1, nf.

97. This according to expert testimony furnished by the court archivist. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1704, leg. 1361#1, f. 361.

98. AHN, Inquisition , May 31, 1704, leg. 1361#1, ffs. 394-398.

99. AHN, Inquisition , June 25, 1704, leg. 1361#1, f. 400.

100. AHN, Inquisition , July 9, 1704, leg. 1361#1, ff. 401-402.

101. AHN, Inquisition , September 7, 1700, leg. 1361#1, f. 24.

102. Sicroff, Les controverses , 212-216.

103. AHN, Inquisition , October 23, 1777, leg. 607#1, exp. 1. That conversos from less influential families could still be rejected is proven by the case of Mateo Cebrian: AHN, Inquisition , June 21, 1718, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, f. 300.

104. AHN, Inquisition , September 14, 1792, leg. 542, exp. 34; May 6, 1815, leg. 535, exp. 12.

105. AHN, Inquisition , May 31, 1707, leg. 2308, nf.

106. AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1643, leg. 509#2, ffs. 224-226. Jacob Cansino, who was official interpreter for the Spanish crown in Oran, actually made several trips to Madrid and dedicated a book to the Count Duke of Olivares. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, From Spanish Court to Italian Ghetto (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), 167-168.

1. Robert Burns includes a detailed analysis of the treaties signed with Eslida and Alfandech in Robert I. Burns, Muslims, Christians and Jews , 60-79.

2. Henry Charles Lea, The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., 1901), reprint ed. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1966), 58.

3. Henri Lapeyre, La Geógraphie de l'Espagne morisque (Paris: SEVPEN, 1959), 27-28.

4. Tulio Halperin Donghi notes that in 1565, only several hundred of the more than 20,000 Morisco families were tenants of the realengo: Tulio Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto nacional: Moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia: Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo, 1980), 58.

5. Ibid., 138. Even before the period of the Germanías, certain Old Christians were taking it on themselves to bully Valencia's mudéjares into

conversion. This campaign was supported by the tribunal. AHN, Inquisition , November 13, 1508, leg. 548#1, exp. 25.

4. Tulio Halperin Donghi notes that in 1565, only several hundred of the more than 20,000 Morisco families were tenants of the realengo: Tulio Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto nacional: Moriscos y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia: Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo, 1980), 58.

5. Ibid., 138. Even before the period of the Germanías, certain Old Christians were taking it on themselves to bully Valencia's mudéjares into

conversion. This campaign was supported by the tribunal. AHN, Inquisition , November 13, 1508, leg. 548#1, exp. 25.

6. A description of the conversion in Játiva is given in testimony in the case of Jerónimo Catala who declared that the Agermanats threatened to sack the Moorish quarter and massacre its inhabitants. AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1524, leg. 550#1, exp. 10. Also see Ricardo García Cárcel and E. Císcar Pallares, Moriscos i agermanats (Valencia: L'Estel, 1974), 122-125; Antonio Domínguez Ortíz and Bernard Vincent, Historia de los Moriscos: Vida y tragedia de una minoría (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1978), 23.

7. Lea, The Moriscos , 69.

8. Ibid., 70.

7. Lea, The Moriscos , 69.

8. Ibid., 70.

9. AGS, Estado , January 30, 1589, leg. 212, as quoted in P. Boronat y Barrachina, Los Moriscos españoles y su expulsión (Valencia: Francisco Vives y Mora, 1901), 2:460-461.

10. Lea, The Moriscos , 68.

11. AHN, Inquisition , September 14, 1532, lib. 319, f. 123.

12. Lea, The Moriscos , 75-76.

13. Ibid., 78.

12. Lea, The Moriscos , 75-76.

13. Ibid., 78.

14. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1525, lib. 319, 180; Lea, The Moriscos , 79.

15. Ibid., 87.

14. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1525, lib. 319, 180; Lea, The Moriscos , 79.

15. Ibid., 87.

16. AHN, Inquisition , April 3, 1530, leg. 558#2, exp. 15.

17. Lea, The Moriscos , 86.

18. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 24; AHN, Inquisition , January 6, 1526, lib. 319, f. 261v.

19. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 96.

20. Ibid., 96-97.

19. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 96.

20. Ibid., 96-97.

21. Louis Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos: Un enfrentamiento polémico , trans. Mercedes Garcia Arenal (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979), 45.

22. Ibid., 47.

21. Louis Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos: Un enfrentamiento polémico , trans. Mercedes Garcia Arenal (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979), 45.

22. Ibid., 47.

23. AHN, Inquisition , July 5, 1560, leg. 1792, nf.

24. AHN, Inquisition , May 25, 1568, lib. 911, f. 964.

25. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1567, leg. 548#1, exp. 2.

26. Cardaillac quotes approvingly the comment made by the profoundly anti-Morisco archbishop of Valencia, Juan de Ribera, to the effect that all of the expelled Moriscos were "infidels." Cardaillac, Moriscos , 94. But see the case of Baltasar de Alaque, a leading Morisco religious teacher, who was strongly impelled toward genuine conversion to Christianity by a missionary campaign. AHN, Inquisition , testimony of Juan Pastor, rector of Yátova, March 13, 1573, leg. 548#1, exp. 7.

27. Andrew Hess, "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in

Sixteenth-Century Spain," The American Historical Review 74 (October 1968).

28. In a recent work that sums up current scholarship on the linguistic history of Valencia before 1609, María del Carmen Barceló Torres concludes that the region was characterized by a duality in the use of Arabic and Catalan until the end of the sixteenth century. Maria del Carmen Barceló Torres, Minorías islámicas en el país valenciano: Historia y dialecto (Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1984), 151.

29. AHN, Inquisition , August 28, 1587, leg. 1791, nf.

30. Jaime Bleda, the violently anti-Morisco and anti-Semitic memorialist of the early seventeenth century, speaks bitterly of those who "defended" the Moriscos at court and in the universities. Jaime Bleda, Coronica de los moros de España (Valencia: Felipe Mey, 1618), 884-886.

31. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 148.

32. Ibid., 147-148.

31. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 148.

32. Ibid., 147-148.

33. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 193, admits that "if the aljamiada manuscripts are the sign of cultural degradation, those written in Castilian testify to a certain assimilation."

34. Ibid., 186-187.

33. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 193, admits that "if the aljamiada manuscripts are the sign of cultural degradation, those written in Castilian testify to a certain assimilation."

34. Ibid., 186-187.

35. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 240.

36. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1568, leg. 1791, nf.

37. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 135.

38. AHN, Inquisition , September 22, 1573, lib. 915, ff. 415-415v.

39. García Cárcel, Orígines , 220; Heregía , 223.

40. AHN, Inquisition , October 15, 1584; March 23, 1586, leg. 548#1, exp. 8. Also see the case of Pedro Crespi, the nearly blind and illiterate Morisco who carried an amulet with Islamic religious writings in the hope that it would help restore his eyesight. AHN, Inquisition , January 10, 1583, leg. 550#2, exp. 18.

41. AHN, Inquisition , June 30, 1602, leg. 939, f. 167. In 1603, the bishop of Segorbe wrote to the Holy See boasting of the 300 Moriscos who regularly attended mass and received the sacraments in his diocese. Barceló Torres, Minorías islámicas , 144.

42. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:555.

43. AHN, Inquisition , March 8, 1612, leg. 803#1, nf.

44. See the increased level of religious knowledge and observance between the two trials of Miguel Aquem (1592, 1602). AHN, Inquisition , November 15, 1591; May 29, 1602, leg. 548#2, exps. 17, 18. The assimilation of Christian practices is astonishing even in an obdurate Morisco like Juan Cavero who lived in the strongly Islamic Vall de Uxó. He went to mass regularly, confessed, and knew all the basic prayers. AHN, Inquisition , September 25, 1590, leg. 549#2.

45. Cardaillac, Moriscos y cristianos , 244-249. I am aware that Cardaillac asserts (248) that the Moriscos of Valencia had different and more traditional views, but there is evidence to the contrary in trial records. See AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1604, leg. 548#1, exp. 10.

46. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1604, lib. 938, ffs. 219, 229v, 235.

47. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 95.

48. AGS, Estado , December 4, 1581, leg. 212, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:292.

49. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 95.

50. Archivo del Real Colegio de Corpus Christi, 1595, Asignatura I, 7, 8, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:713-714.

51. AHN, Inquisition , March 7, 1582, leg. 806#2. The testimony was especially reliable since it came from a local Old Christian hidalgo and was later confirmed by a Morisco villager, Jaime Gibet.

52. See Aznar de Cardona's response to a Morisco's question about confession. Pedro Aznar de Cardona, Expulsión justificada de los moriscos de España (Huesca: Pedro Cabarte, 1612), ffs. 50v, 51.

53. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1564, leg. 1790.

54. AHN, Inquisition , March 16, 1558, lib. 911, ffs. 974-976v.

55. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:285-286.

56. The crown eventually acceded and forgave them their contributions to the fund. BNM, 1601-1604, sig. ff. 9, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:431-243.

57. In the discussion that preceded his vote, the count conceded that "even now they have not even begun the rectories." AGS, Estado , n.d., as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los Moriscos , 2:466. For a different and far more optimistic view of the rectories that was not shared by any other observer, see Bleda, Coronica , 887.

58. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1565, leg. 548#1, exp. 2; September 5, 1605, lib. 938, ffs. 236-237.

59. AHN, Inquisition , October 27, 1605, leg. 803#1, ffs. 279-280.

60. AHN, Inquisition , February 28, 1569, leg. 550#1, exp. 4. Of course, the admiral benefited financially from his tolerant policies. Moriscos who went through his territories paid 1 to 3 ducats for a pass. See the testimony of Miguel Zaragoza: March 7, 1542, f. 332v.

61. AHN, Inquisition , March 15, 1563, lib. 911, f. 515.

62. AHN, Inquisition , May 5, 1573, leg. 548#1, exp. 12.

63. Mercedes García-Arenal, Los moriscos (Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1975), 155.

64. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1553, lib. 911, f. 516.

65. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1575, lib. 913, ffs. 459-460.

66. Damián Fonseca's warning that any state with a population divided

along religious lines ran a grave risk of destruction was typical of this highly negative attitude. Damián Fonseca, Justa expulsión de los moriscos de España (Rome: Jacomo Mascardo, 1612), 170.

67. AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1587, leg. 505, nf. These fears were fed by the alarming reports of redemptionist friars like Juan de Rojas who warned in 1576 that Valencia's Moriscos would rise at the first opportunity: AHN, Inquisition , March 31, 1576, leg. 548#1, exp. 1.

68. Ellen G. Friedman, Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 12. Bleda, Coronica , 890.

69. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 38-42, 191.

70. Ibid., 11.

69. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 38-42, 191.

70. Ibid., 11.

71. AHN, Inquisition , November 4, 1576, leg. 548#1, exp. 1.

72. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 12.

73. Ibid., 7.

72. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 12.

73. Ibid., 7.

74. AGS, Estado , February 2, 1599, leg. 165, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:388-389.

75. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 116-117.

76. García-Arenal, Los moriscos , 220-221.

77. Bleda discusses the hatred expressed by the militia forces that had been mobilized to combat the Morisco rebellion that broke out just after the expulsion order became known. The Moriscos who surrendered had to be. brought to the coast under escort by regular troops, Jaime Bleda, Defenso fidei in causa neophytorum, sive Morischorum , as Appendix, Breve relación de la expulsión de los rnoriscos de Valencia (Valentiae: Ioannem Chrusostomum Garriz, 1610), 592-594.

78. AGS, Inquisition , July 17, 1528, lib. 15, f. 468, quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:423-428.

79. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1568, lib. 911, ffs. 926-931.

80. AGS, Estado , February 16, 1565, leg. 329, quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:534-535.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

81. Miranda is referred to as commissioner in Philip's letter of February 19, 1566. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

82. Ibid., 525-526.

83. Ibid., 532-540.

84. AHN, Inquisition , February 19, 1566, leg. 1791, nf.

85. AHN, Inquisition , February 26, 1583, leg. 1791, nf.

86. García Cárcel, Herejía , 27-28.

87. Lea, The Moriscos , 98.

88. AHN, Inquisition , March 2, 1532, lib. 321, ffs. 34-34v.

89. Lea, The Moriscos , 99.

90. García Cárcel, Herejía , 53.

91. AHN, Inquisition , March 14, 1557, lib. 911, ffs. 245-248.

92. García-Arenal, Los moriscos , 135. For the tribunal's demand that its jurisdiction be fully restored on the grounds that the Moriscos "live like Moors," see AHN, Inquisition , February 9, 1563, leg. 503#1, f. 47v.

93. García Cárcel, Herejía , 57, 60.

94. AHN, Inquisition , July 6, 1568, lib. 911, f. 929v.

95. AHN, Inquisition , July 6, 1568, lib. 911, ffs. 909-909v; June 25, 1568, leg. 549#1, exps. 7, 11.

96. AHN, Inquisition , January 12, 1568; December 24, 1577, leg. 548#1, exp. 2.

97. AHN, Inquisition , March 4, 1568, lib. 911, f. 886; García Cárcel, Herejía , 79.

98. AHN, Inquisition , April 8, 1566, leg. 1791, exp. 2, nf.

99. AHN, Inquisition , June 23, 1568, leg. 503#1, nf.

100. For the Concordia between the Moriscos and the tribunal, see AHN, Inquisition , October 12, 1571, lib. 917, ffs. 808-813. For a detailed discussion of the Inquisition's obligations under the agreement and the frank admission by Valencia's inquisitors that the tribunal had always kept any money it earned from fines, see AHN, Inquisition , July 14, 1595, lib. 917, ffs. 770-773.

101. García Cárcel, Herejía , 81-83, 98-99; Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 56.

102. García Cárcel, Herejía , 99.

103. Ibid., 99-102. For the tribunal's initially positive view of Polo's evidence against the alleged plot, see AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3. García Cárcel, Herejía , 102, seems rather confused as to the real outcome of this case, but the heavy punishment given at the auto de fé of April 19, 1587 (200 lashes and perpetual galley service), and the details of the sentence against the two men makes it clear that the tribunal had concluded that the entire plot was a fabrication and that the men had perjured themselves. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3.

102. García Cárcel, Herejía , 99.

103. Ibid., 99-102. For the tribunal's initially positive view of Polo's evidence against the alleged plot, see AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3. García Cárcel, Herejía , 102, seems rather confused as to the real outcome of this case, but the heavy punishment given at the auto de fé of April 19, 1587 (200 lashes and perpetual galley service), and the details of the sentence against the two men makes it clear that the tribunal had concluded that the entire plot was a fabrication and that the men had perjured themselves. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 1-3.

104. Jaime Contreras, "Las causas de fé en la Inquisición española (1500-1700): Análisis de una estadística," unpublished report presented at the Simposium Interdisciplinario de la Inquisición Medieval y Moderna (Copenhagen, 1978), 37.

105. Information about the life-style of these families comes from hearings held before the royal captain of the city and community of Teruel. The royal order to investigate the truth of their claim that they should be considered Old Christians is in AHN, Inquisition , September 21, 1575, lib. 916, ffs. 224-225. Also see October 13, 1575, lib. 916, ffs. 226-227, 228, 229, 230-232v.

106. See the trial of Diego de Arcos, AHN, Inquisition , March 23, 1582, leg. 549#1, exp. 4, and Francisco López Royz, November 26, 1581, leg. 552#2, exp. 20.

107. AHN, Inquisition , May 22, 1581, lib. 913, ffs. 121-121v, 139. García Cárcel, Herejía , 104, implies wrongly that this suggestion was first put forward in 1582.

108. AHN, Inquisition , July 30, 1587, leg. 1791, nf. Also see Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 1:625, 630. García Cárcel, Herejía , cites only Boronat's summary of this document and not the document itself.

109. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 6-7.

110. Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 37.

111. AGS, Estado , January 30, 1608, leg. 212, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:457-474.

112. Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:150-151; García Cárcel, Herejía , 124.

113. Bleda, Defensio fidei , 597-601, prints the expulsion decree.

114. For the revelation told to the Valencian noble, Juan Boil de Arenos, by his confessor, Fray Luis Bertrán, in an effort to get him to ask the king to expel the Moriscos, see Fonseca, Justa expulsión , 163. For heavenly attempts to warn Spain of impending doom if the Moriscos were allowed to remain, see ibid., 166-169.

113. Bleda, Defensio fidei , 597-601, prints the expulsion decree.

114. For the revelation told to the Valencian noble, Juan Boil de Arenos, by his confessor, Fray Luis Bertrán, in an effort to get him to ask the king to expel the Moriscos, see Fonseca, Justa expulsión , 163. For heavenly attempts to warn Spain of impending doom if the Moriscos were allowed to remain, see ibid., 166-169.

115. Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 183.

116. Archivo General Central, Inquisición de Valencia , leg. 604, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:657-665.

117. García Cárcel, Herejía , 92.

118. Archivo del Real Colegio de Corpus Christi, January, 31, 1608, Sig. I, 7, 8, 63, as quoted in Boronat y Barrachina, Los moriscos , 2:142-143; García Cárcel, Herejía , 123.

119. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1606, lib. 918, ffs. 761-768. García Cárcel, Herejía , 122, discusses this memorial but glosses over this aspect of the proposal.

120. AHN, Inquisition , January 30, 1609, lib. 933, ffs. 127-127v. Also see the tribunal's letter suggesting several cases of Moriscos who had been condemned to the galleys for release in a payment that could be used "para que se pudiese fabricar la casa y cárcel de la penitencia." AHN, Inquisition , lib. 935, ffs. 125-126. Also see AHN, Inquisition , August 21, 1608, lib. 332, ff. 184-185, for additional commutations.

121. These statistics are based on 1,681 Moriscos tried by the tribunal from 1580 to 1615.

122. Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 37.

123. AHN, Inquisition , March 7, 1615, leg. 506, f. 460. For a detailed account of these rebellions, see Bleda, Defenso fidei , 590-591.

124. Lapeyre, La géographie , 64, 66.

125. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 210-221.

126. Ibid., 24; AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1612, lib. 919, ff. 514-514v; March 26, 1613, leg. 553#2, exp. 18; October 30, 1624, leg. 548#2, exp. 21.

125. Friedman, Spanish Captives , 210-221.

126. Ibid., 24; AHN, Inquisition , October 16, 1612, lib. 919, ff. 514-514v; March 26, 1613, leg. 553#2, exp. 18; October 30, 1624, leg. 548#2, exp. 21.

127. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1615, leg. 506#1, f. 454.

128. AHN, Inquisition , October 29, 1624, leg. 548#1, exp. 21.

129. AHN, Inquisition , August 27, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 514.

130. Between 1615 and 1700, there were 204 cases, but they were heavily concentrated in the first years after the expulsion. Contreras, ''Las causas de fé," 37.

131. The figures on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are my own.

132. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 109.

133. AHN, Inquisition , January 26, 1568, leg. 548#1, exp. 2, f. 30v.

134. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 109. The so-called alfaquis (Islamic religious teachers) were usually just private individuals with some religious learning. AHN, Inquisition , October 22, 1591, leg. 550#2, exp. 20.

135. AHN, Inquisition , October, 1965; January 6, 1566, lib. 911, ff. 598, 603.

136. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 121-124. See the ease of the famous Morisco physician, Jerónimo Pachet, who was tried in 1567 and 1580 and deprived of the right to practice medicine in his second sentence: AHN, Inquisition , October 23, 1580, lib. 936, ff. 275v, 276. Also see the ease of Gaspar Capdal, the brilliant young Morisco physician (24) who was deprived of the right to practice medicine: AHN, Inquisition , January 7, 1607, leg. 549#2, exp. 19.

137. This conclusion is based on the 677 Moriscos tried by the Holy Office whose occupations are stated in the relaciones de causas.

138. For example, 4.3 percent of those tried for Protestantism were professionals.

139. Casey, The Kingdom , 84.

140. Ibid., 33.

139. Casey, The Kingdom , 84.

140. Ibid., 33.

141. Domínguez Ortíz and Vincent, Historia , 120.

142. Halperin Donghi cautions us not to exaggerate the wealth and importance of these petty traders. Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 73-75.

143. Casey, The Kingdom , 40, points out that 3 percent of the landless Moriscos of Játiva had workshops.

144. Casey, The Kingdom , 43-44, compares the farms held by Moriscos with the requirements of the Old Christian settlers after the expulsion.

145. Ibid., 38-39; Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 86.

144. Casey, The Kingdom , 43-44, compares the farms held by Moriscos with the requirements of the Old Christian settlers after the expulsion.

145. Ibid., 38-39; Halperin Donghi, Un conflicto , 86.

146. AHN, Inquisition , July 1, 1596, lib. 917, ffs. 1007-1010. Also see the inventory of the possessions of Beatriz Gamir, AHN, Inquisition , September 5, 1583, leg. 551#2, exp. 19.

147. Women comprised 28.5 percent of the Morisco offenders and a remarkably similar 30 percent of the Judaizers. This is a very high percentage compared to such "male" offenses as propositions, where they only made up 6.1 percent of the offenders.

148. AHN, Inquisition , June 13, 1606, lib. 918, f. 766.

1. Lea, A History , 3:411.

2. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 198-199.

3. Ibid., 203.

2. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 198-199.

3. Ibid., 203.

4. García Cárcel, Herejía , 343, mentions this in general terms. The statistic comes from my own survey of the relaciónes de causas. More than 89 percent of the accused were Old Christians.

5. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 202. J. Martínez de Bujanda, "Literatura y Inquisición en España en el siglo XVI," in Joaquín Pérez Villanueva, ed., La Inquisición española: Nueva visión, nuevos horizontes (Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno, 1980), 587, discusses the anticlerical humor in Lazarillo de Tormes which remained even after it had been expurgated by order of the Holy Office.

6. Lea, A History , 4:139, 328.

7. AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1564, leg. 519#1, exp. 2.

8. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 202.

9. For an account of the official support for the reform of the clergy, see Azcona, Isabel la Católica , 469-484, 565-608.

10. Antonio Márquez, Los alumbrados: Orígines y filosofía (Madrid: Taurus, 1972), 127-136.

11. Lea, A History , 4:6-7.

12. Márquez, Los alumbrados , 125-126. Melquiades Andrés Martín, "Pensamiento teológico y viviencia religiosa en la reforma española," in José Luis González Novalín, ed., Historia de la Iglesia , 3, pt. 2:346-350.

13. Marcel Bataillon, Erasmo y España , trans. Antonio Alatorre, 2d ed. (Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1979), 183-184.

14. Lea, A History , 4:3.

15. Ibid., 9.

14. Lea, A History , 4:3.

15. Ibid., 9.

16. Andrés Martín, "Pensamiento teológico," 279-282.

17. Bataillon, Erasmo , 180-182.

18. Márquez, Los alumbrados , 64-69; Lea, A History , 4:7-14.

19. Márquez, Los alumbrados , 25.

20. For the Illuminists of Extremadura, see Alvaro Huerga, Historia de los alumbrados , 2 vols. (Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1978). For later manifestations, see Lea, A History , 4:41-42.

21. Huerga, Historia , 1:382.

22. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1538, leg. 533#1, exp. 5.

23. Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 28, 50, fails to list any Alumbrado cases for the tribunal for the period 1560-1700. While it is true that most of the cases I place under this heading were not called Alumbrado by the tribunal, I have preferred to read the record and classify them in accordance with the generally accepted definitions of Illuminism. The case of Fray Vicente Oriente was definitely called Alumbrado. AHN, Inquisition , June 22, 1649, leg. 529#2, exp. 5.

24. These were the words of one of her chief devotees, Remigio Choza, the vicar of the parish church of San Miguel in Valencia city. AHN, Inquisition , April 8, 1669, lib. 944, f. 54v.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

25. AHN, Inquisition , June 9, 1672, lib. 944, f. 48v.

26. Ibid., f. 44.

27. Ibid., April 8, 1669 (Choza), f. 36; June 9, 1672 (Torres), f. 46.

28. Ibid., July 10, 1668, f. 36.

29. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 46.

30. Ibid., June 9, 1672, f. 48v.

31. Ibid., January 14, 1669, f. 66.

32. AHN, Inquisition , February 18, 1675, lib. 944, f. 64.

33. For the trials and sentences of the priests, see AHN, Inquisition , February 13, 1675, lib. 944, f. 52v; August 26, 1676, leg. 529#2, exp. 3, and March 27, 1675, leg. 529#2, exp. 4. José Navarro went mad in his cell and died in Valencia's general hospital without regaining his sanity; Choza died in the general hospital of Alicante while still serving his sentence.

34. See chap. 1.

35. Josefa Clement was not imprisoned until July 19, 1674, even though testimony against her had been received as early as May 8, 1668, and her general confession on June 9, 1668.

36. For a discussion of the spirituali, see Dermont Fenlon, Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

37. Márquez, Los alumbrados , 172-175.

38. This bull merely reinforced earlier papal support even though it was far from the full protection hoped for by Erasmians like Alfonso de Valdés. Bataillon, Erasmo , 264.

39. Ibid., 262-263.

40. Ibid., 265.

41. Ibid., 309-310.

38. This bull merely reinforced earlier papal support even though it was far from the full protection hoped for by Erasmians like Alfonso de Valdés. Bataillon, Erasmo , 264.

39. Ibid., 262-263.

40. Ibid., 265.

41. Ibid., 309-310.

38. This bull merely reinforced earlier papal support even though it was far from the full protection hoped for by Erasmians like Alfonso de Valdés. Bataillon, Erasmo , 264.

39. Ibid., 262-263.

40. Ibid., 265.

41. Ibid., 309-310.

38. This bull merely reinforced earlier papal support even though it was far from the full protection hoped for by Erasmians like Alfonso de Valdés. Bataillon, Erasmo , 264.

39. Ibid., 262-263.

40. Ibid., 265.

41. Ibid., 309-310.

42. AHN, Inquisition , January 19, 1536, leg. 531#1, exp. 38. Mezquita was only held for a total often days. He was released on January 29, 1529.

43. Bataillon, Erasmo , 975-981.

44. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 155-156.

45. Ibid., 157.

44. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 155-156.

45. Ibid., 157.

46. Bataillon, Erasmo , 702.

47. Jean-Pierre Dedieu, "Le modèle religieuse: Le refus de la Réforme et le contrô1e de la pensée," in B. Bennassar, ed., L'Inquisition espagnole , 279-281.

48. These were essentially the views of Dr. Constantino, one of the leading Erasmians of Seville. Bataillon, Erasmo , 536.

49. González Martinez, "Bandolerismo," 85.

50. Bataillon, Erasmo , 607, 728.

51. González Martínez, "Bandolerismo," 86-87. AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1562, leg. 503#1, exp. 1, f. 43v.

52. AHN, Inquisition , Letter from Arquer, October 22, 1551, leg. 109#1, exp. 1, ffs. 89-91v.

53. AHN, Inquisition , March 20, 1573, leg. 109#1, exp. 1, nf.

54. Bataillon, Erasmo , 730-731.

55. For this incident, see chap. 1.

56. Bataillon, Erasmo , 732. For the sentence itself, see Manuel Ardit Lucas, La Inquisició al país Valencia (València: Sanchis i Cardona, 1970), 73.

57. AHN, Inquisition , May 2, 1562, leg. 503#1, exp. 1, f. 26. For the tribunal's complaint about its poverty, see June 9, 1562, ffs. 29-30.

58. Lea, A History , 3:453. García Cárcel, Herejía , 336, asserts mistakenly that the trial lasted "scarcely a year" when it actually took more than 17 months.

59. AHN, Inquisition , September 22, 1564, leg. 503#1, exp. 1, nf.

60. AHN, Inquisition , 1526, leg. 800#3, exp. 11.

61. AHN, Inquisition , June 23, 1751, leg. 530#2, exp. 15; Lea, A History , 3:477-479.

62. Abel Poitrineau, "La inmigración francesa en el reino de Valencia," Moneda y Crédito 137 (June 1976): 106-107, 112-113.

63. AHN, Inquisition , November 6, 1574, lib. 913, f. 232.

64. AHN, Inquisition , April 17, 1566, lib. 911, ffs. 666-666v.

65. AHN, Inquisition , June 19, 1568, lib. 497, ffs. 105-106.

66. AHN, Inquisition , April 19, 1587, lib. 937, ffs. 42v-43v.

67. AHN, Inquisition , September 9, 1583, leg. 531#1, exp. 6.

68. AHN, Inquisition , October 12, 1564, leg. 530#1, exp. 8.

69. AHN, Inquisition , June 26, 1612, leg. 811#2, f. 283. For a similar case, see AHN, Inquisition , August 1, 1634, leg. 803#1, ffs. 32-33.

70. AHN, Inquisition , May 17, 1597, leg. 505#2, f. 104; Lea, A History , 3:463.

71. Lea, A History , 3:464.

72. AHN, Inquisition , October 8, 1605, lib. 497, ffs. 264-265.

73. AHN, Inquisition , April 22, 1605, lib. 497, ffs. 265-266.

74. Lea, A History , 3:465.

75. BNM, June 10, 1609; MSS. 287, f. 13; Lea, A History , 3:465.

76. AHN, Inquisition , May 19, 1620, ffs. 309v-310v.

77. AHN, Inquisition , October 24, 1647, lib. 497, ffs. 113v-114.

78. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, December 16, 1651, leg. 503#3, ifs. 413, 414; Lea, A History , 3:469.

79. AHN, Inquisition , October 27, 1664, leg. 551#1, f. 278.

80. Kamen, The War of Succession , 292.

81. Dedeiu, "Le modèle," 291.

82. Ibid., 289.

81. Dedeiu, "Le modèle," 291.

82. Ibid., 289.

83. AHN, Inquisition , May 23, 1565, leg. 548#1, exp. 2.

1. Hubert Jedin, A History of the Council of Trent , 2 vols. (New York: B. Herder, 1961), 2:10, 29.

2. Jedin, A History , 2:331.

3. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern. Europe (London: Temple Smith, 1978), 220-221. For a discussion of the relative role of reforming bishops and the Inquisition in imposing Tridentine reforms in Cuenca, see Sara Nalle, Religion and Reform in a Spanish Diocese: Cuenca , 1645-1650 (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1983), 54.

4. Burke, Popular Culture , 211-212.

5. Lea, A History , 4:328.

6. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 224.

7. Lea, A History , 4:329.

8. Eymerich and Peña, Le manuel , 63-64.

9. Lea, A History , 4:331-332.

10. Ibid., 4:329-330.

9. Lea, A History , 4:331-332.

10. Ibid., 4:329-330.

11. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 204.

12. García Cárcel, Herejía , 343. The overall figures are my own, as Contreras fails to differentiate between blasphemy and propositions.

13. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1612, leg. 804#2, f. 235v.

14. AHN, Inquisition , May 3, 1647, lib. 941, ffs. 295-298.

15. AHN, Inquisition , July 23, 1643, leg. 803#1, nf.

16. Antonio Maravall, La Cultura del Barroco: Análisis de una estructura histórica (Barcelona: Ariel, 1975), 138-139.

17. Burke, Popular Culture , 212-213.

18. AHN, Inquisition , December 14, 1742, leg. 522#6.

19. AHN, Consejos , December 20, 1701, leg. 4759, as quoted in Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 424-426.

20. Jean Pierre Dedieu, "Le modèle sexual: La défense du mariage chrétien," in Bennassar, L'Inquisition espagnole , 326-327.

21. AHN, Inquisition , December 14, 1474, lib. 713, f. 335.

22. For the tribunals of Toledo and Logroño, see Dedieu, "Le modèle." The figures on Valencia are my own.

23. Lea, A History , 4:316.

24. Dedieu, "Le modèle sexuel," 315-316.

25. AHN, Inquisition , September 15, 1563, leg. 503, f. 58.

26. AHN, Inquisition , July 7, 1567, leg. 518#1, exp. 11.

27. AHN, Inquisition , October 1, 1746, leg. 518#2, exp. 21.

28. Lea, A History , 4:319.

29. Dedieu, "Le modèle sexuel," 319.

30. Lea, A History , 4:322-323.

31. AHN, Inquisition , December 11, 1765, leg. 518#2, exp. 15.

32. AHN, Inquisition , October 26, 1569, leg. 518#1, exp. 9.

33. AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1564, leg. 518#1, exp. 13.

34. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 226-227.

35. Bartolomé Bennassar, "Le modèle sexuel: L'Inquisition d'Aragon et le rèpression des péchés 'abominables,'" in Bennassar, L'Inquisition espagnole , 342; AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1687, lib. 932, f. 337v; Cerdan de Tallada, Visita , 198.

36. Lea, A History , 4:363. García Cárcel, Herejía , 288, seems unaware that Clement VII's Brief of February 24, 1524, gave jurisdiction over sodomy only to the tribunals of Aragon.

37. Bennassar, "Le modèle," 346-347.

38. García Cárcel, Orígenes , 211.

39. García Cárcel, Herejía , 288, follows Contreras when he asserts that the tribunal tried 379 cases of sodomy and bestiality between 1540 and 1700, but these figures are unreliable because Contreras lumped these offenses with several others so that the figure of 379 must include many offenses unconnected with the "crimes against nature." Contreras, "Las causas de fé," 18. Rafael Carrasco, Inquisición y represión sexual en Valencia (Barcelona: Laertes, 1985), 38, counts 347 eases between 1566 and 1775, 259 of which referred to male homosexuality, but Carraseo is not aware of the existence of ARV, Clero , leg. 161, and has therefore left out many eighteenth-century cases.

40. AHN, Inquisition , November 7, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.

41. AHN, Inquisition , January 28, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf.

42. Lea, A History , 4:371.

43. AHN, Inquisition , January 2, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.; Lea, A History , 4:370; AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1573, lib. 913, f. 163.

44. AHN, Inquisition , November 7, 1572, leg. 503#1.

45. AHN, Inquisition , August 22, 1616, leg. 559#1, exp. 7.

46. Lea, A History , 4:369.

47. AHN, Inquisition , November 14, 1624, leg. 507#1, f. 392.

48. García Martínez, 86-87.

49. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf. The tribunal warned the Suprema in this letter that Francisco Tallada and Miguel Centelles were in extreme personal danger as a result of their testimony:

50. AHN, Inquisition , June 18, 1573, leg. 503#1, nf.; February 21, 1575, leg. 503#1, nf.

51. AHN, Inquisition , November 20, 1572, leg. 503#1, nf.

52. AHN, Inquisition , October 14, 1574, leg. 503, nf.

53. AHN, Inquisition , November 18, 1575, lib. 913, ffs. 571, 575.

54. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1571, leg. 503#1, nf., for a list often leading Valencian nobles already punished or under suspicion for aiding their Morisco vassals.

55. García Cárcel, Herejía , 293. In his brief comlnent on this case, García Cárcel makes no mention of the original sentence, which was noted in Lea, A History , 4:370, and leaves the mistaken impression that he was not punished at all.

56. AHN, Inquisition , July 19, 1613-August 22, 1616, leg. 559#1, exp.

57. AHN, Inquisition , August 9, 1581, leg. 559#1, exp. 2.

58. AHN, Inquisition , March 25, 1621, leg. 518#1, exp. 5.

59. Tomás y Valiente, E1 derecho penal , 229.

60. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 31.

61. AHN, Inquisition , February 9, 1609, leg. 803#1, f. 429v.

62. AHN, Inquisition , July 24, 1666, leg. 802#1, f. 346.

63. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 120-121.

64. AHN, Inquisition , April 23, 1574, leg. 559#3, exp. 16.

65. AHN, Inquisition , May 15, 1758, leg. 560#1, exp. 7; Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 25, discusses this case.

66. AHN, Inquisition , May 16, 1796, leg. 560#1, exp. 3. A similar easy-going attitude toward homosexuality may be seen in Bouchard's Confessions written in the seventeenth century which contains an account of casual homosexuality among schoolmates at a Jesuit academy. Aldous Huxley, The Devils of Loudun (New York: Harper, 1952), 10. All this is a far

cry from the "massive societal rejection" of homosexual behavior seen among the popular classes by Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 22.

67. AHN, Inquisition , February 5, 1573, lib. 913, ffs. 13-14.

68. See above.

69. AHN, Inquisition , September 30, 1687, lib. 932,, ffs. 337-338. Carrasco, Inquisición y represi ó n , 63-65, presents ten eases in which the Suprema intervened to alter sentences. In some eases, the Suprema made the penalty somewhat harsher, but it never imposed the death penalty and, in three eases, reduced it to galley service.

70. Carrasco, Inquisición y represión , 69, has a considerably higher figure for those relaxed for sodomy, but the additional eases I draw from the eighteenth century tend to reduce the percentage of executions and other heavier penalties.

71. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (New York: Pantheon, 1975), 260.

72. Alfred Soman, "Les Procès de Sorcellerie au Parlement de Paris (1565-1640)," Annales ESC (July-August 1977): 810-811.

73. Tomás y Valiente, El derecho penal , 230-231.

74. H. C. Erik Midlefort, Witch-hunting in Southwestern Germany (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), 18.

75. Mary O'Neil, "Magical Healing, Love Magic, and the Inquisition in Late-Sixteenth-Century Modena," in Stephen Haliczer, ed., Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe (London: Croom-Helm, 1986), 91.

76. Gaspar Navarro, Tribunal de superstición ladina (Huesca: Pedro Bluson, 1631), 1631, ffs. 52-55v. Navarro cites the Malleus Maleficarium quite frequently; see ffs. 56v-57, 61-62.

77. Lea, A History , 4:217.

78. Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate , 176.

79. Lea, A History , 4:212-213.

80. Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate , 371-373.

81. AHN, Inquisition , June 19, 1588, lib. 937, ffs. 74-75v. For the child witches of Germany, see Midlefort, Witch-hunting , 144-145, 159, 179.

82. AHN, Inquisition , December 15, 1642, lib. 941, ffs. 209-210.

83. AHN, Inquisition , March 14, 1640, January 9, 1648, lib. 941, ffs. 324v-326.

84. Porcar, Cosas evanguadas , 69, 78, 79, 101, 114, 121.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

85. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 25.

86. Ibid., 29.

87. Ibid., 49-50.

88. Lea, A History , 4:198-199.

89. AHN, Inquisition , October 7, 1732, leg. 514, f. 60.

90. AHN, Inquisition , March 18, 1680, leg. 804#2, nf.

91. AHN, Inquisition , January, 9, 1648, lib. 941, f. 326.

92. AHN, Inquisition , January 28, 1651, lib. 941, ffs. 346-347.

93. AHN, Inquisition , October 3, 1642, lib. 941, ffs. 213-214.

94. AHN, Inquisition , November 26, 1653, leg. 523#1, exp. 7.

95. Ibid.

94. AHN, Inquisition , November 26, 1653, leg. 523#1, exp. 7.

95. Ibid.

96. Midlefort, Witch-hunting , 183-185.

97. Jedin, A History , 25; T. M. Parker, "The Papacy, Catholic Reform and Christian Missions," in R. B. Wernham, ed., New Cambridge Modern History 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 45.

98. Jedin, A History , 355.

99. Bossy, "The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe," Past and Present , no. 47 (May 1970): 52-53.

100. Jedin, A History , 99.

101. Antonio Mestre, Ilustración y reforma de la Iglesia: Pensamiento político-religioso de D. Gregorio Mayans y Síscar (Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Oliva, 1968), 223-224.

102. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 253; Lea, A History , 4:99.

103. Kamen, Inquisition and Society , 205.

104. Burke, Popular Culture , 211.

105. See Lea, A History , 4:139, for definitions of propositions.

106. AHN, Inquisition , March 13, 1691, leg. 558#5, exp. 5.

107. AHN, Inquisition , August 3, 1638, "méritos de la causa de fé contra Fray Jerónimo Navarro," lib. 926, ffs. 7-12; June 3, 1630, lib. 923, f. 600.

108. AHN, Inquisition , November 10, 1629, lib. 923, f. 574.

109. AHN, Inquisition , September 18, 1638, lib. 923, f. 573.

110. For a discussion of the role of the religious orders in education, see Francisco Martín Hernández, "La forlnación del clero en los siglos XVII y XVIII," in Antonio Mestre, ed., Historia de la Iglesia , 4:524-581.

111. AHN, Inquisition , November 22, 1680, leg. 804#2, nf.

112. AHN, Inquisition , November 18, 1698, leg. 1786#1, exp. 6.

113. Pinto Crespo, Inquisición y control , 197-233; J. M. López Piñero, Ciencia y técnica en la sociedad española de los siglos XVI y XVII (Barcelona: Labor Universitaria, 1979), 197-204, 373-374.

114. AHN, Inquisition , April 26, 1638, leg. 804#2, ffs. 483-484.

115. López Piñero, Ciencia y t é cnica , 316-317, 389-393, 415.

116. AHN, Inquisition , June 7, 1691, leg. 803#2, f. 382.

117. AHN, Inquisition , November 8, 1691, leg. 803#2, nf.

118. Jedin, A History , 371-372, 388.

119. The bishop of Sinigaglia voiced the concerns of many of his col-

leagues when he demanded "greater care and reverence in the administration of the sacraments." Jedin, A History , 384.

120. Lea, A History , 4:100.

121. Ibid., 4:96; AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 549.

120. Lea, A History , 4:100.

121. Ibid., 4:96; AHN, Inquisition , September 17, 1625, leg. 507#1, f. 549.

122. Lea, A History , 4:99.

123. AHN, Inquisition , March 20, 1563, lib. 324, ffs. 39-40.

124. Juan Mathado de Chaves, Perfecto confessor y cura de almas , 2 vols. (Barcelona: Pedro de la Cavalleria, 1641), 2:776.

125. See the case of Fray Lorenzo de Santissima Trinidad, a friar obsessed with masturbation who constantly brought it up while confessing Josefa de Jesús María. AHN, Inquisition , May 21, 1710, leg. 564#3, exp. 13.

126. AHN, Inquisition , August 24, 1764, leg. 564#1, exp. 13.

127. AHN, Inquisition , May 4, 1691, leg. 803#1, nf.

128. Lea, A History , 4:123-124.

129. AHN, Inquisition , April 14, 1750, leg. 2317#1, nf.

130. AHN, Inquisition , May 13, 1764, leg. 562#2, exp. 8.

131. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1577, lib. 497, ffs. 183-184.

132. Lea, A History , 4:126. See the case of Pascual Giner who lost his benefice and could no longer support his aged mother and sisters. AHN, Inquisition , July 4, 1713, leg. 2309, nf.

1. Kamen, The War of Succession , 284-286.

2. AHN, Inquisition , December 16, 1710, leg. 2308, nf.

3. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1707, leg. 2308#1, nf.

4. Játiva was sacked and practically destroyed after being captured on May 24. Kamen, The War of Succession , 296-297.

5. AHN, Inquisition , May 19, 1707, leg. 2308#1, nf.

6. Lea, A History , 4:225.

7. AHN, Inquisition , July 26, 1707, leg. 2308#1, nf.

8. Lea, A History , 4:276. On this occasion, Balmaseda signed himself "Inquisidor y juez apostólico contra los eclesiásticos disidentes."

9. AHN, Inquisition , January 14, 1710, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ffs. 127v-129.

10. AHN, Inquisition , June 19, 1708, leg. 2308#1, nf. For Macanaz's role in supervising the confiscation of rebel property, see Kamen, The War of Succession , 321. Later, when the tribunal attempted to take advantage of an ambiguous clause in its grant to take actual possession of the

village, the Council of Castile acted to stop it. AHN, Inquisition , January 29, 1709, leg. 503#3, exp. 7, ffs. 97-98v.

11. Lea, A History , 1:315, 319.

12. AHN, Inquisition , February 10, 1725, leg. 514#1; Kamen, The War of Succession , 320.

13. AHN, Inquisition , March 10, 1745, leg. 2315, nf.

14. AHN, Inquisition , July 29, 1760, lib. 922, nf.

15. Domínguez Ortíz, Sociedad y estado , 265.

16. AHN, Inquisition , February 23, 1706, leg. 2308, nf.

17. Vicente Martínez Santos, ''La Sedería de Valencia 1750-1800," Moneda y Crédito 134 (1975):116.

18. Manuel Ardit Lucas, Revolución liberal y revuelta campesina (Barcelona: Ariel, 1977), 22. Also see Fernando Andrés Robres, Crédito y propiedad de la tierra en el país Valenciano (Valencia: Edicions Alfons el Magnànim, 1987), 240-251.

19. Ricardo García Cárcel, "Las rentas de la Inquisición de Valencia en el siglo XVIII," Estudis 4 (1975): 236-237; AHN, Inquisition , December 9, 1724, leg. 514#1, f. 69.

20. AHN, Inquisition , December 12, 1780, leg. 2324, nf.; November 30, 1784, leg. 3303, nf.

21. José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli, "Inquisición y Masonería," in Historia de la Inquisición en España y America , 4 vols., J. Pérez Villanueva and B. Escandell Bonet, eds. (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1984), I: 1288.

22. Ibid., 1298.

23. Ibid., 1303.

21. José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli, "Inquisición y Masonería," in Historia de la Inquisición en España y America , 4 vols., J. Pérez Villanueva and B. Escandell Bonet, eds. (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1984), I: 1288.

22. Ibid., 1298.

23. Ibid., 1303.

21. José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli, "Inquisición y Masonería," in Historia de la Inquisición en España y America , 4 vols., J. Pérez Villanueva and B. Escandell Bonet, eds. (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1984), I: 1288.

22. Ibid., 1298.

23. Ibid., 1303.

24. Teófanes Egido, "La Inquisición de una España en guerra," in Histo-ria de la Inquisición , 1243.

25. Marcelin Defourneaux, L'Inquisition espagnole et les livres français au XVIII siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963), 62.

26. This cedula is attached to several bigamy cases tried by the Valencia tribunal. See AHN, Inquisition , January 16, 1776, leg. 516#1, f. 2; December 12, 1782, leg. 516#1, f. 50.

27. Francisco Martí Gilabert, La abolición de la Inquisición en España (Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra, 1975), 38.

28. Teófanes Egido, "La Inquisición," 1244-1246.

29. AHN, Inquisition , May 4, 1790; September 24, 1790, leg. 562#1, exp. 6.

30. AHN, Inquisition , lib. 503, f. 122, quoted in J. Martínez Millán, "Los cambios en el Santo Oficio español," in Historia de la Inquisición , I: 1372.

31. AHN, Inquisition , January 27, 1747, leg. 2316, nf.

32. AHN, Inquisition , June 4, 1756; February 25, 1767, leg. 558#3, exp. 33.

33. AHN, Inquisition , November 10, 1773, leg. 534, exp. 24.

34. AHN, Inquisition , January 17, 1775, leg. 534, exp. 24.

35. AHN, Inquisition , February 3, 1637, leg. 509#1, nf.

36. AHN, Inquisition , July 18, 1739; August 7, 1739, leg. 2351#1, nf.

37. AHN, Inquisition , June 22, 1705, lib. 498, ffs. 237-237v.

38. Martínez Millán, "Los cambios," 1378.

39. Ibid., 1277.

38. Martínez Millán, "Los cambios," 1378.

39. Ibid., 1277.

40. AHN, Inquisition , June 28, 1752, leg. 2317, nf.

41. AHN, Inquisition , June 25, 1785, leg. 3303, nf.

42. AHN, Inquisition , March 12, 1749, leg. 2316, nf.

43. AHN, Inquisition , August 13, 1715, leg. 2309, nf.

44. AHN, Inquisition , August 17, 26, 1729, leg. 514#1, ffs. 9-9v.

45. AHN, Inquisition , September 23, 1760, lib. 932, f. 2309.

46. H. C. Lea Library, University of Pennsylvania, Manuscripts , April 24, 1806, leg. 64, nf.

47. Lea, A History , 4:388.

48. AHN, Inquisition , November 29, 1788, leg. 2326, nf.

49. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1788, leg. 2326, nf.

50. AHN, Inquisition , July 27, 1762, leg. 604#3, exp. 13.

51. AHN, Inquisition , October 23, 1747, leg. 617#1, exp. 6.

52. AHN, Inquisition , February 29, 1774, leg. 615#3, exp. 12; August 7 , 1773, leg. 621#1, exp. 2.

53. AHN, Inquisition , December 5, 1788, leg. 2326, nf.

54. AHN, Inquisition , May 2, 1796, leg. 2389, nf. For a discussion of edueational reform at Valencia University, see giehard Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 166, 169.

55. AHN, Inquisition , May 6, 1815, leg. 2321, nf.

56. Mestre, Ilustración , 448.

57. Gilabert, La abolición , 178-183.

58. Ibid., 186-189.

57. Gilabert, La abolición , 178-183.

58. Ibid., 186-189.

59. In 1782, for example, Inquisitor-General Felipe Beltrán seriously considered issuing a new and more liberal index of prohibited books: Gaspar Gómez de la Serna, Jovellanos o el español perdido (Madrid: Sala, 1975), 157.

60. AHN, Inquisition , September 9, 1715, leg. 2309, ffs. 15-20.

61. AHN, Inquisition , December 20, 1803, leg. 2330#1, nf. Gregorio Mayans y Sísear was even used as a calificador by the Valencian tribunal. Manuel Mayans y Síscar, his brother, served the tribunal as secretary during the 1730s and 1740s. Mestre, Ilustración , 203, 423. See AHN,

Inquisition , March 15, 1735, leg. 1322, exp. 8, for the genealogy of Manuel Mayans y Síscar.

62. Mestre, Ilustración , 371.

63. Biblioteca Archivo Hispano Mayansiana , Andrés Orbe to J. A. Mayans, Valladolid, September 25, 1748, as quoted in Mestre, Ilustración , 423.

64. Gilabert, La abolición , 151.

65. The number of persons holding inquisitorial licenses to read prohibited books increased dramatically during the century; Defourneaux, L'Inquisition espagnole , 135. Pablo de Olavide's papal license to read prohibited books was confirmed by the Inquisitor-General.

66. AHN, Inquisition , May 7, 12, 1792, leg. 2327#1, nf.

67. Ardit Lucas, Revolución liberal , 97.

68. Defourneaux, L'Inquisition espagnole , 86-88, 99. Jean Sarrailh, La España ilustrada de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1957), 311-312.

69. Gaspar Melehor de Jovellanos, Representación a Carlos IV sobre lo que era el tribunal de la Inquisición , cited by Gilabert, La Inquisición , 45.

70. Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution , 282, 391-394.

71. AHN, Inquisition , January 7, 1794, leg. 516#3, f. 20.

72. AHN, Inquisition , March 12, 1799, leg. 517#1, ffs. 19-27.

73. AHN, Inquisition , June 26, 1800, leg. 517#1, f. 32.

74. H. C. Lea Library, University of Pennsylvania, Manuscripts , February 23, 1802, leg. 43, nf.; also see AHN, Inquisition , June 11, 1801, leg. 517#1, ffs. 78, 95, for eorrespondenee with the Suprema regarding the transfer of funds realized from the sale of farms by the tribunal.

75. AHN, Inquisition , August 6, 1805, leg. 2331#1, nf.

76. AHN, Inquisition , August 9, 28, 1805, leg. 2331#1, nf.

77. AHN, Inquisition , November 5, 1808, leg. 2331#1, nf.

78. Lea, A History , 4:400.

79. AHN, Inquisition , May 11, 1808, "cartas del consejo," leg. 517#3, f. 31, as quoted in Lea, A History , 4:539-540; AHN, Inquisition , March 6, 1808, leg. 517#3, f. 31.

80. AHN, Inquisition , August 26, 1808, leg. 517#1, f. 31.

81. AHN, Inquisition , September 28, 1808, leg. 517#1, f. 33.

82. AHN, Inquisition , November 11, 1808, leg. 517#1, f. 34.

83. Lea, A History , 4:412, 414.

84. Gilabert, La abolición , 90.

85. Ibid., 194.

84. Gilabert, La abolición , 90.

85. Ibid., 194.

86. Lea, A History , 4:412, 414.

87. Ibid., 414.

88. Ibid., 4:24.

89. Ibid., 426-427.

86. Lea, A History , 4:412, 414.

87. Ibid., 414.

88. Ibid., 4:24.

89. Ibid., 426-427.

86. Lea, A History , 4:412, 414.

87. Ibid., 414.

88. Ibid., 4:24.

89. Ibid., 426-427.

86. Lea, A History , 4:412, 414.

87. Ibid., 414.

88. Ibid., 4:24.

89. Ibid., 426-427.

90. AHN, Inquisition , March 28, 1817, leg. 5667#2, nf. This document is the account of Sernan Noguera from which forty reales was paid "al consejo por el nuevo impuesto."

91. Marcelin Defourneaux, "Les dernières années de L'Inquisition espagnole," Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française (1963): 164-165.

92. AHN, Inquisition , February 1, 1815, leg. 517#1, nf.

93. AHN, Inquisition , October 26, 1814, leg. 2331#1, nf.

94. Lea, A History , 4:427.

95. Ibid., 4:428.

94. Lea, A History , 4:427.

95. Ibid., 4:428.

96. AHN, Inquisition , November 21, 1816, leg. 517#1, nf.

97. Ardit Lucas, Revolución liberal , 232-33; AHN, Inquisition , July 30, 1817, leg. 4671#2, nf.

98. AHN, Inquisition , December 16, 1818, leg. 4671#2, nf.

99. AHN, Inquisition , April 24, 1816, leg. 2331, nf.

100. AHN, Inquisition , June 4, 1815, leg. 517#2, nf.

101. AHN, Inquisition , January 26, March 1, 1816, leg. 2331#1, nf.

102. Ardit Lucas, Revolución liberal , 226.

103. AHN, Inquisition , January 20, 1817, leg. 2331#1, nf.

104. AHN, Inquisition , June 25, 1819, leg. 517#2, nf.

105. Ardit Lucas, Revolución liberal , 226.

106. Lea, A History , 4:437.

107. ARV, May 13, 1820, ffs. 326v-327.

108. ARV, May 13, 1820, leg. 1887, ffs. 354v-355, 356v-357; October 12, 1820, ffs. 366-367; October 13, 1820, ffs. 367v-368; October 17, 1820, f. 368; November 7, 1820, ffs. 369v-372.

109. Ibid., October 4, 1820, f. 365.

108. ARV, May 13, 1820, leg. 1887, ffs. 354v-355, 356v-357; October 12, 1820, ffs. 366-367; October 13, 1820, ffs. 367v-368; October 17, 1820, f. 368; November 7, 1820, ffs. 369v-372.

109. Ibid., October 4, 1820, f. 365.

110. Lea, A History , 4:449.

111. Ibid., 458.

110. Lea, A History , 4:449.

111. Ibid., 458.

112. Luis Alonso Tejeda, Ocaso de la Inquisición en los últimos años del reinado de Fernando VII (Madrid: Zero, 1969), 90.

113. Ibid., 123,

112. Luis Alonso Tejeda, Ocaso de la Inquisición en los últimos años del reinado de Fernando VII (Madrid: Zero, 1969), 90.

113. Ibid., 123,

114. Lea, A History , 4:461.

115. AHN, Inquisition , August 6, 1826, leg. 517#2, nf.

116. AHN, Inquisition , March 16, 1827, leg. 517#2.

117. Tejeda, Ocaso de la Inquisición , 160, 173-174.

118. Ibid., 220.

117. Tejeda, Ocaso de la Inquisición , 160, 173-174.

118. Ibid., 220.

119. Lea, A History , 4:462.

120. Ibid., 459.

119. Lea, A History , 4:462.

120. Ibid., 459.

121. ARV, Clero , leg. 161, ffs. 63, 70, 75, 81.

122. Ibid., f. 81.

1. Pedro Galindo, Parte Segundo del directorio de penitentes y práctica de una buena y prudente confesion (Madrid: Antonio de Zafra, 1680), 450.

2. Henry Kamen, "Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition," The Sixteenth-Century Journal (Spring 1988):4.

3. See chap. 8.

4. Fiddle de Ros, Un maître de sainte Thérèse: Le père François de Osuna (Paris: Gabriel Beauchesne, 1936), 221-226; Tomás Réluz, Vida y virtudes del Fray Tomás Carbonell (Madrid: Viuda de D. Francisco Nieto, 1695), 306, 325.